陕西省水土流失重点防治区的划分方法及指标体系

[目的]划定县级以上水土流失重点防治区,指导水土保持措施的科学制定和提高水土流失防治成效。[方法]在参加国家水土流失重点防治区复核划分工作和完成陕西省水土流失重点防治区划分工作的基础上,通过调查及分析研究,提出了土壤侵蚀强度、林草覆盖度和水土流失治理度等定量指标和江河源头、引水水源、基本农田等保护区的定性指标。[结果]利用GIS和RS技术,以乡镇行政区划为基本单元,按照定量指标,解译遥感影像数据,生成了陕西省水土流失重点防治区划分成果图。利用定性指标,按照相对集中连片,突出重点,适当概化的原则,对划分成果进行了归类修正。以地貌类型为主线,并参照水土保持功能,对水土流失重点防治区进行了分类和命名。[结论]陕西省划分为6个水土流失重点预防区和6个水土流失重点治理区共计12个大片区,是编制《陕西省水土保持规划》、规范生产建设项目中水土保持监督工作的重要依据,也为市县级水土流失重点防治区的划分提供参考。     

大力推进黄河流域水土保持生态建设

水土保持是黄河治理开发的根本措施 ,必须抓紧抓好。在治理方略上 ,必须坚持“防治结合 ,保护优先 ,强化治理” ;在战略布局上 ,必须以多沙粗沙区为重点 ;在措施安排上 ,必须把沟道坝系工程建设摆在突出位置 ,积极推进退耕还林工作 ;不断加强预防监督工作 ,实现黄土高原水土保持监测系统网络化、智能化和现代化     

略阳县水土保持监督管理能力建设思路探索

自1989年被列入长江上游水土保持重点防治区以来,略阳县的水土保持监督管理工作从无到有,逐步得到加强。为了贯彻落实全国水土保持监督管理能力建设工作要求,进一步提升水土保持监督管理能力,在总结分析过去的工作经验和问题的基础上,结合本县实际对能力建设思路进行了探索,以期更好地开展能力建设工作。     

深化水土保持改革 加快治理开发步伐

深化水土保持改革加快治理开发步伐汪上和（水利部黄委会农村水利水土保持局，郑州４５６００３）全国八片水土保持重点地区第十次工作会议在甘肃省定西县召开，是对黄河流域四片二期重点治理工作的极大促进，也是全面宣传推广定西重点治理经验的好机会。定西人民发扬“三...     

重庆市“长治”工程五年初见成效

重庆市“长治”工程五年初见成效重庆市水土保持办公室（６３０６１５）重庆市长江上游水土保持重点防治工作，从１９８９年开始已经进行了五年。五年来，在国务院的关怀下，在长江上游水土保持委员会和四川省水土保持委员会的领导下，防治区各级政府加强对重点防治工作的...     

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区开发性治理模式

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区开发性治理模式吴景才，张丙有，吴霞，吴平（黑龙江省拜泉县水土保持办公室，１６１７００）为了探索黑土侵蚀区水土保持小流域生态与经济同步效益的新途径，黑龙江省科委于１９９０年下达了松嫩平原漫岗丘陵黑土侵蚀区水土流失治理与开发的研究项目，...     

齐心协力 加快“长治”工程建设

齐心协力加快“长治”工程建设陈耀邦（国家计委，北京１００８２４）近五年来，重点区防治工作得到国家的重视和支持，在上届长江上游水土保持委员会的指导下，经过各治理区党政领导和广大干部群众的积极努力，治理工作得以全面发展，在治理成绩、科学管理、制度建设等方...     

长汀县"十五"期间水土保持工作的思考

长汀县是我国南方花岗岩水土流失最为严重和典型的县份之一。从1940年开始经过60年的治理水土流失仍很严重。为加快水土保持，生态环境建设步伐，“十五”期间要紧紧抓住省委，省政府《开展以长汀严重水土流失为重点的水土流失综合治理》为民办实事项目的契机，重点要解决好：（1）依法防治水土流失，突出以防为主；（2）以可持续发展战略原则指导小流域综合治理开发；（3）增大投入，加快治理步伐；（4）以科技为先导，提高治理技术含量；（5）舆论先行，构建治理新格局；（6）强化领导，为治理工作提供保证。     

略阳县水土保持区划及防治布局

基于略阳县水土流失发展现状及趋势,根据水土保持区划原则及分区依据,将略阳县划分成4个水土流失防治分区。针对分区水土流失特点,提出防治措施布局：西北部山地轻度水蚀综合治理区以小流域为单元,结合粮食生产、特色生态产品生产、秦蜀古道生态文化旅游开发、县城周边景观建设,进行水土流失综合治理;东北部山地微度水蚀水源涵养区以涵养水源、保护土壤为目标,采取封山育林措施,保护和恢复森林植被,增强森林水源涵养能力,促进植被自然恢复;西南部山地轻度水蚀预防保护区结合美丽乡村建设、人居环境改善和农村特色产业发展,建设生态清洁小流域;东南部山地轻度水蚀生态修复区以加强矿产资源类生产建设项目监督管理及矿区生态修复为主,促进区域水土流失治理。     

辽宁省水土流失重点防治区不同分区治理途径研究

辽宁省水土流失重点防治区复核划分成果已在全省内应用。在总结近年水土保持工作治理经验与存在问题的基础上,针对水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区提出相应的治理方向与途径,旨为全省水土保持治理工作提供理论依据。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.