N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake.

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.     

N肥深施深度对小麦吸收利用N的影响

本文应用＾１５Ｎ示踪技术，在川中紫色土上进行了聚土的表层施肥（施肥深度１－２ｃｍ）、中层施肥（深施２５ｃｍ）、底层施肥（深施４５ｃｍ）和平作表层施肥不同处理小麦吸Ｎ特性等的研究。结果表明：Ｎ肥利用率是“平＋表施”〉“聚＋底施”〉“聚＋中施”〉“聚＋表施”，处理间Ｎ肥利用率最高是２３．７８％，小麦一生有３８．７－４４．１％的Ｎ来自肥料。小麦拔节以前无论是聚土还是平作，其表层施肥地上部分ＮＤＦＦ值极显     

C、N源及C/N比对微生物溶磷的影响

以不同的氮源 (NH4+、NO3- 、尿素 )、不同的碳源 (葡萄糖、蔗糖、糖蜜和淀粉 )及碳氮比 (34∶1、20∶1、5∶1)为培养基研究不同C、N源和C/N比对微生物溶磷的影响。结果发现 ,曲霉 2TCiF2和 4TCiF6在以NO3-为氮源的培养基中表现出强的解磷活力 ,而节杆菌 1TCRi7和 1TCRi14的溶磷活性则在NO3-存在时降低 ,青霉 1TCRiF5、2TCRiF4、肠杆菌 1TCRi15和欧文氏菌 4TCRi2 2则只有在供给NH4+时 ,才具有溶解磷矿粉的能力。加入少量可溶性磷对大多数微生物的溶磷能力没有显著的影响。曲霉 2TCiF2在蔗糖为碳源时溶磷活力最高 ,节杆菌 1TCRi7只有在葡萄糖为碳源时才具有溶磷能力。培养基的C/N比越高 ,曲霉和欧文氏杆菌的溶磷活力越高 ,而青霉和肠杆菌则在C/N比最低时 ,其溶磷活力最强。这些微生物之所以具有溶解磷矿粉的能力 ,主要是由于分泌有机酸 ,但非有机酸物质的络合和螯合作用 ,可能在肠杆菌和欧文氏菌溶磷中起重要作用。氮源、碳源和碳氮比极大地影响微生物的代谢 ,尤其对分泌有机酸等物质的种类可能产生很大的影响。     

生态农业区N循环特征

根据我国生态农业试点的成功经验，分析了生态农业区Ｎ循环的特征，从物质良性循环角度，阐明了生态农业的优越性。     

生态农业区N循环特征

根据我国生态农业试点的成功经验，分析了生态农业区N循环的特征，从物质良性循环角度，阐明了生态农业的优越性。     

N Cycle, N Flow Trends in Japan, and Strategies for Reducing N2O Emission and NO3^- Pollution

To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes,and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N2O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO3^- pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N2O emission and NO3^- pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth‘s biosphere.     

不同N水平紫色土上不同水稻品种吸收N、K的动力学

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen and potassium uptake by four rice cultivars. Results showed that the quadratic parabola relationship between biomass of rice and nitrogen levels was observed, with the maximum biomass at the nitrogen level of 150 mg kg^-1. The rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake by the four rice cultivars depended on growth stage and rice cultivar with the maximum rate of N in Shanyou-63 and maximum rate of K in Kaiyou-5 (hybrid rice), respectively. The kinetics of nitrogen and potasssium uptake by rice plant could be quantitatively described by the following equations: y = a + blogt, y = ab + t^1/2 and y = ae^-bt. The b value in the equations was correlated significantly to the rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake (N_R and K_R, r = 0.901^**~0.990^**), suggesting that the b value could be used to distinguish the index of nitrogen and potassium uptake capacity of rice. The maximum values of nitrogen uptake by plant (b value) and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were observed in Shanyou-63, and the minimum value in Eryou-6078. However, the capacity of potassium uptake (b value) by Kaiyou-5 ranked first and that by Shanyou-63 second. There was a significant linear relationship between nitrogen level and nitrogen uptake by rice, but a quadratic parabola relationship was found between nitrogen level and patassium uptake by rice. The application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the ratios of potassium to nitrogen uptake by rice plant. The greatest reduction in the ratio was observed at high nitrogen level, and the least reduction was found in Kaiyou-5 and Shanyou-63 due to their greater ability to absorb potassium.     

15N同位素稀释技术和示踪技术在森林土壤N素研究中的应用

森林土壤N素形态、N库动态及其运移转化特征备受关注。采用稳定性~(15)N同位素稀释技术和示踪技术测定森林土壤总N转化速率和~(15)N回收率,可以揭示森林土壤N素特别是无机N的运移转化规律和持留机制。由此可见,稳定性~(15)N同位素技术在森林土壤N循环研究中的作用举足轻重。基于此,介绍~(15)N同位素稀释技术测定土壤总N转化速率的基本原理和~(15)N同位素示踪技术研究土壤N素运移规律的基本思路,并简要列举了稳定性~(15)N同位素技术和示踪技术在森林土壤N素转化、运移和持留机制研究中的应用实例,同时指出此法的不足和应用前景。     

人为活动N对太湖地区水体中溶液N2O的影响

从2000年9月到2001年9月，每月两次采样连续监测太湖地区湖、河和井水水体中溶解的N2O浓度、NO3^-－N和NH4^ －N浓度及水温的变化，研究了湖、河、井水体NO3^--N和NH4^ -N浓度对水中溶解N2O浓度的影响。结果表明，湖、河和井水中溶解的N2O浓度与NO3^-－N浓度呈显著正相关关系，也与水温呈正相关，而与NH4^ -N浓度无显著相关关系。结果还表明，浅水型水体高浓度NO3^--N和NH4^ -N的存在均是N2O产生的源；水体反硝化作用和硝化－反硝化均是水中产生N2O的重要途径。     

用微卫星标记验证水稻4N×2N早世代体的稳定性

从水稻双胚苗群体中筛选出来的自然发生的四倍体和正常的二倍体进行杂交,在早世代获得了在田间表现稳定的群体,用微卫星分子标记验证了早世代群体在遗传上的稳定性,并对这种现象的机理进行了讨论,认为这一个特殊现象的发现对水稻的理论研究和育种实践都具有重大的意义.     

黄土高原某些耕作土壤中土壤微生物生物量C、N与矿化N的关系

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ansai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg C g^-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g^-1, accounting for 1.36%~6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g^-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g^-1, accounting for 0.20%~5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.     

闽江福州下游段水体N含量季节变化及对湿地土壤N含量的影响

选取闽江福州下游段水体及河口短叶茳芏湿地土壤水作为研究对象,采用SAN++连续流动分析仪测试样品中NO-3—N,NO-2—N和NH+4—N含量,以揭示河流水体N含量的季节差异和对土壤水N含量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)闽江福州下游段秋季河流水NH+4—N和NO-3—N含量高于春季,NO-2—N含量低于春季;秋季短叶茳芏湿地土壤水NH+4—N和NO-2—N含量也明显高于春季,土壤水NO-3—N含量低于春季;春、秋季土壤水NH+4—N含量皆高于河流水,而NO-3—N和NO-2—N含量皆明显低于河流水。(2)河流水的浸淹对土壤N含量影响较大,说明河流水是湿地土壤的主要N源。(3)闽江福州下游段河流水3种形态的N含量表现为秋季大于春季,存在较明显的季节差异。(4)与2007—2008年的观测值相比较,闽江河口河流水体N含量呈大幅上升趋势,水体富营养化加剧。     

地中海生态系统中可溶性有机N研究

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i) estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii) describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) forms (NH4+ and NO3? ), and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii) study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett’s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities (0-18.2 mg N kg-1) were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

Crop yield—nitrate‐N,total N,and total K relationships: Leafy vegetables

Abstract

Pot experiments were conducted to determine effects of applied N on NO₃‐N and total N concentrations in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and of applied N, P, and K on Bloomsdale spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and on curly mustard (Brassica pervirdis L.). Ammonium nitrate produced greater increases in NO₃‐N and total N concentrations in chard than did sulfur‐coated urea at the same rates of applied N. Both N and K increased yields and NO₃‐N accumulation in spinach and mustard; response to applied P resulted only in decreased NO₃‐N. Both total and NO₃‐N concentrations decreased with dilution and/or assimilation associated with time of growth and higher yields.

An examination of published results with several spinach cultivars indicates that differences in NO₃‐N accumulation attributed to leaf type can also be explained by the higher yields of the low NO₃‐N accumulators. The same is true for differences in NO₃‐N accumulations attributed to light and temperature effects.     

秸秆生物质炭对稻田土壤剖面N2O和N2浓度的影响*

氧化亚氮（N2O）和氮气（N2）是淹水稻田土壤剖面反硝化过程的重要气态产物,可通过土水界面向大气排放,也可随水向下淋溶。秸秆生物质炭施入稻田后会改变土壤理化及微生物学性质,影响反硝化过程及N2O和N2产排。本研究依托2010年夏建立的连续秸秆生物质炭还田的稻麦轮作农田试验,通过埋设淋溶管收集土壤剖面溶液,采用气相色谱和膜进样质谱分别定量溶液中N2O和exN2（反硝化产生N2量）,观测了2018和2019年水稻季不同秸秆生物质炭施用量（CK：每季0 t·hm-2;1BC：每季2.25 t·hm-2;5BC：每季11.3 t·hm-2;10BC：每季22.5 t·hm-2）下0~1 m土壤剖面溶液中N2O和exN2浓度的时空变化,评估了长期施用秸秆生物质炭对稻田土壤剖面反硝化作用及其主要气态氮产物exN2随水流失的影响。结果表明,两个稻季CK处理N2O浓度以60 cm处较高,exN2浓度则随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势。秸秆生物质炭处理能降低剖面N2O和exN2浓度,以10BC处理最为明显。其中,N2O浓度降低以60 cm处较大,exN2浓度降低随土壤深度增加而加大。施用秸秆生物质炭对土壤剖面溶液无机氮（NO3-+NH4+）含量无明显影响,但5BC和10BC处理增加了可溶性有机碳（DOC）和溶解氧（DO）浓度以及氧化还原电位（Eh）。CK处理下土壤剖面溶液N2O和exN2浓度变化与DOC、硝态氮（NO3-）及DO有关;秸秆生物质炭处理下则主要受DO和Eh控制。exN2淋溶量（按1 m深度计算）CK处理下为2.3 ~5.5 kg·hm-2,相当于无机氮和有机氮（DON）淋溶量的32%~34%,5BC和10BC处理则降低为1.7 ~3.7 kg·hm-2和1.1~1.9 kg·hm-2,上述结果表明,反硝化产生N2随水淋溶量不容忽视,秸秆生物质炭还田可改善淹水稻田土壤剖面的通气状况,增加DO,提高Eh,进而有效减少深层反硝化及其主要气态产物exN2随水流失的风险。