基于空间特征谱聚类算法的含噪苹果图像优化分割

为了减少噪声对苹果采摘机器人的目标识别所带来的影响,对含噪苹果图像的分割方法进行了研究。该研究设计一种针对噪声具有鲁棒性的苹果图像分割方法,首先计算苹果图像的三维空间特征点的紧致性函数,用以构造邻近点的相似矩阵实现苹果图像的去噪效果;再利用离群点矩阵拆分并由其他剩余列向量线性表示,对相似矩阵进行离群点调优实现聚类优化,进而提出基于空间特征的谱聚类含噪苹果图像分割的优化算法,旨在提高分割算法的效率和识别准确率。通过对两幅苹果图像添加不同程度的高斯和椒盐噪声（方差分别为0.01、0.05和0.1的高斯噪声和概率为0.01、0.05和0.1的椒盐噪声）进行试验,分别求出谱聚类方法、基于空间特征的谱聚类方法和该文优化方法的苹果目标图像的分割图,并计算三类方法的分割准确率。该文优化方法对于单个苹果受不同噪声影响下的分割准确率均在99%以上,对于重叠苹果的分割准确率均在98%以上,对于所选取的30幅苹果图在方差为0.05的高斯噪声和概率为0.01的椒盐噪声影响下的平均分割准确率为99.014%。结果表明：谱聚类方法受噪声的影响较大;基于空间特征的谱聚类方法的分割效果受噪声的影响较小,但在边界区域仍然有很多错分的像素;优化方法在边界区域的分割要优于基于空间特征的谱聚类方法;在设定的试验条件下,其分割结果准确率相对于基于空间特征的谱聚类方法和传统的谱聚类方法可分别提高5%～6%和9%～25%。在分割效率方面,该文优化方法的分割时间低于传统的谱聚类算法,且与基于空间特征谱聚类方法接近。研究结果为苹果采摘机器人的快速目标识别提供参考。     

基于混沌优化K均值算法的马铃薯芽眼的快速分割

为提高芽眼分割的准确性,该文实现了基于混沌优化K均值算法的马铃薯芽眼的快速分割。K均值算法具有有效性及易于实现的优点,但是容易陷入局部最优值的缺点造成了其聚类结果的不准确。混沌系统由于其遍历性和不重复性,能够以较快的速度执行全局搜索。该文提出的算法的主要思想就是将混沌变量映射到K均值算法的变量中,用混沌变量代替其寻找全局最优值。分割试验结果表明:该文提出的算法,不仅在分割准确性上优于当下流行的K均值算法和模糊C均值算法,而且在运行时间上也更胜一筹,K均值算法和模糊C均值算法分割一幅马铃薯芽眼的图像所需的平均时间分别为2.895 5 s和3.556 4 s,而该文提出的算法仅需1.109 s。当聚类数大于3时,该文提出的算法在运行时间上受聚类数目的影响非常小,这一特点可用于其他一些适合聚类数大于3的农作物上。试验结果还表明,对于该文中的样本,最佳聚类数不宜超过3。最后,精度试验验证了该文提出的算法能够对样本中的马铃薯芽眼实现完全,无遗漏的分割,总的分割精度为98.87%,其中,对正常的马铃薯芽眼分割精度可达100%,对特殊马铃薯的芽眼分割精度为91.67%,总体分割精度较好。因此,该文提出的算法能够为后续种薯的自动切块提供参考。     

基于RGB-D的肉牛图像全卷积网络语义分割优化

基于卷积神经网络的深度学习模型已越来越多的应用于检测肉牛行为。利用卷积操作实现肉牛图像的像素级分割有助于实现远距离、无接触、自动化的检测肉牛行为,为肉牛异常行为早期发现提供必要手段。为了提高复杂背景下肉牛图像语义分割精度,降低上采样过程中的语义分割误差,该文提出基于RGB-D的肉牛图像全卷积网络(fully convolutionalnetworks,FCN)的语义分割优化方法,用深度密度值来量化深度图像中不同像素点是否属于相同类型的概率,并根据深度图像与彩色图像在内容上的互补关系,优化和提升FCN对肉牛图像的语义分割(像素密集预测)精度。通过试验验证,该方法与全卷积网络的最优分割结果相比,可以将统计像素准确率平均提高2.5%,类别平均准确率平均提升2.3%,平均区域重合度平均提升3.4%,频率加权区域重合度平均提升2.7%。试验证明,该方法可以提升全卷积网络模型在复杂背景下肉牛图像语义分割精度。     

无人机航拍林业虫害图像分割复合梯度分水岭算法

针对林业信息监测方式实时性差、监测范围有限等问题,为更加实时、准确地对林业虫害信息进行监测并计算监测样地中虫害区域比例,该文在搭建面向林区虫害监测的多旋翼无人飞行器航拍监测系统基础上,提出了一种基于复合梯度分水岭算法的图像分割方法。该方法引入全局直方图均衡化消除了图像暗纹理的影响,并采用形态学混合开闭重构滤波完成了图像样本的去噪处理。计算灰度图像各像素点的复合梯度实现了非相关区域(道路及裸地)的提取,最终利用分水岭算法实现了监测图像虫害区域的分割提取。利用该文所提算法对8幅虫害侵蚀程度不同的监测图像进行分割,并与传统分水岭算法、K-means聚类算法进行对比试验。试验结果表明,该文算法虫害区域提取的平均相对误差率分别降低6.56%、3.17%,平均相对极限测量精度分别改善7.19%、2.41%,能够相对准确地将虫害区域从监测图像中分割出来,可为后续林业虫害监测与防护提供参考。     

基于K_means硬聚类算法的葡萄病害彩色图像分割方法

为了提高植物病害图像的分割精度与效果,根据植物病害症状及图像的特点,提出了一种基于K_means硬聚类算法（HCM）的葡萄病害彩色图像非监督性分割处理方法。该方法是在L*a*b*颜色空间模式下利用ab二维数据空间的颜色差异,以平方欧式距离作为像素间的相似度距离、以均方差作为聚类准则函数对颜色进行二分类聚类,并通过数学形态学运算对聚类结果进行校正。利用该方法对3种葡萄病害彩色图像进行分割的结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地将病斑区域从彩色图像中分割出来,对葡萄病害彩色图像的分割处理比较理想,鲁棒性好,分割准确率     

基于模糊C均值聚类的牛肉图像中脂肪和肌肉区域分割技术

介绍了一种自适应分割牛肉眼肌切面图像中脂肪和肌肉区域的图像处理技术。通过CCD摄像头获取以黑色平板为背景的牛肉眼肌切面彩色RGB图像。先根据彩色图像R分量的灰度直方图，利用最大方差自动取阀值法(OSTU)把黑色背景与整块牛肉图像分割开来；接着把处理后的图像变成灰度图像，用模糊C均值聚类算法(FCM)计算出牛肉脂肪像素和肌肉像素灰度值的聚类中心，以各个像素点灰度值与两个聚类中之间的绝对值距离来区分出图像中的脂肪和肌肉像素。结果表明，FCM方法是分割肌肉和脂肪区域的有效方法。     

采用K均值聚类和环形结构的狭叶锦鸡儿木质部提取算法

针对木质部交互统计误差大、效率低、重现性差、劳动强度高和传统图像处理算法精度不理想等问题,该文以狭叶锦鸡儿木质部切片图像为研究对象,根据木质部特点提出基于K均值聚类算法和环形结构提取算法相结合,实现木质部准确提取的方法。首先通过动态巴特沃斯同态滤波法对30幅供试图像进行光照不均校正,然后采用K均值聚类法对光照补偿后图像初分割,最后采用环形结构提取算法实现木质部提取计数。试验结果表明:采用K均值聚类算法对光照补偿后的木质部图像初分割分割误差R(section error, R)、过分割误差OR(over-segmentation error, OR)和欠分割误差UR(under-segmentation error, UR)均值分别为5.15%、1.48%和6.46%,优于未光照补偿和3R-G-B算法;该文提出的环形结构提取算法对初分割后木质部图像检测的平均相对误差为2.26%,比分水岭法低11.69个百分点,比凹点匹配法低4.93个百分点。从速度上看,该算法平均耗时3.17 s,比分水岭法快1.40 s,比凹点匹配法快4.88 s。该算法检测的均方根误差RMSE(root mean squared error, RMSE)为0.52%,约相当于分水岭法的1/3,约相当于凹点匹配法的1/2,该算法优于其他2种分割算法;在图像结构复杂、光照不均匀、内部分布不均等缺陷条件下,该文算法也能很好地实现木质部的分割和提取。该方法不仅能对狭叶锦鸡儿木质部自动分割和提取,也可为其他植物木质部分割提取提供参考。     

基于K-means和近邻回归算法的Kinect植株深度图像修复

针对Kinect传感器应用于农业植株检测产生的图像噪声问题,特别是由光线以及传感器自身局限导致的匹配图像目标植株数据的缺失,提出一种基于K-means和近邻回归算法的植株深度检测图像修复方法。首先对Kinect传感器获取的彩色RGB图像进行阈值分割预处理提取植株目标区域,再利用K-means聚类算法去除背景噪声,使得植株目标区域轮廓更加清晰;然后基于配准的彩色图像和深度图像,对获取的深度图像中可疑像素点的深度数据采取近邻回归算法进行修复,再将修复后的深度图像与目标分割后的彩色图像进行植株区域的匹配,并进行二次近邻回归算法修正错误的深度数据,最后获取目标植株深度信息的检测图像。试验结果证明,采用RGB阈值分割和K-means聚类算法植株目标区域分割误差均值为12.33%,比单一RGB阈值分割和K-means聚类分割误差降低了12.12和41.48个百分点;同时结合聚类后的彩色图像对深度数据进行两次近邻回归算法修复深度数据,能够提高深度数据边缘的清晰度,单帧深度数据空洞点进行修复数据的准确度提高。该研究结果可为农业植株检测、植株三维重构、精准对靶喷雾等提供参考。     

农田图像绿色植物自适应分割方法

为了适应不同农田地块自然图像颜色特征固有的差异性,从土壤背景中准确分割出各种绿色植物目标,设计了一种自适应分割方法。首先利用初始有标签训练样本获得支持向量机分割模型,然后根据K均值聚类算法自动从待分割图像中提取无标签训练样本,与有标签训练样本组成混合训练样本集。而后在混合样本集基础上,使用直推式支持向量机训练方法得到新的有标签训练样本集,挖掘出待分割图像颜色特征的分布信息。最后,利用这些新的有标签样本在线自适应更新分割模型。农田图像试验结果显示,该方法可以提高分割模型的针对性,有效地增强了分割过程适应农田自然图像颜色特征差异性的能力。     

野生动物监测光照自适应Retinex图像增强算法

针对野外白天不同光照对野生动物监测图像质量造成的影响,提出一种基于Retinex理论的光照自适应图像增强方法。该方法首先使用基于复合梯度的引导滤波估计图像照度分量,克服光照突变造成的伪光晕现象;然后提出一种基于Otus阈值的对比度自适应拉伸方法实现照度分量的校正,克服传统算法过度增强的问题;最后采用照度分量单通道图像计算反射分量图像,实现色彩的保真。该文采用50张保护区实地拍摄的野生动物监测图像为样本进行试验,结果表明,该文算法相比于MSRCR算法、双边滤波Retinex算法和引导滤波Retinex算法色调保真度平均提高81.00%、5.24%和3.58%,信息熵平均提高6.76%、6.23%和2.61%,峰值信噪比平均提高53.43%、5.36%和-2.85%,运算耗时减少-29.03%、78.51%和28.68%,证明该文算法可以有效克服传统Retinex理论算法的过增强、伪光晕现象和灰化效应,实现不同光照条件下野生动物监测图像的自适应增强。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.