合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的形态转化及氮肥形态对其的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了几种人工合成磷源在轻粘质潮土根际和本体土壤中的形态转化及配施不同形态氮肥对其形态转化的影响,结果表明,作物耗竭引起根际所有形态无机磷不同程度的下降.施入土壤的DCP(CaHPO4*2H2O)、OCP(Ca8(PO4)6)、Al-P(AlPO4*nH2O)等大部分转化为其它形态无机磷,而Fe-P(FePO4*nH2O)和FA(Ca10(PO4)6F2)大部分以自身形态存在,尤其是FA很少向其它形态转化,根际条件促进了它们向其它无机磷形态的转化.Al-P和FA等的形态转化明显受氮肥形态的影响,Al-P配施NO-3-N下,绝大部分转化为磷灰石,NH+4-N配施下促进了FA向其它形态的转化,在所有的磷源处理中,根际和本体磷酸铁都有显著地增加,NH+4-N和CO(NH2)2处理下存在磷酸铁的根际累积;其次是磷酸二钙和磷酸铝也有明显地增加,二者存在根际的亏缺.不同磷源的形态转化规律与其有效性大小相一致.     

珠江三角洲平原土壤磷剖面分布及形态特征研究

以珠江三角洲平原由三角洲沉积物、河流沉积物和滨海沉积物发育形成的水耕人为土(水稻土)为对象,研究了水田、果园、菜地3种利用方式下不同发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有机磷(Po)、有效磷(AP)、无机磷(Pi)组分的含量和剖面分布特征,并利用液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术测定了耕层土壤中磷形态分布。结果表明,珠江三角洲平原农田土壤全磷、有机磷、有效磷和各形态无机磷含量随土层深度增加呈减小的趋势,耕层土壤中全磷、有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P明显富集;菜地和果园耕层土壤中全磷、有效磷、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P含量均高于水田。土壤磷素以无机磷形态为主,无机磷、有机磷占全磷比例平均值分别为71.3%和28.7%。土壤无机磷组分以O-P和Fe-P为主,Al-P最低。Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、O-P与全磷呈极显著或显著正相关,有效磷与Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、全磷呈极显著正相关;Fe-P和Al-P是土壤有效磷的主要贡献者。31P-NMR结果表明,耕层土壤磷形态均以正磷酸盐为主;土地利用方式影响土壤磷组分,菜地耕层土壤中磷形态包括正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯和焦磷酸盐,水田和果园包括正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐;水田土壤中正磷酸盐所占比例最低,磷酸单酯和磷酸二酯所占比例最高;成土母质对水田耕层土壤各形态磷所占比例影响很小。     

合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的形态转化及氮肥形态对其的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了几种人工合成磷源在轻粘质潮土根际和本体土壤中的形态转化及配施不同形态氮肥对其形态转化的影响 ,结果表明 ,作物耗竭引起根际所有形态无机磷不同程度的下降。施入土壤的DCP(CaHPO4 ·2H2 O)、OCP(Ca8(PO4 ) 6 )、Al P(AlPO4 ·nH2 O)等大部分转化为其它形态无机磷 ,而Fe P(FePO4 ·nH2 O)和FA(Ca10 (PO4 ) 6 F2 )大部分以自身形态存在 ,尤其是FA很少向其它形态转化 ,根际条件促进了它们向其它无机磷形态的转化。Al P和FA等的形态转化明显受氮肥形态的影响 ,Al P配施NO- 3 N下 ,绝大部分转化为磷灰石 ,NH 4 N配施下促进了FA向其它形态的转化 ,在所有的磷源处理中 ,根际和本体磷酸铁都有显著地增加 ,NH 4 N和CO(NH2 ) 2 处理下存在磷酸铁的根际累积 ;其次是磷酸二钙和磷酸铝也有明显地增加 ,二者存在根际的亏缺。不同磷源的形态转化规律与其有效性大小相一致。     

合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的有效性及氮肥形态对其的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性及不同氮肥形态对它们有效性影响的机理。研究结果表明 :几种合成磷酸盐在轻壤质和轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性的大小顺序分别为 :磷酸二钙 (DCP) >磷酸八钙 (OCP) >磷酸铝 (Al P) >磷酸铁 (Fe P) >氟磷灰石 (FA)和DCP >Al P >OCP >Fe P >FA。几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性与土壤中相应形态无机磷的有效性相一致。它们在轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性明显受氮肥形态的影响。配施NH 4 N和CO(NH2 ) 2 时 ,Al P和FA的有效性比配施NO-3 N明显提高。配施NO-3 N可以明显提高Fe P的有效性。它们在配施不同氮肥形态下的生物有效性与不同氮肥形态处理下的根际pH变化密切相关。     

有机酸对不同磷源施入石灰性潮土后无机磷形态转化的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明,1)石灰性潮土中磷素主要以有效性很低的磷酸盐(Ca10-P等)形式存在,而有效性较高的磷酸盐(Ca8-P等)含量较少,Ca2-P就更少。2)不同磷源施入土壤后,无机磷总量相应增加。磷酸二氢钾与磷酸二钙主要向Ca8-P、Al-P等有效性相对较差的磷素形态转化,磷酸八钙、氟磷灰石、磷酸铁、磷酸铝等有效性较差的磷源,在较短的时期内主要以自身的形态存在。3)施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、Al-P和Ca10-P含量,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向植物可以利用的形态转化。这种促进能力因有机酸种类和性质的不同而不同,其作用大小顺序为草酸柠檬酸酒石酸。     

长期施肥条件下栗褐土碱性磷酸酶活性及其与磷形态的关系

利用长期定位试验研究了长期不同施肥对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的影响及碱性磷酸酶与土壤磷素形态间的相关关系.结果表明:与不施肥的对照处理相比,长期施肥特别是有机肥与化肥配施可以显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性;碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤速效磷、有机磷总量、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量相关性均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),与A1-P、Fe-P和O-P相关性达显著水平(P＜0.05);各形态磷对碱性磷酸酶活性直接影响的大小顺序为Ca8-P(-5.706 9)＞Fe-P(4.180 5)＞Ca2-P(2.760 4)＞Ca10-P(0.980 0)＞中稳性有机磷(0.892 4)＞Al-P(-0.567 5)＞O-P(-0.294 4)＞活性有机磷(0.268 1)＞中活性有机磷(0.210 3)＞高稳性有机磷(-0.165 2).     

不同水分和添加物料对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化的影响

利用轻粘质土壤 ,模拟石灰性土壤中不同的组分因素进行室内培养试验。结果表明 ,水溶性磷肥施入土壤后很快向其它无机磷形态转化 ,主要转化为Fe-P ,其次是Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P ,而很少转化为O-P和Ca10-P。其转化规律受不同培养组分因素的影响。较低的土壤水分含量 (200g/kg)利于Ca8-P、Al-P向Fe P和Ca10-P的转化 ,过高的水分含量 (200g/kg)有利于Ca10-P的活化与Fe-P的大量生成 ;不同量CaCO3加入促进了Fe-P、Al-P以及Ca2-P向Ca8-P、Ca10-P方向转化 ;秸杆、腐植酸的加入增加了各形态无机磷量以及无机磷总量。随培养时间的延长 ,Al-P、Fe-P等形态的磷量减少 ,Ca8-P、Ca10-P形态的量增加。不同量秸杆以及腐植酸的加入不同程度地降低了速效磷下降的幅度 ,提高了土壤速效磷水平。     

多年定位试验条件下不同施磷水平对土壤无机磷分级的影响

通过对小麦/玉米轮作不同施磷水平7年14季定位试验土壤养分状况的分析与评价,探讨石灰性潮土有效磷耗竭和积累状况下土壤全磷、无机磷分级形态的变化规律,并运用通径分析和逐步回归分析,研究Olsen法、Mehlich3法、树脂交换法测定的土壤有效磷与各无机磷形态的关系。结果表明:(1)与初始土壤相比,N0P0K0、N2P0K2处理全磷总量分别降低了15.2%,29.7%,无机磷总量降低了13.5%,11.8%,N2P2K2、N2P3K2处理全磷总量分别增加了8.2%,27.2%,无机磷总量增加了11.1%,27.8%。供试土壤无机磷含量以Ca_(10)-P、Ca_8-P为主,施用磷肥可提高Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷总量的相对比例。(2)磷耗竭状态下,植物利用的无机磷来源于缓效磷源(Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P;75%)、无效磷源Ca_(10)-P(11.5%~14.0%)、速效磷源Ca_2-P(7.5%~8.9%);无机磷盈余状态下,积累的无机磷主要转化为Ca_8-P(50%~70%)、Al/Fe-P(10%~23%)、O-P(8%)、Ca_2-P(0.2%~1.8%)。(3)Ca_2-P、AlP对3种方法测得的有效磷均具有正向作用且贡献率较大。Olsen法测定的无机磷主要是Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P,Mehlich3法主要是Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P,阴离子交换树脂法主要是Ca_2-P、Fe-P。(4)Olsen法、Mehlich3法、树脂交换法均适于评价土壤有效磷水平,Olsen法最优。     

茶树根际与非根际土壤磷形态变化特征

以茶树(Camellia sinensis)根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,选取湖南省石门、临澧、桃源、长沙、安化、资兴等6县(市)的茶园为采样点,对其根际和非根际土壤的全磷、有效磷及无机磷的不同化学形态进行了分析。结果表明,茶树根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量均高于非根际土壤,有效磷在根际富集明显;土壤无机磷含量及占全磷的比例差异都很大。不同母质发育土壤的无机磷组成也不同,板页岩母质发育的根际土壤中Al-P含量最高,Fe-P其次,O-P最少。花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土发育的根际土壤Fe-P最高,Al-P其次,O-P最少。3种母质发育的非根际土壤中均为Fe-P含量最高。根际无机磷中的Al-P,Fe-P和Ca-P含量与有效磷呈极显著正相关,非根际Al-P和Fe-P与土壤有效磷显著正相关关系。根际、非根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量与pH值相关性不显著,根际、非根际土壤有效磷和全磷含量相关性极显著。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土无机磷形态的影响

采用顾益初、蒋柏藩的无机磷分级方法,研究了长期施肥下砂姜黑土无机磷组分含量变化、生物有效性及其与土壤有效磷的关系。结果表明,长期耗竭状况下Ca2-P和Ca8-P的植物营养效率最高,其次为Al-P和Fe-P,O-P和Ca10-P也表现出了一定的有效性;Fe-P和Al-P对植物的营养贡献率最高,虽然Ca2-P和Ca8-P活性最高,但由于含量低,对磷素养分的贡献率较低,土壤磷素极度耗竭下,Ca2-P的植物营养贡献率甚至低于Ca10-P和O-P。砂姜黑土对磷的固定严重,土壤中积累的磷主要向Al-P、Fe-P和有效性更低的Ca10-P和O-P转化,Ca2-P、Ca8-P的增量较少。相关分析和通径分析表明,无机磷组分对有效磷的贡献为:Al-P＞Ca8-P＞Ca2-P＞Fe-P＞O-P＞Ca10-P;建立了Olsen-P与无机磷组分间的回归方程:Y = 3.8751 +0.4674X1 +0.4470X2+ 0.3769X3-0.1166X4-0.07838 X 5 (Y代表有效磷含量,X1、、X2、X3 、X4 、X5分别代表Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca10-P含量;P＜0.01,R2=0.9989)。     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

Comparing two theories about the nature of soil phosphate

Two theories about the nature of phosphate in soil are current. One holds that soil phosphate is mostly present as particles of iron, aluminium and calcium phosphates: the precipitate-particulate theory. The other holds that phosphate is mostly adsorbed and penetrates heterogeneous, variable-charge particles: the adsorption-penetration theory. This is the only theory that is consistent with and can be deduced from observations. It is my contention that the persistence of the precipitate-particulate theory leads to: wasted research effort in trying to identify the supposed phosphate fractions; failure to recognize the long-term changes in soil phosphate due to repeated applications, and thus to over-fertilisation; and misapprehension about the effects of pH on phosphate availability.     

Phosphorus Fractionations in Acidic Piedmont Rice Soils

Piedmont lands in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and many other Asian countries are important rice-growing soils, but most of the soils are potentially phosphorus (P) deficient because of low pH. Phosphorus fractions of rice-growing acidic piedmont soils were determined. Soil samples were amended with 100 and 200 mg P kg^?1 soil, and a control soil without P amendment was maintained. The samples were analyzed for the following fractions: solution P, labile pool [sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) P], alkali-extracted inorganic pool [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) P_i], organic pool (NaOH P_o), acidic pool [sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)?hydrochloric acid (HCl) P], and residual P. About 98% of the applied P in soils was extracted by the sequential extraction employed in the present experiment. The mean total P concentration in 10 acidic Piedmont soils was 247 ppm, of which only 0.12% was in solution, 8% labile (NaHCO₃), 16% NaOH-extracted inorganic, 32% resistant organic, 18% relatively recalcitrant acidic, and 25% residual. Application of P fertilizer increased mainly the labile P fraction, which would be easily available to wetland rice. Solution P was positively and significantly correlated with pH_KCl (r = 0.64, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with clay (r = ?0.77, P < 0.01). A negative and significant correlation of NaHCO₃-P was observed with pH_H2O (r = ?0.62, P < 0.05). Solution P showed a negative and significant relationship with NaOH-P_i (r = ?0.63, P < 0.05). A significant and negative relationship of solution P was also observed with acid P (r = ?0.78, P < 0.01) and residual P (r = ?0.82, P < 0.01). The relationship of NaHCO₃-P with NaOH-P_i was positive (r = 0.70, P < 0.05) and significant. Similarly, a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) between NaOH-P_i and acid P was observed, and acid P was positively and significantly correlated with residual P (r = 0.84, P < 0.01).     

Soil legacy phosphorus after 10 years of annual dairy liquid manure application in a no-tillage system

The benefits of manure as a source of nutrients for plants and to improve soil quality are well-known. Monitoring of manure application is needed if environmental issues are to be prevented. In particular, the availability and accumulation of phosphorus (P) has to be subject to rigorous monitoring. This study aims to both evaluate the efficacy of the resin method in extracting inorganic labile P in soils under the long-term application of dairy liquid manure (DLM), and verify the influence of DLM on the recovery of applied P and soil legacy P. To realize our objectives, two long-term field experiments were established under a no-tillage system with annual DLM application on sandy clay loam (sandy Oxisol) and clayey (clayey Oxisol) soils. Treatment consisted of DLM applications (0, 60, 120, 180 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), independent of mineral fertilizer. Soil samples were taken from the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm layers after 10 years from the beginning of the trial. A single extraction with resin underestimated inorganic labile P; however, successive extractions were able to take up 43% and 26% of the total P in sandy and clayey Oxisols, respectively, whereas in a single extraction the take-up was 17% and 8% from the same soils, respectively. The resin method was more effective in extracting P from the sandy Oxisol. Thus, when interpreting soil P contents for fertilizer planning, the soil texture should be taken into account. DLM application decreased P recovered from applied P, ranging from 54% to 83% (sandy), and 43% to 67% (clayey), and substantially increased soil legacy P.     

再论中国磷肥需求预测——基于农业绿色发展视角

磷肥产业发展关乎我国粮食安全、资源利用和环境保护。近40年来由于化学磷肥的持续施用，我国农田土壤有效磷快速提升，在这一背景下基于农业绿色发展的要求，调整未来我国磷肥的需求预测十分必要。本文综合分析了我国农田土壤有效磷的变化，明确了在粮食作物上我国农田土壤有效磷平均已经达到或超出了作物生产的农学阈值(15～25 mg·kg^-1)，在蔬菜和果树等经济作物上土壤有效磷已经全面超过农学阈值。农业绿色发展要求在保障作物高产的同时，要充分发挥作物的根系/根际生物学潜力以提高磷资源利用效率、同时改善农产品营养品质和降低环境风险，为此，应将磷肥施用策略从培肥地力保增长调整到以农学阈值为目标的维持施磷保增产、升效率、提品质。同时，农业绿色发展需要从工艺和农艺两方面最大限度提高农业废弃物中磷资源的再利用效率。据此，考虑我国粮食和其他农产品需求，继2007年基于土壤磷肥力变化预测我国磷肥需求的基础上，本文对我国未来农业磷肥需求进行了再预测。结果表明，到2030和2050年，我国化学磷肥的需求量分别为1084万吨和742万吨。因此，在各项措施持续优化基础上，我国化肥磷的需求在短期(203...     

Phosphorus Dynamics in a Luvic Phaeozem After 50 Years of Different P Fertilization

After 50 years of differentiated P fertilization great differences in plant-available P contents between the treatments were measured. However, yield and P uptake varied marginally and only in few plant species these parameters changed significantly. Investigations of P availability, P release and P sorption in different soil depths should show, which phosphorus fractions are important for P supply of agricultural plants in a Luvic Phaeozem. This information can be used for the improvement of fertilization recommendations. A significant decrease in DL-soluble P content in P0 and P15 treatments down to a soil depth of 60cm was measured. Diffusible P content was substantially higher in the P45 treatment in comparison to P0 and P15. Subsoil seems to be an important additional P source. Plant species have a significant influence on phosphorus dynamic. High P sorption in the investigated Luvic Phaeozem, which could not be reduced by excessive P fertilization, may be one of the reasons for low fertilization efficiency in this trial.     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilizer Management and Crop Rotations on Accumulation and Downward Movement of Phosphorus in Semi-Arid Subtropical Irrigated Soils

Crop species and their varieties vary in phosphorus (P) requirements for optimum production and response to P application. As crop recovery of added P often ranges from 10 to 40%, the rest accumulates in soil and may create potential for P leaching, depending upon the soil characteristics, duration of P applications, and cropping systems. Accumulation and distribution of Olsen P (plant-available labile P), total inorganic P, and total organic P were investigated in soil profiles of three field experiments differing in rate (9–44 kg P ha^–1), frequency (applied once or twice annually), and duration (4–34 years) of fertilizer P applications, crop rotations, soil characteristics, and irrigation pattern (upland irrigated and flooded-rice crop) in a subtropical region. Profile samples were collected from soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm of different treatments in these experiments and analyzed for different forms of P and soil characteristics. The results revealed that (i) annual applications of fertilizer P either to one crop (alternative-applied P) or to both crops (cumulative) led to the accumulation of residual fertilizer P in the form of Olsen P, varying from 44 to 148 kg P ha^–1, and the magnitude of accumulation was proportional to applied fertilizer P rate, frequency, and duration; (ii) majority of residual fertilizer P accumulated as inorganic P (74–89%) followed by organic P (11–26%) and Olsen P (9–19%), illustrating that the inorganic P pool is a major sink for fertilizer P; (iii) application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) alone or in combination with fertilizer P did not affect residual fertilizer P accumulation in soil profile; (iv) incorporation of farmyard manure enhanced the P enrichment of soil profile; (v) irrigation pattern, soil pH (7.1–7.7), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) (trace–0.33%) did not influence P movement to deeper soil layers; silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC) showed strong relationships with Olsen P (r = 0.827, 0.938, and 0.464, P < 0.01) and enhanced the retention of labile P in the plow layer; and (vi) only 6–29% total residual P moved beyond 30 cm deep in fine-textured soils under 22-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34-year maize (Zea maize L.)–wheat rotations, whereas 41, 27, 20, 9, and 3% were located in soil layers 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep, respectively, in coarse-textured soil profile under 4-year peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field. These findings confirmed that interplay between the fertilizer P management (alternative vis-à-vis cumulative P application and optimal vis-à-vis excessive rates of fertilizer P in different crop rotations), amount of labile P accumulated in soil profile, and soil characteristics (silt, clay, and SOC) largely controlled the downward movement and resultant potential for P leaching in subtropical irrigated soils.     

Phosphorus balances for arable soils in Southern England 1986–1999

The behaviour of P in a range of English arable soils was examined by plotting the change in resin P in the topsoil (ΔPres) at the end of a 3‐ to 5‐year period, against the P balance over the same period (fertilizer P applied minus offtake in crops, estimated from farmers’ reported yields and straw removal). Based on the assumption that values for offtake per tonne of crop yield used for UK arable crops are valid averages, 20–60% of ΔPres was explained by the balance. Applying excess P fertilizer increased Pres, and reducing P fertilizer use decreased it; typically 3–4 kg P ha^?1 was required for each mg L^?1ΔPres (6–8 kg ha^?1 for each mg L^?1 of Olsen P). About half the P balance seems to be resin extractable and this differed little between soil groups, except in cases of very low P (index 0) in which the P buffering was stronger, and on very high P soils (index 4/5) when buffering was less. However, on calcareous soils and red soils, when fertilizer was applied in accord with offtake, Pres fell by up to 4 mg L^?1 year^?1 (2 mg L^?1 yr^?1 olsen P) and to prevent this an extra 3–10 kg P ha^?1 year^?1 fertilizer was required. But on most non‐calcareous soils, replacing offtake maintained Pres, with perhaps slight rises on soils of low clay content or greater organic matter content. In soils under arable rotations, the apparent recovery of P from fertilizer was often around 100%, falling to 85% on Chalk soils and 75% on medium–heavy soils on limestone or Lower Chalk. The fate of the ‘missing’ P needs clarification. The case for corrections to current P fertilizer recommendations in the UK on certain soil types is discussed.     

农业用地施用生物固体废弃物---对全球P循环的贡献：综述

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required for plant development.Continuous population growth and rising global demand for food are expected to increase the demand for phosphate fertilizers.However,high-quality phosphate rock reserves are progressively becoming scarce.Part of the increased pressure on P resources could be alleviated by recycling P present in biosolids.Therefore,it is crucial to understand the dynamics of P in biosolid-amended soils,the effects of residual biosolid-borne P in soils,the way in which microorganisms may control P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils and the environmental implications of the use of biosolids as a source of P.Further research is needed to maximize biosolid-borne P uptake by crops and minimize its loss from biosolid-amended soils.The analysis of the microbiological control of P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils indicates interactions of biosolid P with other nutrients such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N),suggesting that harmonization of the current regulation on the use of biosolids in agriculture,mainly based on total N and pollutant contents,is needed to better recycle P in agriculture.     

不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性

  【目的】  研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础。  【方法】  供试有机物料包括粪肥类 (猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类 (豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类 (小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆)。分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性 (LOP)、中活性 (MLOP)、中稳性 (MROP) 和高稳性有机磷 (HROP) 4个组分的含量。用供试的8种有机物料进行了小麦盆栽试验,分析了土壤速效磷含量、小麦吸磷量与不同有机物料的有机磷组成、碳/磷 (C/P) 值之间的关系。  【结果】  粪肥、绿肥和秸秆中的全磷含量分别为5.49～5.52、1.19～2.59、0.57～1.07 g/kg,有机物料中有机磷含量占全磷的比例在31.3%～55.2%,除绿豆秸秆外,有机磷含量小于无机磷。有机磷中LOP、MLOP、MROP和HROP的平均比例分别为8.5%、45.2%、41.5%和4.9%。LOP平均含量以粪肥类 (175.5 mg/kg) > 绿肥类 (67.03 mg/kg) > 秸秆类 (25.8 mg/kg);以猪粪、绿豆秸秆的MLOP含量相对较高;MROP含量羊粪 > 猪粪 > 苜蓿秸秆 > 绿豆秸秆 > 豌豆秸秆 > 玉米秸秆 > 油菜秸秆 > 小麦秸秆;HROP在粪肥中的含量显著高于其他类型物料。施用绿肥和粪肥显著增加了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量,而施用秸秆则不同程度降低了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量。小麦吸磷量与土壤速效磷含量呈线性正相关关系,与有机物料C/P值呈极显著负相关关系,与LOP、MLOP、MROP呈极显著正相关关系,与HROP相关性不显著;土壤速效磷与有机物料C/P值呈负相关关系。  【结论】  供试有机物料中的全磷含量以粪肥类 > 绿肥类 > 秸秆类,无机磷含量均大于有机磷含量 (绿豆秸秆除外),有机磷以中活性和中稳性有机磷为主。绿肥类和粪肥类物料中含磷量高、且C/P值较低,作为肥料使用能显著增加土壤速效磷含量、小麦生物学产量和吸磷量,可以有效替代一定比例的磷肥。而秸秆类有机物料含磷量较低,且C/P值较高,不适宜作为化肥磷的有机替代物料。