岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影*响

为了解岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,以交错带森林段及其下缘地段为研究对象,选取干旱河谷段封禁造林地为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性的特征及其相关关系。结果表明:在交错带中土壤微生物量碳、氮以及蛋白酶的活性均随着海拔的升高呈逐渐增加的趋势;而土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性随海拔的升高先增多后减少。通过对交错带山地森林下缘3种植被恢复模式研究表明,恢复植被能显著提高土壤的养分,增加土壤的生物活性。同时,土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性变化均具有明显的空间层次现象,即随土层深度的增加而呈降低的趋势。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮和4种土壤酶活性均与土壤pH呈负相关关系,与土壤其他养分呈正相关关系,说明岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量和酶活性受植被、pH值、土壤养分和含水量等因素的共同影响,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸速率的影响

通过对不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和有机酸的测定,旨在揭示土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率大小顺序是:阔叶栎林>桦木林>落叶阔叶林>杨树林>冷杉林>红杉林>高山草甸.细菌和放线菌随海拔升高呈单峰变化趋势,土壤真菌数量随海拔升高而增多.土壤细菌和放线菌分别可以单独解释不同植被54.2%和70.57%的土壤呼吸速率变化.土壤低分子量有机酸中以草酸、柠檬酸为主,草酸和柠檬酸分别与细菌和放线菌均达到极显著相关,草酸、柠檬酸、细菌和放线菌与土壤呼吸均极显著正相关.     

放牧干扰对岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量及呼吸熵的影响

选择岷江上游理县山地森林/干旱河谷交错带地区人工刺槐林、人工杨柳林、草地和锥花小檗灌丛这4种植被类型为研究对象,对4种植被下的土壤微生物量及呼吸熵对放牧干扰的响应进行了研究。以距牧道距离远近的不同设置了3种放牧干扰强度处理,分别对各植被类型3种放牧干扰强度的土壤进行了分析。结果表明,在各植被类型下,土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量随放牧干扰强度的增加而降低。各植被类型下表层土壤呼吸熵值(qCO2)值随放牧压力的增加而增大(除灌丛中度干扰外),增加幅度为15.14%~100.54%,说明放牧干扰使微生物体的周转率加快,对SOC的利用率降低,释放的CO2增多,土壤碳保存率降低。     

岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上的土壤发生特征

了解岷江上游干旱河谷的土壤发生特征对区域植被恢复有着指导意义,为此选择不同海拔梯度上7个典型土壤剖面进行土壤发生特性分析。结果表明,受区域成土环境影响,土壤化学风化和成土作用弱;土壤质地较粗,土壤机械组成以粉砂为主,黏化作用不强。土壤全Fe含量和Fe游离度一般<50g/kg和<30%;交换性盐基组成在土壤剖面中无明显分异。随海拔升高,土壤黏粉比、全Fe含量、Fe游离度增加。土壤表土有机碳同位素δ13C值随海拔升高偏负,反映区域植被类型由低海拔半干旱气候条件下的C4型灌丛植被向高海拔凉润气候条件下C3型针阔叶林自然过渡。基于干旱河谷地区土壤特征,其植被恢复应以提高土壤质量为基础,并应遵循海拔梯度上自然植被分布特征进行植被恢复和生态重建。     

秦岭北坡4种植被类型的土壤养分状况和微生物特征比较研究

通过实地调查和试验分析,研究了秦岭北坡杨树人工林、刺槐人工林、油松人工林和荒坡等4种植被类型的土壤养分状况和微生物特征.结果表明:①4种植被类型土壤养分存在差异,杨树人工林与刺槐人工林土壤养分含量均较高,油松人工林养分含量相对较低.荒坡最低.②4种植被类型中,土壤微生物数量以细菌最多,其次为放线菌,真菌最少.除真菌数量外,细菌、放线菌和微生物总量依次为杨树人工林最多,刺槐人工林较多,再次为油松人工林,荒坡最少.③4种植被类型土壤养分含量与土壤微生物数量基本均随土层加深表现为减少趋势,表明土壤微生物数量与土壤养分含量有关.④4种植被类型中土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量比较研究表明,人工林能够较好地改善土壤状况,阔叶林改善土壤状况较针叶林更为有效.     

岷江上游干旱河谷不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳和易氧化态碳特征

生态交错带是全球变化敏感区,研究生态交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳的变化,可为生态交错带因人类活动引起的土地利用和覆被变化对土壤碳汇功能的影响提供基础数据。该文研究了岷江上流干旱河谷/山地森林交错带具有代表性的高山栎地、灌丛地、灌木林地、花椒地、农耕地以及人工刺槐林地不同土层深度土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳的含量和分布特征,以及易氧化态碳与有机碳的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量和易氧化态碳含量随土层深度的增加而减少;易氧化态碳与有机碳间呈极显著的相关性;土壤易氧化态碳占有机碳的比例波动为3.57%～12.71%,表现为高山栎地＞农耕地＞灌木林地＞人工刺槐林地＞灌丛地＞花椒地。研究结果说明植被类型是导致岷江上游干旱河谷/山地森林交错带不同土地利用类型土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳含量差异的重要原因。     

岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带根层土壤碳活性与储量特征

根层土受植物地下部分生命活动、代谢影响最直接和最强烈,其碳活性与储量特征对土壤质量改变乃至全球气候变化具有极高的灵敏性。以岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带及邻近生态系统为研究对象,研究根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性以及碳密度、碳储量特征,可为该区的生态系统管理提供重要科学依据。结果表明,不同生态类型根层土的土壤碳密度为(0.14±0.007)～(101.16±0.301)kgC/m2,碳储量为(30.2±1.51)～(21850.6±65.02)kg。相对于干旱河谷,交错带根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性更强,为沿交错带逐步向下改善土壤环境抑制干旱河谷区上延提供了较好的碳素环境。尽管交错带天然林植被面积较小,但其土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳丰度指数因物种优势和所在山地垂直带谱中所处的相对有利位置,显著高于干旱河谷。在交错带内部,以高山栎为优势种的根层土具有更强的储碳能力,是包括退耕还林地在内的自然或人工植被调控生态工程建设中重要造林树种和恢复模式。     

不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响

[目的]探索退化干旱山地不同保水措施对土壤理化特征的影响,为北方干旱退化山区土壤环境改良提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山新垦片麻岩山地新植核桃园为试材,进行保水剂、玉米秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究土壤养分和微生物数量的变化。[结果]秸秆覆盖能显著提高土壤养分含量和微生物数量。细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照分别提高了14.04%,17.42%,25.53%,60.29%,25.90%,15.31%,143.67%和51.44%。保水剂使得土壤养分含量和微生物数量略有下降。地膜覆盖降低了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、纤维素分解菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷含量,较对照分别降低了27.19%,21.0%,10.11%,31.07%,1.11%,22.06%和6.06%,却提高了土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量,较对照分别提高了12.6%,9.65%,8.09%。多元组合处理对土壤养分含量和微生物数量的影响相互之间差异较大;而保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖的组合并没有达到最佳效果;在所有处理中,保水剂+秸秆覆盖的组合对土壤的改良效果最好,与对照相比,提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达16.67%,3.37%,6.64%,92.65%,12.67%,1.8%,94.25%和105.76%。[结论]土壤养分、微生物数量与土壤水热气状况密切相关;保水措施在改变土壤水热气状况的同时,也改变了土壤养分和微生物数量。     

伊犁河谷山地北坡土壤特性及植被群落多样性垂直分布格局

基于对伊犁河谷山地北坡垂直地带植被多样性和土壤生境的调查分析数据,采用Pearson相关系数法、主成分法和DCA排序法分析了物种多样性指数与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:根据其植被带和土壤带沿不同海拔将其分为针叶林、山地草原、落叶阔叶林和荒漠草原;其总的物种丰富度和Simpson指数与海拔呈现先升高后降低,再升高的格局,不同海拔植被群落丰富度指数之间差异均显著(p0.05),Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,Pielou均匀度指数随海拔的增加呈先降低后增加,然后降低的格局。犁河谷山地北坡土壤有机质和有效氮含量随海拔的增加而增加的趋势,基本表现为针叶林山地草原落叶阔叶林荒漠草原,其中不同海拔植被群落土壤有机质含量之间差异均显著(p0.05),土壤有效磷含量没有明显的垂直变化规律,土壤有效钾含量随海拔的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,基本表现为山地草原针叶林落叶阔叶林荒漠草原。犁河谷山地北坡土壤pH值随海拔的增加而降低的趋势,基本表现为荒漠草原山地草原落叶阔叶林针叶林,土壤电导率、全盐和总盐含量均随海拔的增加呈先增加后降低的格局,基本表现为山地草原落叶阔叶林荒漠草原针叶林。主成分的结果分析表明,第一主成分负荷值最高的分别为土壤全盐、总盐、电导率,可称为土壤盐分因子;第二主成分负荷值最高的分别为土壤有效氮、有机质和pH值,可称为保肥、供肥因子。DCA排序结果表明,沿着DCA第一轴,随着海拔逐渐降低,土壤有机质、有效氮和有效钾等土壤养分的含量逐渐下降,而pH值和电导率逐渐上升;沿着DCA第二轴,随着海拔逐渐降低,土壤总盐和全盐含量逐渐增加,而土壤有效磷含量却逐渐降低。由此可知,犁河谷山地北坡植物群落多样性的垂直分布格局是由海拔为主的多种环境因子综合作用的结果,而土壤养分和盐分随海拔的变化与植被带不尽一致,可能它们之间的同步变化存在一定的滞后期。     

岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带不同植被恢复模式对根际土壤微生物量碳氮及固氮菌群落结构的影响

以岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带5种植被恢复模式的根际与非根际土壤为研究对象,对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤固氮菌群落结构的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,5种不同植被根际与非根际土壤的微生物生物量存在显著差异且根际土壤含量大于非根际土壤,依次为:青冈次生林>灌木林>刺槐林>人工幼林>针阔混交林;DGGE图谱显示,5种植被根际与非根际土壤固氮类群有一条明显的共有条带,其中刺槐林和灌木林的固氮菌多样性最高;多样性指数、群落丰富度分析表明,灌木根际土壤固氮菌的群落种群结构最丰富,其次为刺槐;聚类分析结果显示,不同植被恢复的10种供试土壤样品分为4大类群。总之,自然恢复(青冈林和灌木林)效果好于人工林(刺槐林、人工幼林、针阔林);3种人工林相比较,刺槐林比其它两种人工林更有利于提高微生物生物量及土壤固氮菌群落结构多样性;在人工幼林地采取的封禁措施也有利于植被恢复。     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

库区周边湿地开发利用途径探讨

对三峡库区的湿地生增进行了分析研究,由水库的调度方式形成的库区周边湿地,可分为四个区域段,不同的区域段可采用相适宜的开发利用方式,这种因地制宜的湿地生境开发利用途径对缓解库区人地矛盾,改善库区生态环境和景观将发挥积极作用 。     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

21世纪我市可持续农业发展的耕地资源问题探讨

本阐明了耕地资源是可持续农业发展的基础，并提出利用耕地资源的对策，为农业可持续发展提供参考依据。