化肥减施对土壤肥力、木薯产量及种植效益的影响

为探讨木薯化肥减量增效技术对木薯土壤肥力、木薯产量及种植效益的影响,于2019-2020年开展木薯化肥减施种植技术示范。以木薯新品种“桂热10号”为材料,以化肥减量(25%)配施生物有机肥+地膜覆盖处理为示范种植模式,以常规种植(仅施化肥)和不施肥为对照,比较分析各处理土壤速效养分、土壤酶活性、木薯养分、产量及种植效益差异。结果表明:木薯种植会导致土壤有效养分和生物活性下降,示范种植模式可显著缓解木薯种植后土壤养分的降幅,并提高土壤速效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳,显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性,氮肥和钾肥的利用率分别提高12.8和40.4个百分点;不施肥和常规施化肥情况下木薯种植后土壤微生物量碳显著降低;施肥显著促进木薯植株生长,增加木薯生物量,显著提高木薯鲜薯产量和淀粉产量,常规种植和示范种植鲜薯产量和淀粉产量均显著高于不施肥处理,但施肥对植株氮磷钾含量并无显著影响;示范地块磷肥利用率偏低,应适当减少磷肥施用量;2019年和2020年示范种植较常规种植效益分别增加1532.45元/hm2和1284.45元/hm2。因此,化肥减量配施生物有机肥+地膜覆盖示范种植模式能有效保持土壤肥力,提高木薯产量从而提高木薯种植效益。     

有机种植对温室土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

研究不同种植方式下温室土壤有机碳库和酶活性变化特征，可为探明不同种植模式温室土壤有机碳周转机制、提高土壤肥力、增加土壤碳库储量提供科学依据。以华北地区曲周 16年长期定位试验为基础，研究了有机(OP)、绿色(GP)和常规(CP)3种种植方式下温室土壤有机碳库和酶活性的变化特征，并对土壤质量进行定量化评价。结果表明，OP显著提高了蔬菜产量和土壤有机碳库容量，改善了土壤结构，提高了含水量及养分含量且增强了土壤保肥及缓冲性能。与 CP相比，OP使春季和秋季蔬菜产量分别提高了 62.28%和 22.02%，土壤有机碳提高了105.53%，活性有机碳组分提高了 109.30%～230.27%，腐殖质碳组分提高了 91.61%～128.37%，土壤碳储量提高了 51.14%，GP次之。过氧化氢酶、脲酶和纤维素酶活性均在 OP中显著增加，分别提高了 48.51%、68.39%和 109.72%，但蔗糖酶活性并无明显变化。通过主成分分析方法，由综合得分可知 OP>GP>CP，由此可见，有机种植在改善土壤结构、提高土壤养分含量及转化效率、增加土壤固碳量等方面优于绿色和常规种植。说明有机种植对于提高华北地区设施大棚内有机碳组分、碳储量和土壤酶活性的效果显著，是提高土壤肥力、改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机碳固定量的有效措施。     

连续施肥对塿土肥力及产量的影响

对25年连续不同施肥小区土壤的养分状况和作物产量进行分析研究,结果表明:多年连续施肥,可以明显提高塿土中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的含量,增加作物产量,即单施化肥或有机一无机肥料配合施用,都可以增强土壤养分容量及其供应强度,有利于培肥土壤,提高土壤肥力,从而提高作物产量,其中又以有机一无机肥料配合施用的效果更好。     

华北地区有机种植与常规种植土壤质量比较研究

为探讨有机种植与常规种植两种不同种植方式对土壤质量的影响,本文在华北地区选取典型的有机种植基地与附近相似条件的常规种植地块,比较了不同种植方式下土壤体积质量、土壤中水稳性团聚体及土壤中各养分含量和土壤中7种重金属含量。结果表明:相比常规种植,有机种植降低了土壤体积质量,提高土壤中水稳性大团聚体数量,提高了土壤中水稳性团聚体的MWD值和GMD值,降低了分形维数D,提升了土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,提高了土壤抗侵蚀的能力。有机种植方式下土壤中有机质含量相比常规种植提高了20%~80%,土壤中速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮和全氮、全磷等养分含量也显著提高,说明有机种植有利于土壤培肥,提高土壤肥力。与土壤背景值相比,土壤中重金属含量有不同程度的增加和积累,曹县有机基地As含量超过土壤环境质量国家一级标准,肃宁有机基地土壤中Cu、Zn含量接近国家一级标准。在调查地区,有机种植降低了土壤中Cr、Cd、Hg污染的威胁,但由于施入有机肥的质量差异,存在重金属Cu、Zn、As富集的风险。相比常规种植,有机种植有利于改善土壤结构,提高土壤综合肥力,土壤中重金属污染的风险主要与施入的有机肥质量有关,有机种植应加强对有机肥源的监控,合理施肥。     

长期定位施肥对作物产量及土壤养分的影响

根据24年肥料效应长期定位监测试验结果,研究了不同施肥处理对作物产量及土壤肥力、养分水平等指标的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理作物产量差异较大,有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥的配合施用对提高作物产量、增加土壤养分作用十分明显。     

有机种植对温室土壤肥力质量的影响

利用中国农业大学曲周实验站温室有机种植长期定位试验,研究了不同种植模式下3种土壤物理指标、9种土壤化学指标和4种土壤生物指标,并运用主成分分析方法,对不同种植模式下土壤肥力质量进行综合评分。结果表明:①相比于无公害和常规种植,有机种植有利于降低温室土壤容重,提高温室土壤含水量,温室土壤水稳性大团聚体高达58.02%,改善了温室土壤物理环境条件;②有机种植提高了温室土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾养分含量,对温室土壤pH和EC值影响不大,但增加了温室土壤阳离子交换量,有利于提高温室土壤的保水保肥能力;③相比于无公害和常规种植,有机种植土壤微生物碳含量分别提高了32.84%、109.30%,同时增强了温室土壤脲酶、磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性,有利于温室土壤微生物多样性提高;④通过对16个土壤肥力质量指标进行主成分分析,3个主成分累计贡献率达91.052%,主成分综合评分能更敏感反映土壤质量变化,本试验中有机种植、无公害种植和常规种植的主成分综合评分分别为1.514、0.099和–1.613,表明有机种植显著提高了温室土壤的肥力质量。     

3种蔬菜种植模式下土壤氮素平衡的比较研究

氮素利用效率用于反映当季作物从肥料中同化的氮量,这在农业生产实践中至关重要。不合理的氮肥施用将导致土壤板结、地下水污染以及作物品质下降等一系列问题,因此近年来备受关注。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站日光温室有机蔬菜生产长期定位试验为基础,借鉴前人对于氮素平衡的研究方法,即氮盈余=氮输入(肥料氮+移栽苗带入氮+灌水带入氮)氮输出(收获物带出氮),研究2011年春季有机、无公害和常规3种温室茄子种植模式下土壤氮素表观平衡的盈余变化。结果表明:有机、无公害、常规3种种植模式下,土壤耕层0~20 cm土壤全氮含量差异极显著,其中有机生产模式最高,为2.6 g·kg 1,无公害生产模式为1.7 g·kg 1,常规生产模式最低,为1.3 g·kg 1;3种种植模式下氮素的总输入分别为1 150 kg·hm 2、1 182 kg·hm 2、1 433kg·hm 2,总输出分别为178 kg·hm 2、135 kg·hm 2、116 kg·hm 2,茄子单季产量分别为93 458 kg·hm 2、93 320kg·hm 2、90 209 kg·hm 2,最终氮素盈余量分别为971 kg·hm 2、1 046 kg·hm 2、1 317 kg·hm 2。有机种植模式与无公害和常规种植模式相比,茄子单季产量分别提高0.1%和3.6%,氮素盈余分别降低7.2%、26.3%。综上,有机种植模式对耕层土壤的氮素累积贡献最大,且较无公害和常规种植模式相对高产。有机模式土壤氮盈余较少,表现出较高的氮素利用效率。本研究结果可为选择高产、健康的种植模式提供参考依据。     

作物种植对梯田土壤肥力要素演变的影响

作物梯田种植是减少丘陵坡地水土流失、提高土壤生产力的有效措施。为探究不同作物种植对梯田土壤肥力变化的影响,以梯田撂荒、花生、黄花菜、油茶、苎麻土壤为研究对象,于2010年末开始小区试验,通过对梯田种植5、10年的土壤样品进行养分指标测定、分析。结果表明:(1)丘陵梯田种植5年土壤pH略有降低,10年后均有了显著提高,其中以油茶种植提升效果最为显著。(2)5、10年数据结果显示,梯田种植土壤pH与土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾多个指标呈现出显著/极显著负相关关系。(3)不同作物种植显著提升了土壤肥力,前5年土壤肥力处于迅速提升阶段,5～10年处于稳定阶段,土壤有机质提升效果从高到低分别为苎麻、黄花菜、撂荒、花生、油茶,最高为14.80 g/kg,最低为 10.25 g/kg,均比初始土壤有机质含量7.59 g/kg显著提高。(4)土壤肥力状况主成分分析主要以梯田种植年限为因子进行聚集,其次以不同作物种植进行聚集,梯田措施影响程度大于不同作物种植措施。梯田和作物种植措施共同决定土壤肥力的提升,其中苎麻处理土壤肥力提升效果最好。本研究为南方丘陵区土壤肥力提升与梯田可持续发展提供科学依据与支撑。     

不同肥料结构对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

不同的肥料结构对水稻产量、土壤肥力影响较大。同本地的肥料结构模式相比：不施肥的水稻产量和土壤养分下降较大；单施化肥的水稻产量和土壤养分下降，作物抗病性减弱；增施有机肥的水稻产量和土壤养分提高，作物抗病性增强。     

不同蔬菜生产模式对日光温室土壤质量的影响

有机农业作为常规农业的一种替代模式,其对土壤及作物的影响研究逐渐受到学术界的关注。该文通过对日光温室有机、无公害和常规生产模式的比较试验,分析有机生产模式对土壤养分、土壤微生物碳氮以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过6年的试验,有机生产模式可显著提高土壤全碳、全氮含量以及土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并提高土壤主要酶的活性,各项指标均表现为有机模式优于无公害模式优于常规模式。有机生产模式能够显著提高土壤质量,有利于土壤的可持续利用。3种生产模式下夏茬番茄产量有机模式高于无公害模式高于常规模式,且随着种植年限的增加有机模式秋茬作物产量呈增加趋势。     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

Effects of different potassium fertilizers suitable for use in organic farming systems on grass/clover yields and nutrient offtakes and interactions with nitrogen supply

Abstract. In organic farming systems, fertilizing materials can be used when potassium (K) deficiency is shown, but such systems are dominantly nitrogen (N) limited and this is likely to affect crop utilization of K. The supply of K to grass/clover from a range of mineral and organically based K fertilizers and its interaction with N supply were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Sequential plant cuts were taken for yield and nutrient content determinations in crop and soil. Crop yields were limited by N: where N supply was increased either through the mineralization of N from organic materials (rapemeal, farmyard manure) or inorganic fertilizer, plant yields increased significantly. Grass/clover responded better to additional K where sufficient N was available. However, yield responses to K were generally small, even in the presence of adequate N. Of the different fertilizers, kali and MSL-K increased yields above those of the control by less than 5%, sylvinite, DKSI and farmyard manure by 10–20%, and rapemeal and potassium sulphate by more than 25%. In all treatments, K offtakes in the grass/clover were considerably greater than fertilizer K inputs. The grass/clover showed an increased uptake of Na where insufficient K was available. However, the Mg content of the grass/clover was not adversely affected by K fertilizer application. Organic farmers need to consider the soil K status, the rotational nutrient budget, the supply of all nutrients in fertilizing materials and nutrient interactions to achieve effective K management in organic farming systems.     

有机、特别与常规栽培对八种蔬菜土壤养分和酶活性的影响

通过田间试验比较了有机、特别与常规栽培对8种蔬菜土壤基本养分和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培相比,有机栽培和特别栽培能够提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,改良酸性土壤,并显著提高了土壤酶活性。有机栽培蔬菜土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。特别栽培的各项土壤指标基本介于有机和常规之间。研究表明有机栽培能够提高土壤养分和土壤酶活性。     

Influence of Organic and Synthetic Fertility on Nitrate Runoff and Leaching,Soil Fertility,and Sweet Corn Yield and Quality

Abstract

Organic farming practices have been reported to reduce agricultural pollution and improve yield and quality compared to conventional practices. Frequently, research has involved comparing completely conventional and organic farming systems over many years. This study was conducted to test whether the use of organic fertilizers versus synthetic fertilizers improved soil fertility and sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa Bonaf.) vigor, yield, size, and nutrient content and minimized nitrate (NO₃) leaching and runoff after a single growing season. Sweet corn vigor, yield, and nutrient content were superior for synthetically fertilized sweet corn compared to organically fertilized corn. Runoff NO₃ levels were similar regardless of fertilizer type. The use of organic fertilizers neither improved crop yield and quality nor reduced NO₃ loss after a single season. These findings are consistent with previous research that reports that more than a single season of organic management is needed to improve soil properties and increase yields.     

有机稻鸭共作对土壤养分动态变化和经济效益的影响

土壤养分供应与作物需求间的矛盾是影响有机种植作物产量的技术瓶颈之一。试验通过对常规稻田、转换期稻鸭共作稻田和有机稻鸭共作稻田3种不同种植模式的土壤定位监测,分析土壤基本养分在水稻不同生长阶段的动态变化。结果表明,有机稻鸭共作稻田土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分指标在整个水稻生长期基本能维持一个相对稳定的状态,在幼穗分化期速效钾含量高于常规稻田,在成熟期碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都远高于常规稻田。有机稻鸭共作稻田水稻产量较常规稻田有所降低,由于有机稻米的价格远高于常规稻米,实际经济效益可观,是值得推广的种植模式。     

常规与有机农田土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量研究

长期施用化肥或连作农田管理模式导致土壤质量退化及碳氮损失加剧。以常规农作大豆和转换后的有机农作大豆田土壤为研究对象,利用土壤物理分组技术,分析了土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量变化。结果表明,常规农作大豆田转换为有机农作大豆田后,<0.053mm粉粒加黏粒比重显著降低,0.053~0.25mm较小团聚体显著增加,土壤稳定性增大,土壤及团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量都显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤包被于较小的大团聚体(0.25~2mm)中的<0.053mm细颗粒有机质百分比显著降低,0.053~2mm粗颗粒有机质显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤及团聚体中碳氮储量都显著高于常规农作大豆田,土壤碳汇和氮汇效应增大。有机农作大豆田土壤稳定性增加,团聚体中碳氮含量显著增加,土壤碳汇效应增强,有机农作方式可能比常规农作方式更有利于土壤碳氮资源持续利用。     

我国东北黑土区耕地施肥和玉米产量的变化特征

根据1988～2006年东北黑土地区12个土壤肥力监测点的结果,统计分析了黑土区耕地施肥量、施肥结构和玉米产量的变化,阐明了黑土区19年玉米产量的演变趋势及施肥效果,为黑土持续利用提供理论依据.结果表明,常规施肥条件下耕作19年后,黑土区肥料总施用量(氮磷钾养分量)明显下降,从1988年的年均500 kg/hm~2下降到2006年的91 kg/hm~2.其中有机肥总养分量下降更明显,从1988年的269 kg/hm~2降至2006年的零投入;化肥总养分多年施用量变化不明显,年平均为247 kg/hm~2.不同监测点不施肥的玉米产量(基础地力)有较大的差异,基础地力高的土壤其相应的玉米施肥处理产量也较高,二者呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).1988～1996年,黑土地区玉米增产率呈增加趋势,而基础地力贡献率由1988年的79%下降到1996年的42%;1997后变化不大,基础地力贡献率平均为63%.东北黑土地区较高的基础地力保证了玉米的高产和稳产,而施肥量的减少,特别是有机肥用量的减少降低了施肥的增产效果.     

Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems

Abstract. Complex relationships exist between different components of the organic farm and the quantity and quality of the end products depend on the functioning of the whole system. As such, it is very difficult to isolate soil fertility from production and environmental aspects of the system. Crop rotation is the central tool that integrates the maintenance and development of soil fertility with different aspects of crop and livestock production in organic systems. Nutrient supply to crops depends on the use of legumes to add nitrogen to the system and limited inputs of supplementary nutrients, added in acceptable forms. Manures and crop residues are carefully managed to recycle nutrients around the farm. Management of soil organic matter, primarily through the use of short-term leys, helps ensure good soil structure and biological activity, important for nutrient supply, health and productivity of both crops and livestock. Carefully planned diverse rotations help reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and allow for cultural methods of weed control. As a result of the complex interactions between different system components, fertility management in organic farming relies on a long-term integrated approach rather than the more short-term very targeted solutions common in conventional agriculture.