基于土壤-环境关系的更新传统土壤图研究

传统土壤图是流域管理、生态水文模型所需土壤空间分布信息的主要数据源。然而,受传统制图技术和基础数据质量所限,传统土壤图的空间详细度和属性精确度并不高。随着地理信息技术的发展,如何利用可获取的高质量空间数据和现代空间分析技术来更新传统土壤图显得十分必要。基于传统土壤图中的土壤多边形与通过模糊聚类所得环境因子组合之间存在着对应关系这一假设,本文提出了一种从传统土壤图中提取土壤-环境关系知识并利用该知识更新传统土壤图的方法。该方法包括四个步骤:对环境数据进行模糊c均值聚类获取环境因子组合;利用传统土壤图建立环境因子组合与土壤类型间的对应关系;提取土壤-环境关系知识;进行土壤推理制图。将该方法应用于加拿大New B runsw ick省的W akefield研究区,以更新该区现有的1∶20 000的传统土壤图。应用结果表明:更新后的数字土壤图显示了更详细的空间分布信息;经野外独立验证点验证,所得土壤图(制图单元为土壤组合-排水等级)精度高出原土壤图约20%。因此,该方法是一种有效的更新传统土壤图的方法,可增加土壤图的空间详细度、提高土壤图的属性精确度。     

复杂景观环境下土壤厚度分布规则提取与制图

复杂景观环境下,土壤—环境关系知识的获取是预测性土壤制图的基础。为了探究复杂景观下土壤厚度分布与环境条件的关系,该文以黑河上游祁连山区典型小流域为研究区,应用模糊c均值聚类(fuzzy C-means cluster,FCM)和决策树(decision Tree,DT)方法,建立了一套获取土壤厚度分布与环境间关系知识的方法。利用2种方法结合获得流域内土壤厚度各分布等级的环境要素关键阈值与土壤-环境关系知识集,将所得环境阈值和知识集进行预测性制图,并通过野外独立样点对制图结果进行精度评价。结果表明:土壤厚度图的总体精度为74.2%,Kappa系数为0.659。该研究将2种方法结合获得了土壤厚度分布对应的土壤环境关键阈值和土壤-环境关系知识集,为复杂景观环境下土壤厚度的预测性制图提供了一种有效的解决方案。     

基于模糊集理论提取土壤—地形定量关系及制图应用

通过对研究区地形因子的模糊聚类,提取了地形因子组合与特定土壤属性的定量隶属度关系,然后对隶属度高值区土壤进行目的性采样为隶属度函数赋值,制作研究区土层厚度连续分布图。通过野外实地验证,将观测值与图中预测值比较,结果显示该方法制图精度在82%左右,具有一定的可靠性。进一步考察认为该模型在地形部位较低,地势较为平坦,土壤发育较好,土层较厚,成土环境相对稳定的地区预测效果更好,适用性更强。该方法能提高土壤制图效率,降低制图成本,提高制图精度,对土壤微域变异的表现更为详细,图面信息负载量更高。应用该方法制作大比例尺土壤详图不失为土壤调查与制图领域一种可行的新方法。     

运用模糊隶属度进行土壤属性制图的研究——以黑龙江鹤山农场研究区为例

通过传统土壤类型图所得的土壤属性图已不能满足精准农业和生态环境模型所需土壤属性的精度,而目前应用较多的统计方法和地统计方法均存在一定的局限性。鉴于此,本文探索了一种采用模糊聚类获取模糊隶属度进行土壤属性制图的方法。首先,采用模糊c均值聚类(Fuzzyc-means clustering,FCM)方法对环境因子进行聚类,通过野外采样(称为建模点)建立土壤-环境关系知识;然后,计算区域内各像元点对土壤类型的模糊隶属度;最后,对模糊隶属度采用加权平均的方法获取土壤属性值。将该方法应用于黑龙江鹤山农场老莱河流域的研究小区,以土体厚度和表层有机质为例进行土壤属性制图。为了评价该方法的有效性,将其与采用环境因子所建立的多元线性回归模型进行比较,通过野外验证点集评价两种模型所得的土壤属性,评价指标为观测值和预测值的相关系数、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和准确度(AC)。结果表明,尽管通过建模点建立的多元线性回归方程R2较大,但该方程并不适用于研究区内的其他样本点,这表明多元线性回归方法在该区具有一定的局限性。与之相比,模糊隶属度加权平均的方法则可以通过较少的建模点得到更好的预测效果。     

基于不确定性模型的土壤——环境关系知识获取方法的研究

土壤与环境关系知识的获取是精细数字土壤制图的关键,如何快速准确地获取该知识成为现阶段研究的重点。以湖北省黄冈市红安县华家河镇为例,利用土壤—环境推理模型(Soil-Land Inference Model,So LIM)得到土壤类型的夸大和忽略不确定性分布图,依据不确定性分布图在可信度高的位置重新采集样点,对样点进行数据挖掘,获取环境因子组合,建立其与土壤类型的对应关系。结合原始规则,生成新的土壤—环境关系知识,并将其用于土壤推理制图,获得新的土壤类型分布,利用253个野外独立样点进行精度验证。结果表明:推理土壤图显示了更加详细的空间分布信息,经野外验证点验证,总体精度为86.9%,高于原土壤图精度约13%。因此,利用不确定性模型重新获取土壤—环境关系知识的方法是可行且有效的,该方法不仅增加了土壤图的空间详细度,而且提高了土壤图的精确度。     

基于多时相遥感影像和随机森林算法的土壤制图

获取准确的土壤-环境关系是数字土壤制图的关键,目前遥感影像已作为环境因子应用于土壤-环境知识的建立过程,但单幅遥感影像所包含的光谱信息差异难以将不同土壤类型区分开来。因此本文提出了一种基于多时相遥感影像的土壤制图方法：选取红安县滠水河流域为研究区,以母质类型图、等高线数据和多时相哨兵二号遥感影像为基础,提取与土壤形成有关的环境因子,通过随机森林算法获取土壤-环境关系,预测研究区各土壤类型的空间分布并成图,利用野外实地分层采样点验证推理图的精度。结果表明：推理土壤图总体分类精度高达86%,与原始土壤图对比,各土壤类型的空间分布具有一定相似性,展现了更为详细的空间细节信息,该研究成果可为更新土壤图工作提供新方法。     

面向数字土壤制图的土壤采样设计研究进展与展望

全球化土壤环境问题的出现对基础输入数据的精度、尺度和时序提出了更高要求,面向数字土壤制图的土壤采样研究得到了快速发展。首先利用文献计量学的方法定量化分析国内外土壤采样研究学科分布和研究热点变化;随后重点梳理了国内外土壤采样研究的文献,根据不同的土壤调查目的、调查区历史采样点将土壤采样设计分为:土壤全面采样设计、土壤补充采样设计、土壤验证采样设计和土壤监测采样设计;最后介绍了基于样点的推理制图方法。在此基础上,对未来在多尺度的土壤采样设计、土壤–环境因子关系的新型假设和采样设计中现实问题的量化等方面进行了展望,旨在为数字土壤调查工作的开展提供参考依据。     

基于传统土壤图的土壤—环境关系获取及推理制图研究

在数字土壤制图研究中,从历史资料中提取准确的、详细的土壤—环境关系对于土壤图的更新和修正十分重要。从传统土壤图中提取土壤类型并从地形数据中提取环境参数,采用空间数据挖掘方法建立土壤—环境关系,并进行推理制图和精度验证。以湖北省黄冈市红安县华家河镇滠水河流域为例,首先选取成土母质和基于地形数据提取的高程、坡度、坡向等7个环境因子;然后利用频率分布原理得到包含土壤类型与环境因子信息的典型样本数据1 410个;采用See5.0决策树方法进行空间数据挖掘,建立土壤—环境关系;将其导入So LIM中进行推理制图;最后利用270个实地采样点验证所得土壤图的精度。土壤图的精度提高了约11%,证明了本研究方法对土壤类型和空间分布推理的可靠性。     

流域尺度土壤厚度的模糊聚类与预测制图研究

基于土壤厚度与景观位置和特征之间的关系,运用模糊c均值聚类(FCM)方法对西苕溪流域的土壤厚度分布进行了空间预测。选取高程、坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率、径流强度系数和地形湿度指数6个地形因子进行模糊聚类,根据相应的聚类参数将流域地形组合分为8类。利用部分调查获得的土壤剖面数据,结合样点属性和专家经验为典型区赋值,最后由加权平均得到流域土壤厚度预测图。验证结果表明,FCM方法可以对地形因子组合进行有效合理的分级,其预测精度较高,模型的稳定性较好,是一种低成本高效率的制图方法。该方法在土壤厚度预测方面具有一定的可靠性。     

基于遥感影像和决策树算法的土壤制图

传统土壤信息获取方法已经无法完全满足当前各领域对土壤数据的需求,如何结合新的技术提高土壤普查效率,获取高精度土壤图成为了现阶段的研究重点。本研究综合利用高分二号遥感影像提取的遥感光谱指数以及DEM数据提取的地形因子,通过决策树算法进行数据挖掘,获取各土壤类型的土壤—环境规则,然后利用SoLIM结合土壤—环境规则进行推理制图,获得研究区的土壤类型分布图。结果表明,预测土壤图总体精度为88%,高于传统土壤图的精度72%,且在三种不同的采样方式(均匀采样、横截面采样和主观采样)下土壤预测精度分别为89%、88%、86%,均高于传统土壤图。这说明,预测土壤图比传统土壤图更能反映土壤类型空间差异,且预测土壤图在表达土壤类型整体空间分布信息的同时也可捕捉到土壤类型与地貌类型的耦合关系。     

Silicon Effect on Nutrient Acquisition of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Aluminum Stress

Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents one of the main yield-limiting factors for crops in acid soils. Silicon (Si) is known to increase tolerance in higher plants. This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with Si could improve nutrient uptake by peanut under Al stress. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Zhonghua 4) was raised with or without Si (1.5 mM) in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (0.3 mM) levels. Aluminum stress significantly decreased the root- and total-dry weight by 52.4% and 32.0%, respectively. The content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was significantly decreased, but that of Al increased markedly in shoots and roots after Al exposure at seedling, flower-needle, and pod-setting stage. Silicon alleviates Al toxicity in peanut plants in relation to Al distribution and allocation of tissue P, K, Ca, and Mg by favoring the partitioning of dry mass to roots.     

强度耕作对^137Cs、^210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道。我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性。我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照。在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减。0～30cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征。与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%。坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48Bq/kg降低到0.29Bq/kg,坡中部从2.53Bq/kg减少到0.33Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48Bq/kg提高到2.81Bq/kg。210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71Bq/kg下降到6.15Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46Bq/kg和25.53Bq/kg降低到1.57Bq/kg和19.40Bq/kg。137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91。实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex在黄     

Irrigation Module and Sowing Date Affect Seed Cotton Yield,Quality, Productivity Indices,and Economics of Cotton in North-western India

ABSTRACT

Delayed sowing and imprecise application of irrigation water to cotton has been the major hurdle in sustaining cotton yield in north-western India. Therefore, studies were initiated to ascertain the impact of heavy or normal level of presowing irrigation (PSI), scheduling time of first postsowing irrigation (POSI) under two sowing dates (SDs) on cotton arranged in a split block design replicated thrice. PSI_h (100 mm) recorded 23.2% higher seed cotton yield over PSI_n (70 mm) owing to better yield attributes and higher stand. First POSI at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted the highest yield (3072 kg ha^?1), while one at 6 WAS (POSI₆) recorded least due to poor population and reduced yield attributes. Water productivity under POSI₆ was lesser by 29.1%, 25.2%, and 16.2% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively. April sown crop out yielded the May sown cotton crop by 939 kg ha^?1 due to better yield attributes. Nitrogen factor productivity (NFP) among SD remained higher by 23.3% for April as compared to May sowing. PSI_h exhibited better NFP over PSI_n. POSI₆ recorded least NFP by 24.4%, 28.5%, and 16.3% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively and was indicative of relatively poor utilization of N under delayed schedules. Therefore, planting in April after heavy PSI and scheduling first POSI at 4 WAS is best strategy for sustaining cotton yield and maximizing farmer profitability.     

Trace Metal Contamination During Grinding of Plant Samples

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopic (ICP-MS) analysis of leaves from 22 cabbage crops in the Sa P? and B?c Hà districts of Láo Cai Province, North-Western Vi?t Nam, revealed unexpectedly high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The concentrations were strongly linearly related (r² = 0.94), indicating sample contamination during grinding through a stainless-steel hammer mill. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, brown rice ground through the same mill was contaminated not only by Cr and Ni, but also cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo). Second, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (SEM/EDS) of the ground samples revealed small fragments with co-located Fe, Cr and Ni, consistent with stainless steel wear fragments. Other grinders may perform differently and we suggest that quality assurance protocols for trace metal analysis of plants should include testing for grinder wear metals. Lastly, brown rice appears to be convenient for investigating contamination of plant tissues during grinding.     

Predicting the Classes and Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils in Northwest Libya

Sodicity and salinity can adversely affect soil structure and are common constraints to plant growth in arid regions. Current remote sensing techniques cannot distinguish between the various classes of salt-affected soils. Field and laboratory measurements of salt-affected soils are time-consuming and expensive. Mapping of the salt-affected soils can be used in soil conservation planning to identify regions with different degrees of limitations. There is a need to use existing field and laboratory measurements to create maps of classes of salt-affected soils. The objectives of this study are to classify salt-affected soils, use existing field data to interpolate and validate geospatial predictions of the classes of salt-affected soils using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and create maps showing the different classes and distribution of salt-affected soils. The classification framework for salt-affected soils is based on electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and provides four degrees of limitations to salt-affected soils: slight (normal soils), moderate (saline soils), severe (sodic soils), and extreme (saline-sodic soils). Spatial interpolation of the field data from northwestern Libya was verified by cross-validation, and maps of the salt-affected soils in the region were created. The majority of soils in this region of Libya are normal (slight degree of limitation). Twenty percent of the topsoil is saline-sodic (extreme degree of limitation). Land use recommendations and rehabilitation strategies can be developed from such maps of salt-affected soil classes. The methodology followed in this study can be applied to other arid regions around the world, particularly in developing countries where budgetary constraints limit detailed field and laboratory measurements of sodicity and salinity.     

模拟降雨条件下污染土壤中重金属元素径流迁移特征

探明污染土壤中重金属元素随地表径流迁移特征,对于防控重金属污染物的迁移扩散具有重要意义。通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下(55,100,120mm/h)污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr随地表径流迁移的特征。结果表明:径流中3种重金属元素总量在产流的前20min内逐渐降低,随后趋于稳定;产流初期(产流10min内)颗粒态重金属占径流重金属总量的比例均在80%以上;随产流时间延长,颗粒态Cd和Cr对径流重金属的贡献率快速降低,其颗粒态/溶解态的比值范围分别为47.0～0.4和12.9～0.4,而Pb则主要以颗粒态的形式存在,溶解态Pb对其随径流迁移的贡献率可忽略不计;随降雨强度增大,径流中总Cd和Pb含量显著降低,而径流中总Cr含量以及溶解态重金属含量无明显变化规律。     

外源胡敏酸对土壤有机质组分变化的影响及其与茶树铅有效性的关系

盆栽试验分析了胡敏酸输入土壤6个月后茶树根际和非根际土壤有机质SOM及其组分,包括水溶性物质WSS、富啡酸FA、胡敏酸HA以及土壤微生物生物量SMB的变化,并对不同土壤有机质组分碳含量和茶树不同组织铅含量作了相关性分析。外源胡敏酸设置3个浓度水平（0、300、600 mg kg-1）,铅设置2个浓度水平（0、300 mg kg-1）,试验共有6个处理。茶苗置于温室培养,6个月后分新叶、老叶、新茎、老茎、根收获。结果表明：根际并非总是富含有机质,未加铅处理根际SOM含量低于非根际;而加铅处理根际SOM含量高于非根际。HA加入土壤能够显著增加根际和非根际SOM和SMB的含量,但是加铅处理和不加铅处理增加幅度不同。高浓度HA显著增加了根际FA的含量,可能是HA部分裂解所致。非根际有机质各组分与茶树铅含量无显著相关关系;根际SOM、HA和茶树不同组织铅含量没有显著相关关系。根际WSS、FA与茶树嫩叶、老叶、嫩茎、老茎以及根部铅含量均存在显著或极显著正相关关系;而根际SMB与茶树各个组织铅含量存在显著负相关关系。总之,胡敏酸施入土壤改变了土壤有机质及其各个组分的含量,而根际某些土壤有机质组分的改变又显著影响了茶树不同组织铅的吸收和分布。     

华北平原灌溉农田的土壤水量平衡和水分利用效率

华北平原农业面临的主要问题是水资源短缺,地下水位持续下降。通过一维土壤水量平衡模型模拟了华北平原不同灌溉方式下农田耗水量和土壤水分深层渗漏的变化,并分析了作物的产量和水分利用效率。结果显示在正常的灌溉条件下,冬小麦季地下水的采补差额超过了200mm,某生育期一定程度的水分亏缺(返青期、拔节期或灌浆期)能明显减少冬小麦的耗水量,但没有明显减少作物的产量。因此,在一定程度上减少灌溉是可行的,但仍不能达到地下水资源的采补平衡。从长远来看,华北平原维持可持续的地下水灌溉开采,应减少冬小麦的种植面积、增加低耗水经济作物的比例。     

Effects of humic acid on remediation of the nutritional deficiency of gerbera in hydroponic culture

Information is scant on the effect of humic acid (HA) on physiological, antioxidant and photosynthesis attributes of gerbera plants undergoing nutrient deficiency in culture solution. Gerbera plants cv. Malibu were grown in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, using 3 different nutrient solutions [complete nutrient solution (NSc), 25% NSc (NS1), and 50% NSc (NS2)] treated with 2 levels of humic acid [0 (HA0) and 500 mg/l (HA1)].The interaction effect of HA and NS showed that HA improved the flower number in NSc, the transpiration in NS1+HA1, photosynthesis rate in NSc+HA1, stomatal conductance (gs) in NS2, mesophyll conductance of leaves in all NS levels and photosynthetic water use efficiency in NSc+HA1. The interaction effect of nutrient solution and HA on antioxidant activity was inconclusive, malondialdehyde content was the highest in NS2 and the lowest in NS1+HA1. The peroxidase activity increased in complete nutrient solution with and without HA and there were no differences among other treatments. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in NS1 and complete nutrient solution with HA and reached the highest in NSc. Humic acid was more effective in nutrient uptake, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe) in complete nutrient solution compared to NS1 and NS2. Conclusively, humic acid can compensate the nutrient deficiency stress of the culture solution in regards to protein synthesis, photosynthesis attributes regardless of the nutrient uptake of gerbera.     

氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。