三峡库区脐橙生长元素农业地球化学研究

利用田间试验研究了三峡库区福罗斯特脐橙(Citrus.sinensis)体内营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe)的分布特征及其农业地球化学行为。结果表明:大量元素中,树干(枝)Ca含量最高,花器官中K含量最高,根系与叶片中大量元素含量分布基本相同,大量元素在脐橙中的含量分配与土壤中的分配基本一致,均为脐橙强烈摄取元素;微量元素Zn、Mn、Cu为中等摄取元素,Fe为极微弱摄取元素,土壤背景为营养元素的主要控制因素。叶、花、根为大量元素与微量元素较为富集的器官,而树干、果实对各营养元素的富集程度较弱。该地区土壤具有缺N、少P、富K的特点,因此需合理调整有机、无机肥的比例,提高土壤N、P的供应量。     

密云水库北京集水区油松水源保护林主要养分元素积累与分配研究

对密云水库北京集水区油松水源保护林主要养分元素积累与分配的研究结果表明:29年生油松林的生物量为92 627 kg/hm².油松林不同器官中各养分元素的含量差异较大,在叶、枝和干中各养分元素的含量顺序分别为N(K)>K(N、Ca)>Ca(K)>Mg(P)>P(Mg).根系中的养分元素随着根系直径的增加呈各养分元素的含量降低.油松林生态系统5种养分元素的贮存量为695.17 kg/hm².若以各养分元素在油松林生态系统中的贮存量来计,则N的贮存量最大,P的最小,不同养分元素贮存量的顺序N>Ca>K>Mg>P.油松林生态系统对N元素的富集能力最强,不同器官中各养分元素的富集系数排序均为N>P>K>Ca>Mg.油松林每积累1 t干物质需N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种养分元素共计7.51 kg.     

马占相思近熟林养分循环研究

研究了广西高峰林场11年生（近熟林）马占相思人工林10种营养元素生物循环的特点。结果表明：（1）马占相思不同器官营养元素含量以树叶（叶状柄）为最高,树干最低;各器官中大量营养元素含量以N最高,其次是Ca或K,然后是Mg,P最低;微量元素含量则以Mn和Fe最高,其次是Zn和B,Cu最低;（2）林分营养元素贮存量为2609．28kg／hm^2,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层分别占83．95％、4．43％、1．71％和9．91％,林木中不同器官营养元素贮存量排序为干材〉树枝〉树根〉干皮〉树叶．（3）林分年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为388．47、195．51和192．96kg／（hm^2·a）,10种元素的循环系数为0．39～0．78,循环速率依次为Mn〉Zn〉Mg〉P〉Ca〉Fe〉N〉Cu〉K〉B。     

桂西北12年生光皮桦人工林养分积累及其分布特征

采用标准样地法对广西天峨县12年生光皮桦人工林5种养分元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的含量、积累量及其分配特征进行了研究。结果表明,光皮桦各组分养分含量由大到小依次为树叶、树枝、干皮、树根、干材;不同器官养分元素含量以N、K或Ca最高,其次是P,Mg最低。12年生光皮桦人工林养分积累量为1118.37 kg/hm2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层养分积累量分别为930.18、64.88、35.34和87.97 kg/hm2,分别占养分总积累量的83.17%、5.80%、3.16%和7.87%。光皮桦人工林5种养分元素年净积累量为77.53 kg/hm2,不同器官年净积累量排序为干材>树枝>干皮>树叶>树根。     

桂西北12年生光皮桦人工林养分积累及其分布特征

采用标准样地法对广西天峨县12年生光皮桦人工林5种养分元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的含量、积累量及其分配特征进行了研究。结果表明,光皮桦各组分养分含量由大到小依次为树叶、树枝、干皮、树根、干材;不同器官养分元素含量以N、K或Ca最高,其次是P,Mg最低。12年生光皮桦人工林养分积累量为1118.37 kg/hm2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层养分积累量分别为930.18、64.88、35.34和87.97 kg/hm2,分别占养分总积累量的83.17%、5.80%、3.16%和7.87%。光皮桦人工林5种养分元素年净积累量为77.53 kg/hm2,不同器官年净积累量排序为干材树枝干皮树叶树根。     

李营养累积、分布及叶片养分动态研究

基于保障生态和果品安全以及合理实施果园养分管理的前提,对大石早生李树体各部位营养元素积累、分布以及各营养元素的周年变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:①营养元素在各个器官的相对含量,除K、Zn在果实中含量最高外,N、P、Ca、Mg均以叶片中含量为最高,以叶片做营养诊断是适宜的.②大石早生李树体营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的元素比值为10.00:1.26:6.42:12.57:2.46:1.87:0.14.⑧100 kg鲜果的养分吸收量分别为:N 772.47g,P74.25 g,K 730.33g,Ca874.16 g,Mg 169.82 g,Fe 66.05 g,Zn 7.53 g,N:P:K的比例为1.00:0.10:0.95.④N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量随物侯期呈规律性变化.生长季初期,N、P、K、Zn、Cu的含量迅速下降,Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg呈逐渐上升的趋势;中期这9种元素总体变化幅度较小;后期Fe,Cu.N、P、K的含量呈下降趋势,Mn、Zn、Ca,Mg依然上升.本结果既丰富了国内李营养理论,同时又为制定合理的施肥措施及建立绿色优质果品科技示范基地提供了理论依据.     

甘肃省元帅系苹果叶营养元素含量标准值研究

不同地区苹果不同品种叶营养元素适宜值存在差异,苹果叶片营养标准值的确定对养分管理具有指导意义.通过对甘肃省元帅系苹果叶片营养水平的研究表明,营养元素变异规律呈现常量营养元素＜微量元素;不同产量苹果园,高产园叶片N、P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn含量值显著高于低产园,而铁含量显著低于中、低产园,K、B含量差异不显著;叶片矿质营养N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B含量值遵从正态分布,而Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn呈偏态分布(x2分布).对符合正态分布的元素采用概率分级法1～5级分级,分别对应叶营养元素含量标准值中的缺乏、低值、正常值、高值、过高5个数值范围,各级出现的叶样概率分别为10％、20％、40％、20％和10％,叶分析值为(X-0.5246S)～(X+0.5246S)可作为标准值中的正常值范围,这与高产园分析值十分接近;对呈x2分布特征的元素,参照高产园的叶分析值对概率分级法进行矫正,制定出甘肃省元帅系苹果叶营养元素含量标准值.与国内外标准相比,甘肃元帅系苹果叶标准值表现出N、P、K、Mn、Zn、B水平正常,Ca、Mg、Cu偏高,Fe极高的特点.     

基于ICP—AES的濒危植物长序榆的元素分布及其与土壤因子的关系

采用ICP-AES法测定了九龙山自然保护区(JL1,JL2,JL3)3个代表性样地长序榆根、茎、皮、叶内的金属元素含量,并与土壤中对应的金属元素含量及肥力因素进行了相关性研究。结果表明:(1)大部分金属元素虽然在群落间存在一定的差异,但差异没有达到显著水平;Mn元素在群落之间却存在显著差异。(2)长序榆不同器官元素含量存在一定差异,各元素在不同器官中的变化趋势和变异程度呈现不一致现象。(3)长序榆植物体内11中元素中,两两之间存在极显著的正相关有Mg,Mn和Mo 3种元素;Fe和Cr之间、Sb和Mn,Cr之间、Ca和Th均存在极显著的正相关;其他元素之间存在一定的相关性。Ca和Th均有很大的富集系数,且两者之间存在极显著的正相关,说明长序榆对Ca和Th的吸收具有特殊性。(4)Mg和Mn这两种元素相对于植物体内的其他元素和土壤各元素间相关性显著;长序榆植物体元素含量与土壤中的肥力因素的相互关系并无明显一致的规律,说明不同群落内长序榆元素含量的差异并不是主要由土壤中肥力因素决定的,而是其它生境因子综合影响的结果。     

肉桂人工林叶片营养元素季节累积特点及其相互关系

研究了不同林龄（3a和6a）肉桂人工林叶片5种营养元素（N，P，K，Ca和Mg）含量、季节变化动态及营养元素之间的相互作用关系。结果表明．不同林龄肉桂林叶片营养元素含量均为N〉K〉Ca〉Mg〉P，不同季节间营养元素的变异系数以Ca为最大．其次是Mg和K．然后是N，最小是P；不同林龄肉桂林叶片营养元素的季节变化规律相似，N以生长初期（3月中旬）最高，生长末期（12月中旬）最低；P和K以生长初期最低或较低．第一个生长高峰期（6月中旬）或第二个生长高峰期（9月中旬）最高或较高；Ca以第一个生长高峰期最低．生长末期最高或较高；Mg以生长初期最低．生长末期最高。肉桂植株P和K代谢之间呈正相关关系，P与Ca之间则存在显著的颉颃作用。     

厚荚相思人工林营养元素生物循环的研究

对1.5～4.5年生厚荚相思人工林5种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的含量、积累、分配和生物循环以及它们随林分年龄的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明,厚荚相思人工林不同器官中营养元素含量排序大致为树叶＞于皮＞树枝＞树根＞干材,林木各器官中营养元素含量均以N最高,其次是Ca,然后是K和Mg,P最低;厚莫相思人工林营养元素贮存量依次为145.00～611.70 kg/hm2,随生长过程中生物量的增加而增大;不同器官微量元素贮存量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化,1.5年生时营养元素贮量主要集中在树叶和树枝,2.5～4.5年生时营养元素贮量则主要集中在树干和树根;林分营养元素年净积累量为96.66～135.93 kg/(hm2·a),林木各组分营养元素年净积累量总的变化趋势以树干最高,树皮最低,年吸收量为116.50～258.10 kg/(hm2·a),年归还量分剐为19.83,117.21,114.83,122.17 kg/(hm2·a),利用系数分别为0.80,0.78,0.55和0.42,循环系数分别为0.17,0.49,0.48和0.47,周转期分别为7.34,2.64,3.73,5.01年.     

不同植被群落下喀斯特土壤养分及生物化学性质特征

为了探讨植被群落对喀斯特土壤养分和生物化学性质的影响,对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区不同植被群落下土壤养分、基础呼吸、微生物量碳及酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明:不同植被群落之间土壤养分含量差异显著,土壤总有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷表现为裸露地<草丛<灌丛≤乔林;土壤基础呼吸表现为裸露地<灌丛<乔林<草丛,诱导微生物量碳为裸露地<灌丛<草丛=乔林,而熏蒸微生物量碳为裸露地<草丛<灌丛<乔林;不同植被群落下土壤蔗糖酶活性高于裸露地,但不同植被群落间差异不显著,土壤脲酶活性有着裸露地<草丛=灌丛<乔林的趋势,而土壤碱性磷酸酶活性表现为裸露地<灌丛<乔林<草丛;土壤呼吸商和诱导微生物量与熏蒸微生物量比值均表现为乔林=灌丛<草丛=裸露地。结果分析表明,不同植被群落下喀斯特土壤养分水平及其凋落物差异影响着土壤微生物群落结构及活性,而土壤微生物执行着土壤营养元素生物化学过程,其群落结构和活性又影响着土壤养分水平及养分有效性。     

The importance of C,N and P as driver for bacterial community structure in German beech dominated forest soils

Among several environmental factors shaping soil microbial communities the impact of soil nutrients is of special interest. While continuous application mainly of N and P dramatically shifts community composition during fertilization, it remains unclear whether this effect is consistent in generic, unfertilized beech forest ecosystems of Germany, where differences in nutrient contents are mostly a result of the parental material and climatic conditions. We postulate that in such ecosystems nutrient effects are less pronounced due to the possibility of the soil microbiome to adapt to the corresponding conditions over decades and the vegetation acts as the major driver. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the bacterial community composition in five different German beech dominated forest soils, representing a natural gradient of total‐ and easily available mineral‐P. A community fingerprinting approach was performed using terminal‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, while abundance of bacteria was measured applying quantitative real‐time PCR. Bacterial communities at the five forest sites were distinctly separated, with strongest differences between the end‐members of the P‐gradient. However the majority of identified microbial groups (43%) were present at all sites, forming a core microbiome independent from the differences in soil chemical properties. Especially in the P‐deficient soil the abundance of unique bacterial groups was highly increased, indicating a special adaption of the community to P limitation at this site. In this regard Correspondence Analysis elucidated that exclusively soil pH significantly affected community composition at the investigated sites. In contrast soil C, N and P contents did mainly affect the overall abundance of bacteria.     

苏北山丘区森林群落枯枝落叶层的生态功能分析

通过对苏北山丘区6种代表性森林群落枯落物现存量、吸纳重金属、养分贮存能力和蓄水固土等生态功能的研究,结果表明:6种代表性森林群落枯枝落叶层现存量、对氮的贮存能力以及最大拦蓄量均以栎类林群落最大;对磷和5种重金属的贮存量以侧柏林群落最大,栎类林群落次之;赤松林、黑松林和刺槐林群落的各项生态功能相对较弱。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植物群落的土壤养分及其化学计量特征

[目的]对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同群落土壤养分及化学计量进行研究,为该区的植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。[方法]测定土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算C∶N,C∶P,N∶P,进行差异显著性检验。[结果]研究区土壤有机碳和全氮含量属于6级,全磷含量属于4级,均为养分含量较低的级别;0—10cm土层土壤养分含量大于10—20cm土层;不同群落之间P含量差异不显著,柠条群落的C,N含量最高,铁杆蒿群落的C,N含量最低;柠条群落C∶N与其他群落(铁杆蒿群落除外)差异不显著,C∶N保持相对稳定;铁杆蒿群落和刺槐群落的C∶P较低,土壤P的有效性较高。[结论]不同群落的生物量和盖度等特征不同,导致土壤养分有所差异;不同群落对土壤C,N,P的补充和吸收利用能力不同,导致化学计量特征有所不同。     

Fifty years of change in Central European grassland vegetation: Large losses in species richness and animal-pollinated plants

There is growing concern that biodiversity loss in European agricultural landscapes is having negative effects on functional trait diversity. Long-term studies examining vegetation changes from the period before agricultural industrialisation are however rare. Here, we ask how management intensification and increased nutrient input initiated in the 1950/1960s have altered grassland plant community composition, species diversity and functional trait composition using comprehensive datasets from five floodplain regions (plus one protected reference region) in northern Germany. Sites with available historical relevés and vegetation maps (1950/1960s, 1990s) were resampled in 2008 to facilitate the analysis of a period spanning four to five decades.Plant community composition changed tremendously in all study regions during the 50 year period, which was related to increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nutrient availability. Species richness at the plot-level fell by 30–50% over the period, and losses in functional diversity were equally large. A non-formal comparison with the results from the protected reference study region indicates that the changes may mostly be attributable to local nutrient input rather than to supra-regional climate change. Our results indicate a consistent trend towards much more species-poor communities dominated by mow-tolerant, N-demanding competitive grasses, whereas species with more ruderal strategies, species flowering early in the season and, in particular, insect-pollinated herbs have all decreased. The substantial loss of nectar-producing grassland herbs is likely to have negative effects on the abundance of pollinating insects, with consequences for the grassland animal communities. This highlights the growing need for adequate grassland management schemes with low N input to preserve high-nature-value grassland.     

Above- and below-ground interactions with agricultural management: Effects of soil microbial communities on barley and aphids

Recent research has shown that agricultural management affects microbial biomass and community composition. We investigated the functional implications of such effects in terms of barley biomass production and nutrient acquisition, and whether changes in barley nutrient status affected aphid fecundity. Soils were collected from conventional, ley and organic arable fields and used as inocula in a glasshouse experiment. We determined microbial biomass and community composition using PLFA. We investigated barley growth and nutrient responses to the different soil inoculums, and the impact of excluding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Aphids were applied to plants within clip cages and numbers of offspring counted. Microbial biomass and community composition were unaffected by agricultural management. The microbial communities altered root and shoot biomass and nutrient allocation, but had no effect on grain yield. Exclusion of AMF significantly increased shoot biomass but reduced grain yield. Aphid fecundity was not significantly affected by the microbial community or shoot nitrogen. We conclude that agricultural intensification does not necessarily have negative consequences for above- and below-ground interactions, and microbial communities from conventionally managed soils may offer equal benefit to crop productivity and nutrition as those from organically managed soils.     

黄土丘陵区撂荒群落地上生物量和物种多样性关系

研究黄土丘陵区撂荒群落生物量与物种多样性的关系及其影响机制,有助于明确群落演变的机理,可对该区植被恢复重建、群落演替、生物多样性保护和维持具有重要意义。为此,选取该区5个典型撂荒群落,在群落尺度上,分析地上生物量的月动态,重点研究了地上生物量与物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)5个撂荒群落地上生物量总体呈上升趋势,月份之间差异极显著,群落生物量由大到小为白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)群落茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)群落铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)群落猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群落达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)群落;(2)群落地上生物量与物种多样性关系表现为线性增加和线性减少两种形式。猪毛蒿群落中二者呈线性增加。铁杆蒿和白羊草群落地上生物量随丰富度的增加线性增加。白羊草和达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量随均匀度的增加线性减少。空白生态位的占有和利用、生态位互补效应、种间相互作用是解释二者关系的内在机制,冗余种假说效应可能会导致不显著关系。     

The effects of earthworms, botanical diversity and fertiliser type on the vertical distribution of soil nutrients and plant nutrient acquisition

The application of phosphorus (P)-based fertiliser to agricultural soils can result in a skewed vertical distribution of P down the soil profile, since the element tends to accumulate at the soil surface. Such accumulation can have detrimental effects on the environment, as the erosion of surface soil can facilitate the transfer of large quantities of P out of the field into water bodies. Earthworm and plant communities are intricately linked to vertical nutrient distributions in soil, with both communities either facilitating or negating the incorporation of nutrients into the soil matrix. This study aimed to investigate the effect of earthworm presence, plant community structure and fertiliser type to affect the distribution of nutrients in experimental mesocosms; with particular emphasis on the vertical distribution of P. Mesocosms were designed to simulate a soil which has a high P concentration at the surface compared to further down the soil profile. It was hypothesised that the presence of earthworms would facilitate the incorporation of P into the soil matrix and the presence of a more botanically diversity community would assimilate a greater quantity of soil nutrients. After 1 year, mesocosms were deconstructed into five depth ranges, and the distribution of nutrients were modelled and analysed. Results indicated that the presence of earthworms did redistribute soil nutrients from the surface into the matrix beneath. This redistribution was apparent from a reduction in nutrient concentrations in the 0–1 cm depth range. The presence of a more botanically diverse community not only assimilated greater soil nutrient concentrations, but also promoted a less even vertical distribution of soil nutrients, demonstrating the importance of soil biota and plant diversity in the redistribution of soil nutrients.     

滇中不同植物群落土壤养分及其计量比的变化特征

为了研究不同植物群落土壤养分的时空动态变化特征及其养分计量比特征，选择滇中高原五种典型植物群落的土壤为研究对象，分析了旱、雨季不同营养元素及其计量比在土壤不同深度中的分布特征，并应用灰色关联分析探讨了不同群落的土壤综合肥力及其改良效应。结果表明：（1）在空间尺度上，土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量随土壤深度增加而降低，全钾含量则随土壤深度增加而增加，而磷含量在土壤剖面中相对保持稳定；除全钾含量外，植物群落对上层土壤的改良效益较高，导致土壤表层土壤养分明显高于中下层；（2）在时间尺度上，除常绿阔叶林雨季肥力略有下降外，其它4种群落雨季的综合肥力均比旱季有所增加。总体看来，常绿阔叶林对土壤养分的影响改良效益最高，而云南松林对土壤养分的改良效益最低；（3）不同植物群落上层土壤C:N、C:P和N:P总体上高于中层与下层土壤，雨季植物群落除桉树林外土壤C:N小于旱季，雨季土壤C:P、N:P总体上高于旱季；土壤养分化学计量比结果表明土壤氮、磷养分是限制植物群落发展的主要限制因子。因此，从不同群落对土壤养分的影响及其生态水文过程上差异的角度出发，建议在滇中脆弱区的生态修复过程中，尽量控制桉树林的种植面积，并对云南松林进行抚育增加阔叶树种的比例，以此增加植物群落对土壤养分的改善效益，进而减少水土流失的风险。为当地树种的选择，从土壤养分变化的角度提供一定的参考。     

Plant nitrogen uptake drives rhizosphere bacterial community assembly during plant growth

When plants establish in novel environments, they can modify soil microbial community structure and functional properties in ways that enhance their own success. Although soil microbial communities are influenced by abiotic environmental variability, rhizosphere microbial communities may also be affected by plant activities such as nutrient uptake during the growing season. We predicted that during the growing season, plant N uptake would explain much of the variation in rhizosphere microbial community assembly and functional traits. We grew the invasive C₃ grass Bromus tectorum and three commonly co-occurring native C₃ grasses in a controlled greenhouse environment, and examined rhizosphere bacterial community structural and functional characteristics at three different plant growth stages. We found that soil N availability and plant tissue N levels strongly correlated with shifts in rhizosphere bacterial community structure. It also appeared that the rapid drawdown of soil nutrients in the rhizosphere during the plant growing season triggered a selection event whereby only those microbes able to tolerate the changing nutrient conditions were able to persist. Plant N uptake rates inversely corresponded to microbial biomass N levels during periods of peak plant growth. Mechanisms which enable plants to influence rhizosphere bacterial community structure and function are likely to affect their competitive ability and fitness. Our study suggests that plants can alter their rhizosphere microbiomes through influencing nutrient availability. The ways in which plants establish their rhizosphere bacterial communities may now be viewed as a selection trait related to intrinsic plant species nutrient demands.