黄土丘陵区典型植被类型草本层生态学特性与环境解释

在野外调查的基础上研究黄土丘陵区4种典型植被类型（达乌里胡枝子群落、白羊草群落、人工刺槐林、人工柠条林）草本层生态学特性,通过室内土壤养分和水分含量测定分析群落间环境因子的差异,并对群生态学指标和环境因子进行相关分析。研究结果表明:（1）豆科、禾本科、菊科植物重要值在4种群落中均很高,群落间各科物种重要值差异显著。（2）群落物种多样性表现为:人工刺槐林 > 人工柠条林 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 白羊草群落;群落盖度表现为人工刺槐林 > 白羊草群落 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工柠条林;草本群落地上生物量表现为:白羊草群落 > 人工刺槐林 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工柠条林。（3）土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量表现为:工刺槐林 > 白羊草群落 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工刺槐林,达乌里胡枝子群落和白羊草群落土壤全磷、速效磷含量较高。（4）土壤水分含量表现为:白羊草群落（8.43%） > 达乌里胡枝子群落（7.60%） > 人工柠条林（6.43%） > 人工刺槐林（5.85%）。（5）群落盖度、草本群落地上生物量与土壤养分指标正相关,物种多样性与土壤养分的关系相对复杂;群落盖度及物种多样性均与土壤水分含量负相关,草本群落地上生物量与土壤水分含量相关性不显著。     

喀斯特生态系统中乔木和灌木林根际土壤微生物生物量及其多样性的比较

我国喀斯特区域面积分布较广,而喀斯特生态系统的退化已成为当前西南地区面临的严重的生态问题。本研究选取贵州中部两种不同植被类型的生态系统—乔木林和灌木林,以乔木林中的白栎、园果化香和灌木林中的火棘、竹叶椒等主要优势树种为对象,研究不同的植物树种对根际土壤微生物生物量及其细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示:乔木林系统中根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著性高于灌木林,植物的根际效应在乔木林中表现更为显著;同时乔木林中的优势树种通过根系分泌物的作用显著提高根际土壤细菌多样性指数,而灌木林中优势树种的根际土壤微生物量及多样性均未表现出明显的根际效应。因此,植被的演替通过改变土壤微生物的特性影响植物-微生物-土壤之间的物质和能量循环,进一步影响喀斯特生态系统的稳定和健康功能。     

赤水河流域典型植被类型的土壤微生物群落结构与多样性

土壤微生物是反映土壤环境质量的重要指标,为明确赤水河流域典型植被类型土壤微生物群落特征及优势菌属,为生态系统的恢复与管理提供理论依据,采用高通量测序技术研究了赤水河流域的5种典型植被类型(灌丛、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、杉木林和竹林)土壤的微生物群落结构及多样性,并探讨了其主要影响因子。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型的细菌和真菌丰富度Chao1指数差异均不显著,说明二者所观测到的物种总数没有差异。Shannon指数显示各植被类型微生物多样性存在一定差异,细菌多样性以竹林最低,显著性低于灌丛和针阔混交林(p<0.05); 真菌多样性以灌丛和杉木林显著性高于其他3种植被类型(p<0.05)。(2)5种植被类型土壤细菌优势门(相对丰度>10%)主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在灌丛、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林中占绝对优势(相对丰度为29.70%～33.62%),而放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)则在杉木林和竹林中最为丰富,相对丰度占比分别为32.88%,29.88%。各植被类型土壤真菌门以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为绝对优势菌群(相对丰度>49%)。(3)5种植被类型土壤细菌和真菌中优势菌属差异较大。在细菌属水平上,针阔混交林和竹林分别以未定名的Vicinamibacterales和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势,而其他3种植被类型则以节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)最丰富。在真菌属水平上,灌丛和常绿阔叶林中优势关键属为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)未分类真菌属(unclassified_p_Ascomycota),杉木林以被孢霉属(Mortierella)最丰富,而针阔混交林和竹林中均以沙蜥属(Saitozyma)相对丰度最高。(4)NMDS分析表明,土壤细菌与真菌群落空间分布差异显著。(5)冗余分析表明,土壤含水量、pH值和TN(总氮)对土壤细菌群落结构具有显著性的影响,而pH值、容重、TOC(总有机碳)、TN和TP(总磷)对真菌群落结构影响显著。综合分析可知,针阔混交林土壤细菌群落较丰富,杉木林土壤真菌生长较旺盛,而灌丛土壤细菌和真菌多样性均较高,应采取有效措施提高主要林分土壤养分,从而激发微生物的生长,改善土壤环境。     

基于高通量测序的两种植被恢复类型根际土壤细菌多样性研究

为研究库布齐沙地生态恢复过程中不同植被恢复类型土壤微生物细菌群落结构、多样性的变化特征,以流动沙地为对照,运用高通量测序技术,对自然恢复的油蒿群落、人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落根际和非根际土壤细菌多样性进行了研究,并分析了土壤理化性质对其分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型对细菌多样性产生了正效应,细菌群落丰度、多样性和均匀度明显增加。其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落土壤细菌丰度高于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落;(2)变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门为研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,其中变形菌门在各样地丰度比例最高,变形菌的4个亚群变化趋势一致,α-变形菌相对含量在油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落根际土壤中明显增加,尤其是自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤中α-变形菌得到了很好的恢复;(3)土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量和土壤含水量是影响土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性的主要土壤因子,典型相关分析表明土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、速效氮含量对于研究区土壤细菌群落遗传多样性的变化起着重要作用。     

黄土高原不同林型植被对土壤活性有机碳及腐殖质的影响

为了探讨植被恢复与重建措施对土壤有机碳作用机制的影响,选取延河流域森林区5种典型林型植被作为研究对象,研究黄土高原辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、丁香(Syzygium aromaticum)、三角槭(Acer buergerianum)和人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)植被0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤活性有机碳组分和土壤腐殖质特征。结果表明,不同林型植被土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量表现为辽东栎、丁香和侧柏人工刺槐林三角槭。5种林型植被下,丁香群落土壤表层微生物量碳/有机碳(MBC/SOC)最高(0.034 5),其余依次为人工刺槐林、侧柏、辽东栎,三角槭最低(0.003 5),相比于其他林型植被,丁香更有利于土壤碳积累和碳素的有效利用。土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量表现为辽东栎、侧柏三角槭丁香人工刺槐林。土壤有机碳活度即EOC/(SOC-EOC)表现为侧柏、辽东栎三角槭、丁香人工刺槐林,表明人工刺槐林土壤有机碳稳定性较强。人工刺槐林土壤腐殖化度和聚合度显著高于其余4种植被,其0-10cm,10-20cm土层的(HA/SOC)分别是其他植被的4.75~5.7倍和2.57~3.6倍。     

陕北黄土高原小流域土壤有效铜分布特征

对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同密度的刺槐林、榆树林、油松林、侧柏林、油松刺槐混交林等林下草本层物种组成及多样性进行了研究,目的是为人工林生态功能恢复评价和植被建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明,该区林下草本植物共有36种,多以阳性植物为主;由于林分树种组成和密度不同,林下草本物种差异较大;林下植被演替大多处于植被演替初级阶段,针阔混交林在物种数量和建种群落上表现最好,其次是油松纯林和刺槐纯林,榆树纯林生境条件最差;无论是丰富度指数还是多样性和均匀度指数,针阔混交林表现最好,其次为刺槐、油松纯林,表现最差的为榆树、侧柏纯林。     

兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林土壤的渗透特性

[目的] 探讨不同树种组成的人工纯林和混交林在生长过程中对土壤渗透特性的改良程度,为该区域人工林营建过程中树种选择及现有林分的抚育管理提供科学依据。[方法] 采用双环渗透法对甘肃省兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林分类型（侧柏林、新疆杨林、刺槐林、侧柏+刺槐混交林和新疆杨+刺槐混交林）的土壤渗透特性（土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量）进行了研究。[结果] 随土层深度（0—80 cm）的增加,土壤渗透性逐渐降低。不同林分类型土壤渗透性均表现为：新疆杨+刺槐混交林 > 侧柏+刺槐混交林 > 刺槐林 > 侧柏林 > 新疆杨林,混交林大于纯林;通用经验方程对各林分土壤渗透性的拟合效果最好,比较适合于描述研究区5种人工林土壤水分入渗过程,Horton方程次之,Kostiakov方程最差。土壤渗透性与土壤初始含水率、总孔隙度、有机质含量、全氮、无机氮呈极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。[结论] 在今后兰州市南北两山植被重建过程中,应营造不同树种所组成的混交林人工植被,不宜大面积营造人工纯林植被类型。     

水土保持生态自我修复中的植物多样性恢复研究

以植物群落调查样地为基础,从物种多样性指数、生态优势度、群落均匀度和林下植被生物量,对辽东地区水土保持生态修复区的几种典型土地利用方式下植物多样性恢复效应研究表明:天然次生生态系统(天然栎林与撂荒地)的植物多样性和林下植被生物量均表现为随着修复时间的延长而增加,人工针叶林生态系统与之相反,表现为下降趋势。不同土地利用方式下,植物群落的物种多样性表现为:天然次生栎林>撂荒地>落叶松人工林>红松人工林,其中,退耕落叶松人工林的植物多样性指数高于连植落叶松人工林。     

不同植被条件下土壤抗冲性及其影响因素

采用野外实地放水冲刷的方法,以刺槐林、混交林幼林、天然次生林、退耕岷江柏林、岷江柏幼林、灌木林地为研究对象,研究了土壤抗冲性变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,不同植被条件下土壤径流量随冲刷时间的变化较明显,总体上表现为先增大后减小,呈单峰变化。对照裸地(CK)径流随时间变化量低于灌木林地,但高于其它植被条件。不同植被条件下土壤冲刷过程中含沙量呈先降低后趋于平缓的变化规律。退耕岷江柏林、灌木林和岷江柏幼林地在产流过程中径流含沙量随时间变化较平稳,其中退耕岷江柏林地径流含沙量最小。混交林地含沙量总体较小,趋于稳定的时间滞后于其它植被条件。不同植被条件下土壤抗冲指数由大到小依次表现为:退耕岷江柏林>岷江柏幼林>刺槐林>灌木林>天然次生林>混交林幼林>裸地(CK)。不同植被条件下,土壤容重与抗冲指数呈显著负相关,微团聚体组成中<0.001mm颗粒与土壤抗冲指数间呈显著正相关关系,其它粒级颗粒与土壤抗冲指数之间的相关性均未达到显著。土壤速效磷与抗冲指数呈显著负相关关系。     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.