空间诱变后甜椒叶片光合、色素和超微结构的变化

为探索空间条件对植物的诱变机理,以经空间诱变的甜椒(Capsicum frutescens Linn.)第4代植株叶片为主要试验材料,研究其叶片光合指标、色素含量和叶片细胞叶绿体超微结构的变化特点.结果表明:空间诱变后连续4代自交授粉获得的变异体SP06-31植株叶片内,叶绿素a、b,叶绿素a与b的比值和总叶绿素以及类...     

异源细胞质对小麦雄性不育系主要农艺性状、花粉粒核分裂及花药绒毡层降解的影响

为了更好地利用核质互作小麦雄性不育系并解析不同类型细胞核与异源细胞质互作对花药绒毡层细胞及花粉粒核分裂特征的影响,本研究以2套核(偃师9号细胞核和90-110细胞核)质(K型、B型、S型、V型和Ven型细胞质)互作雄性不育系及其保持系(偃师9号保持系和90-110保持系;偃师9号细胞核属1B/1R类型;90-110细胞核属非1B/1R类型)为材料,调查其主要农艺性状(株高、穗长、穗下节间长和分蘖数),观察不育系及其保持系花药绒毡层降解和花粉粒核分裂特征。结果表明,核质互作雄性不育系细胞核是1B/1R类型或非1B/1R类型时,其农艺性状受细胞质类型的影响,且存在不同程度的差异。S-偃师9号花粉粒核分裂异常发生在单核早期,属典败型;Ven-偃师9号花粉粒核分裂异常发生在单核晚期,属典染杂合型;K-偃师9号和V-偃师9号花粉粒核分裂异常发生在二核期,属染败型;B-偃师9号花粉粒核分裂异常发生在三核期,属染败型。K-90-110与S-90-110花粉粒核分裂异常发生在单核晚期,分别属染败型和圆败型;V-90-110和Ven-90-110花粉粒核分裂异常发生在二核期,V-90-110属染败型,Ven-90-110属典染杂合型;B-90-110花粉粒核分裂异常发生在三核期,属染败型。V-偃师9号和Ven-偃师9号花药绒毡层细胞降解异常发生在单核早期,K-偃师9号和B-偃师9号花药绒毡层细胞降解异常发生在二核期,而S-偃师9号花药绒毡层细胞降解异常发生在三核期;B-90-110、S-90-110和Ven-90-110花药绒毡层细胞异常降解发生在单核早期,K-90-110和V-90-110花药绒毡层异常降解发生在单核晚期。上述结果表明,异源细胞质分别与1B/1R类型细胞核和非1B/1R类型细胞核间存在互作模式的差异,会不同程度地影响核质互作雄性不育系的农艺性状,同时引发花药绒毡层细胞差异性代谢异常,最终导致花粉粒核分裂异常,产生不同的败育类型。本研究为进一步揭示小麦核质互作雄性不育机理和更好地利用异源细胞质提供了理论依据。     

沙田柚辐射少核突变体的研究初报

￣（６０）（Ｃｏ－γ）射线辐照沙田柚芽条诱发少核突变的适宜剂量为４～５ＫＲ。利用易位杂合体产生的配子一半是不育的原理，筛选出５个花粉败育率在３０％以上，能够遗传的少核突变体。败育花粉的特征是花粉粒小，超微结构异常。     

辣椒重要农艺性状关联分析与优异等位变异发掘

为了发掘辣椒株高、始花节位、单果质量、果纵径、果横径、果形指数和果肉厚度等重要农艺性状的关联位点和优异等位变异,本研究以194份辣椒核心种质为试验材料,利用广义线性模型(GLM)和混合线性模型(MLM)两种方法,基于分布于辣椒12条染色体的58个SSR标记,对上述7个农艺性状开展了关联分析。结果表明,GLM方法检测到20个SSR关联位点,解释的表型变异率为2.09%~21.91%;MLM方法检测出17个SSR关联位点,能解释2.07%~7.24%的表型变异;有12个位点被两种方法同时检测到;基于关联位点各等位变异的表型效应,发掘出TC7268Sa、CAMS-327a、HpmsE132a、ge35-141pmH0135Ca、CAMS-454c和Hpms2-24a等优异等位变异,筛选出B003、B010、B015、B020、B022、B042、B048、B052、B097、B111、B134、B138、B166、B178、B351、B352、C005、C014、V06C0007、V06C0295、V06C1082、V06C1088、V06C1187、V06C1321、V06C1600、V06C1707、V06C1719和V06C1898等28份优良农艺性状典型种质材料。本研究结果为辣椒相关农艺性状优异基因的发掘、分子标记辅助选择与聚合育种提供了理论指导和材料基础。     

黑芥与花椰菜体细胞杂种花粉母细胞的减数分裂不同步及染色体行为异常

本研究对黑芥与花椰菜体细胞杂种及其双亲的花粉母细胞减数分裂行为进行了观察和比较,结果表明黑芥与花椰菜的花粉母细胞减数分裂同步性很高,而其体细胞杂种表现出明显的减数分裂不同步,各杂种不同株系间减数分裂不同步的程度与跨度各异。减数分裂不同步发生是由于为部分花粉母细胞在减数分裂某一时期发生停滞或推迟,这一时期(或第一个停滞时期)主要发生在第一次减数分裂的前期。花粉母细胞发育虽不同步,但最后均完成减数分裂形成花粉粒,所形成的花粉粒的活性相差甚远。此外,研究结果还显示,体细胞杂种有着较高的减数分裂染色体行为异常频率,尤其是在中期Ⅰ后。主要表现为减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体的早迁、后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ的染色体滞后及染色体不均等分离、四分体时期的异常等现象。花粉粒的活性与减数分裂时期染色体行为异常程度有关,染色体行为异常及微核现象出现的频率越高,相对的花粉粒活力也越低。     

甘肃不同色彩陆地棉抗旱指标筛选及评价研究

在甘肃省敦煌棉区高密度覆膜栽培模式下,以不同基因型的白色纤维、棕色纤维和绿色纤维10个品种(系)为试验材料,在正常供水与持续干旱胁迫条件下,测定棉花对水肥最敏感的花铃期的生理生化指标和生长期间的农艺性状指标,应用多元统计分析方法,进行抗旱性综合评价,以确定棉花简单、易用的抗旱鉴定指标,为彩色棉花抗旱品种选育提供依据。研究结果表明:选择的抗旱综合评价相关的类胡萝卜素含量、离体叶片失水速率、花铃期叶片数、断裂比强度、可溶性蛋白含量、纤维长度、无效果枝数、丙二醛含量、生育期和叶片相对电导率等10个指标,可有效鉴定棉花资源的抗旱性。D值与抗旱性呈显著的正相关,根据D值的大小得出10个参试棉花材料的抗旱性由强到弱依次为BC05-07-18-2、BC06-10、白色棉陇1-1-3、BC06-45、GC06-45、G3-1、陇棉2号、G3-6、陇棕棉1号、陇绿棉3号。     

空间环境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分(11S/7S球蛋白)、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SKTI)等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417%和1.667%,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株(01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2)和中黄29的5株(02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8)变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

空间坏境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以“实践八号”育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分（11S/7S球蛋白）、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂（SKTI）等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417 %和1.667 %,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株（01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2）和中黄29的5株（02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8）变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S 蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

黄土高原全新世土壤锆石颗粒表面超微结构及其发生环境

本文借助于扫描电镜显微镜,对黄土高原三个全新世黄土古土壤剖面中锆石颗粒表面超微结构进行观察,将表面超微结构按外观形态划分为六个种类,并对各类特征发生频数进行定量统计分析,研究表明锆石颗粒有丰富的表面超微结构反映沉积前后的风化作用性质和程度,进而讨论了黄土高原Ｌｏｕ土和黑垆土及其盖层的发生环境。     

重庆农产品及农资价格周报2017年第二十三期

正(总第441期,2017-06-05—2017-06-11)1环比蔬菜产地价略涨,批发价、零售价表现平稳。与全国同期同品种蔬菜均价比较:产地均价、零售均价分别高于全国均价25.22%、2.58%,批发均价低于全国均价11.27%第23周(2017-06-05—2017-06-11)重点监测的22个地产蔬菜品种平均价格2.90元/kg,环比上浮3.47%,表     

Life cycle of pollen grains in mormoder humus forms of young acid forest soils: a micromorphological approach

Horizons of humus profiles contain pollen and spores. The palynological information of pollen spectra of terrestrial humus forms must be validated by micropedological knowledge of the processes of infiltration, incorporation, conservation, transport and decay of pollen grains in the soil system. This study presents the results of combined palynological and micromorphological analyses of two mormoder humus forms, sampled in the Forestry Gieten, The Netherlands. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution pattern and life cycle of pollen grains in mormoders. The first step of this cycle of pollen grains in the humus profile is eolian deposition on the soil surface. The second step is incorporation of the grains in organic aggregates in the upper part of the F horizon. In ‘acid’ mormoders, grains are embedded by ageing small excrements of micro-arthropods and incorporated in the resulting organic aggregates. In ‘mild’ mormoders, the same process is observable, but additional pollen grains are also directly incorporated (and slightly transported) in medium excrements of small earthworm. The third step in the cycle is release by microbial attack of the aggregates in the lower part of the F horizon and the H and Ah horizons. The fourth step is re-incorporation of the released grains in organic aggregates of ageing small sized excrements of micro-arthropods, which consume decaying root tissue. Not re-incorporated grains will finally mineralise by microbial consumption. Mineralising of released pollen grains is the main process in the mineral AE horizon. Based on knowledge of the distribution pattern and life cycle of pollen grains in mormoders, pollen diagrams can be used for the reconstruction of the forest development.     

The use of micromorphology in soil pollen analysis: The interpretation of the pollen content of slope deposits in Galicia, Spain

Humic horizons of soil profiles often contain pollen and spores. Comparison of the sequence of pollen associations of soil profiles with pollen zones of reference diagrams offers palyno-ecological information, relevant for reconstruction of landscape ecological development. In palynological studies of semiterrestrial and aquatic deposits, pollen is considered to be part of the sediment and anaerobic conditions in water-saturated deposits promote its conservation. This is not true for pollen in soils. Aerobic conditions in drained soils result in bio-oxidation of unprotected pollen grains. Interpretation of soil pollen associations requires knowledge of the processes of infiltration and conservation of pollen grains in the soil material. Micromorphology is an important technique to investigate these processes. This is demonstrated in a case study of polycyclic slope deposits in Galicia (Spain). The buried cambisols, in pleistocene solifluction deposits, contain post-sedimentary infiltrated pollen. The pollen associations reflect successive phases in soil ecological development. The holocene colluvial deposits contain syn-sedimentary incorporated pollen. The pollen associations reflect environmental conditions during the deposition of colluvial layers.     

设施条件下不同桃品种的开花生物学特性

桃是主要温带水果之一, 在全球范围内广泛栽培。中国桃栽培面积和产量均居世界第一位。近十年来, 随着设施农业的迅猛发展, 桃设施栽培技术在中国北方地区逐步推广。但在设施桃的生产过程中, 常存在授粉不足、座果率低下等诸多问题。本研究以设施桃主栽品种"大久保"、"早露蟠"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"为材料, 在北京市平谷区进行了不同桃品种的开花动态、花药开裂、花粉数量、花粉活力和柱头可授性等生物学特性观察, 旨在为设施桃生产的科学管理和有效授粉提供依据。结果表明: 4个桃品种的始花期顺序依次为"瑞光5号"、"早露蟠"、"大久保"和"90342", 最早和最晚相差8 d; 单花盛开期"90342"仅为2 d, 其他3个品种桃为4~5 d。不同品种花药开裂起始时间、持续时间及高峰期不同; 单花花粉数量在不同品种间差异显著, "90342"最高, 为100 360±8 017, 其次为"大久保"91 485±8 002和"瑞光5号"73 245±5 034, "早露蟠"花粉量最少, 为59 609±5 048; "大久保"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"的花粉活力在花朵全开当天最强, 分别为44.8%±3.1%、52.4%±4.2%、32.8%±4.5%, "早露蟠"在花后第1 d花粉活力达到最高值63.3%±3.7%; "瑞光5号"与"90342"的花粉寿命仅为3 d, 而"大久保"与"早露蟠"的花粉寿命达6~7 d; "大久保"、"早露蟠"和"瑞光5号"的柱头可授性在花后3~4 d最强, 可授期为6~7 d, "90342"柱头可授性在花后第2 d最强, 可授期仅为3 d。本研究为设施条件下4个桃品种的传粉生态学研究及设施桃花期管理提供了科学依据, 也为进一步探索授粉作用机制奠定了基础。     

Analysis of micronutrients in olive pollen

The micronutrient content [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B)] of olive (Olea europaea L.) pollen grains from different sites is studied by means of spectrophotometry and atomic absorption techniques. We compared pollen samples collected from organic olive crops (B1, B2, and B3), cultivated without the use of mineral‐based fertilizers, phytosanitary products or herbicides with samples obtained from crops which had undergone extensive chemical treatment (T1, T2, T3, and T4). The micronutrients detected in the pollen grains analyzed show that large quantities of such chemical products are absorbed by the plant. The importance of Fe should be stressed, since in one of the chemically‐treated samples (T3) levels of 1,484 μg/g dry weight were found to have been incorporated into the structure, while in the control samples the equivalent concentrations ranged between 96 and 450 μg/g dry weight. Similarly, Cu was found to have been easily assimilated by populations which had received extensive Cu‐based foliar treatments.     

Second meiotic division restitution (SDR) 2n pollen formation in diploid and hexaploid species of Asparagus

Summary Plants of two cultivars of 2x A. officinalis L. and two related ornamental species, 2x A. plumosus Baker and 6x A. densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop cv. Sprengeri were screened for production of pollen of heterogeneous size. Twenty four plants out of thirty-one studied produced this type of pollen, with frequencies of 3% or more large pollen. Some of these plants also produced giant grains. The numerically unreduced pollen arose by the lack of chromosome migration at Anaphase II in either one or both cells of a meiocyte, followed by the absence of cytokinesis in cells with abnormal chromosome behavior, a Second Meiotic Division Restitution (SDR) cytological mechanism. Double unreduced pollen resulted from a similar mechanism acting at both Anaphase I and Anaphase II stages. The high frequency of plants which produced 2n pollen in significant amounts is taken as an indication that the modified meiosis observed is under genetic control.     

花粉源尺寸对水稻花粉扩散的影响

以花粉为介导的基因飘流是水稻转基因逃逸的主要途径之一,因此,掌握花粉扩散规律对于水稻基因飘流研究具有重要意义。本文设计了5m×5m（TR1）、10m×10m（TR2）和15m×15m（TR3）三种花粉源尺寸,通过观测单位面积的有效穗数、每穗的开花颖花数和单个颖花的花粉量以及主风向上的花粉沉降量,计算了花粉源强和有效源强比,就花粉源尺寸对花粉源强、花粉沉降量和有效源强比以及花粉扩散距离的影响进行研究。结果表明：（1）花粉源尺寸不影响单位面积的花粉源强,只改变总源强的大小。TR1、TR2和TR3的总源强比例为1:4:9。（2）花粉源尺寸不改变主风向上花粉沉降量的空间分布特征。在花粉源区,花粉沉降量先迅速增加,达到最大值后缓慢下降;在下风区,花粉沉降量与距离的关系可用负指数形式表达。（3）花粉源尺寸越大,各个距离上的花粉沉降量就越多,花粉扩散距离也相应增加。但是,这种效应会随着花粉源尺寸的增大而逐渐减弱。（4）所有处理的有效源强比为27.9%～33.4%,意味着所有花粉中仅30%左右可以扩散到源区以外可能产生基因飘流。然而,随着花粉源尺寸的增大,有效源强比逐渐减小。（5）风对不同花粉源尺寸处理的影响类似。大风增加了有效源强比和花粉扩散距离,而风向主要影响有效源强比。需要注意的是,风对大尺寸花粉源的影响更显著。     

Effects of cryopreservation on germinability of olive (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.) pollen

Long term storage of viable pollen is important for bank germplasm constitution to preserve resources that can be used in breeding programs, biotechnologies and genetic engineering. Pollen from 12 olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars was stored for 1 year in liquid nitrogen at −196°C. The morphology of pollen grains and germination rates on fresh and long term stored pollen were observed. Results on in vitro pollen germinability, both before and after cryopreservation, showed highly significant responses among the 12 cultivars. The relationship between germinability and pollen grain size did not reveal any significant relationships in both treatments. Our findings will contribute to the improvement of olive pollen preservation and lead to find a more efficient method for its long term storage, while retaining its germinability.