干湿交替过程中石灰性土壤无机磷的转化及有效性

盆栽试验和培养试验结果表明：淹水能显著提高石灰性土壤磷含量，其作用顺序为，两合土〉淤土；淹水促使土壤无机磷组分中Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ含量增加，说明石灰性土壤淹水后土壤磷有效性的提高主要是Ｃａ－Ｐ体系的活性提高所致。回旱后，土壤速效磷值明显降低，土壤无机磷组分中，Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｆｅ－Ｐ组分均呈降低趋势，土壤无机磷向难溶态转化。淹水降低了外加磷肥的肥效。     

淹水对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化的影响

  【目的】  磷肥施入土壤后大部分转化为与铁氧化物关系密切的Fe-P和O-P,而淹水后土壤中铁的氧化还原过程可能影响与铁氧化物结合的磷的形态及有效性的变化。研究不同施磷处理下淹水土壤Fe (II) 、无机磷组分等的变化,以期明确淹水后土壤无机磷形态及磷有效性变化及其与铁氧化还原过程的关系。  【方法】  用不施磷土壤 (P0) 和连续6年施用P 180 kg/hm2的土壤 (P180) 进行室内模拟培养试验。将土壤装于西林瓶内,加水模拟淹水条件,西林瓶密封后,分别在避光或者光照条件下,于 (30 ± 1)℃恒温培养40天。测定供试土壤以及淹水培养土壤中的速效磷、无机磷以及不同形态无机磷组分含量,测定培养过程Fe (II) 的动态变化,以探讨磷形态转化与铁氧化还原过程的关系。  【结果】  施用磷肥显著增加土壤中的速效磷含量和无机磷总量,P0处理土壤速效磷含量为 (7.65 ± 1.65) mg/kg,P180处理土壤速效磷含量高达 (33.5 ± 2.01) mg/kg。施入土壤中的磷只有很小部分以Ca₂-P存在,主要以Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P形态存在。避光淹水培养后,土壤速效磷含量增加,P0和P180处理土壤速效磷含量的增量分别为8.44、2.95 mg/kg。淹水培养降低了土壤Ca₈-P含量,提升了Fe-P、O-P、Al-P含量。光照和避光条件下P180处理土壤中Ca₈-P含量分别降低106.8、156.2 mg/kg,Fe-P含量分别增加23.4、47.0 mg/kg,O-P含量分别增加64.1、92.9 mg/kg,Al-P含量分别增加38.8、34.7 mg/kg,避光时Ca₈-P降幅以及Fe-P和O-P的增量均大于光照条件下。避光条件下,铁还原量和还原最大速率与Ca₈-P变化量之间存在显著负相关关系,与Fe-P、O-P增量之间存在显著正相关关系。  【结论】  淹水条件下,石灰性土壤中的Fe (Ⅲ) 还原形成Fe (Ⅱ) 和Fe (Ⅲ) 混合物,增加了铁氧化物的比表面积和磷吸附点,可促进Ca₈-P向O-P、Fe-P和Al-P转化。光照降低了Fe (Ⅲ) 的还原量,可能是Ca₈-P向O-P、Fe-P和Al-P转化率低的原因之一。     

长期施磷对山原红壤磷库组成及有效性的影响

通过33年施肥试验研究了不同施磷处理对山原红壤中磷素形态转化及含量的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥增加了红壤中全磷和速效磷的含量;施磷处理下土壤表层无机磷、有机磷显著积累。不同施肥处理下土壤无机磷组分均以Fe-P为主,占总量的50%左右;相关分析表明无机磷组分中的Fe-P、Al-P与速效磷分别呈极显著正相关(r=0.908)、显著正相关(r=0.706),表明Fe-P、Al-P为山原红壤的有效磷源。对于土壤有机磷而言,所有施肥处理的土壤中稳性有机磷比例最高,其次为中等活性有机磷,再次为高稳性有机磷,活性有机磷最低,前二者占有机磷总量的90%左右。有机磷组分与速效磷的相关性分析结果表明,中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷分别与土壤速效磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.861)、显著正相关(r=0.840)。说明中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷是土壤速效磷的主要来源。增施磷肥尤其是氮、磷、钾肥与农家肥配施后,可促进其他形态有机磷向有利于作物吸收的中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷转变。     

钙质土壤施用过磷酸钙21年后土壤无机磷分级和磷素有效性

A long-term (21-year) field experiment was performed to study the responses of soil inorganic P fractions and P availability to annual fertilizer P application in a calcareous soil on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil Olsen-P contents increased by 3.7, 5.2, 11.2 and 20.6 mg P kg^-1 after 21-year annual fertilizer P application at 20, 39, 59, and 79 kg P ha^-1, respectively. Long-term fertilizer P addition also increased soil total P and inorganic P (Pi) contents significantly. The contents of inorganic P fractions were in the order of Ca₁₀-P > Ca₈-P > Fe-P > Al-P > occluded P > Ca₂-P in the soil receiving annual fertilizer P application. Fertilizer P application increased Ca₈-P, Al-P and Ca₂-P contents as well as their percentages relative to Pi. Pi application increased Fe-P and occluded P contents but nor their percentages. Soil Ca₁₀-P content remained unchanged after fertilizer P application while its percentage relative to Pi declined with increasing fertilizer P rate. All Pi fractions but Ca₁₀-P were correlated with Olsen-P significantly. 90% of variations in Olsen-P could be explained by Pi fractions, and the direct contribution of Ca₈-P was predominant. Long-term annual superphosphate application would facilitate the accumulation of soil Ca₈-P, and thus improve soil P availability.     

Speciation of phosphorus in temperate zone forest soils as assessed by combined wet‐chemical fractionation and XANES spectroscopy

Phosphorus availability in terrestrial ecosystems is strongly dependent on soil P speciation. Here we present information on the P speciation of 10 forest soils in Germany developed from different parent materials as assessed by combined wet‐chemical P fractionation and synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Soil P speciation showed clear differences among different parent materials and changed systematically with soil depth. In soils formed from silicate bedrock or loess, Fe‐bound P species (FePO₄, organic and inorganic phosphate adsorbed to Fe oxyhydroxides) and Al‐bound P species (AlPO₄, organic and inorganic phosphate adsorbed to Al oxyhydroxides, Al‐saturated clay minerals and Al‐saturated soil organic matter) were most dominant. In contrast, the P speciation of soils formed from calcareous bedrock was dominated (40–70% of total P) by Ca‐bound organic P, which most likely primarily is inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) precipitated as Ca₃‐IHP. The second largest portion of total P in all calcareous soils was organic P not bound to Ca, Al, or Fe. The relevance of this P form decreased with soil depth. Additionally, apatite (relevance increasing with depth) and Al‐bound P were present. The most relevant soil properties governing the P speciation of the investigated soils were soil stocks of Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, and carbonate. Different types of P speciation in soils on silicate and calcareous parent material suggest different ecosystem P nutrition strategies and biogeochemical P cycling patterns in the respective ecosystems. Our study demonstrates that combined wet‐chemical soil P fractionation and synchrotron‐based XANES spectroscopy provides substantial novel information on the P speciation of forest soils.     

Sulfuric acid effects on iron and phosphorus availability in two calcareous soils

An attempt was made to study the effects of sulfuric acid additions to iron (Fe)‐ and phosphorus (P)‐deficient calcareous soils. Several greenhouse experiments were conducted with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown in two calcareous soils. Addition of sulfuric acid to soils increased soil acidity, salinity, DTPA‐extractable Fe, available P (NaHCO₃‐extractable), and crop yield. The change in soil pH is the primary cause of increased nutrient availability and thus crop yield. Leaching after acid application is highly beneficial in decreasing salinity during germination and seedling stages and therefore has a direct impact on the yield. The beneficial effects of acid carried over for at least two greenhouse cropping seasons (approximately 4.5 months).     

茶树根际与非根际土壤磷形态变化特征

以茶树(Camellia sinensis)根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,选取湖南省石门、临澧、桃源、长沙、安化、资兴等6县(市)的茶园为采样点,对其根际和非根际土壤的全磷、有效磷及无机磷的不同化学形态进行了分析。结果表明,茶树根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量均高于非根际土壤,有效磷在根际富集明显;土壤无机磷含量及占全磷的比例差异都很大。不同母质发育土壤的无机磷组成也不同,板页岩母质发育的根际土壤中Al-P含量最高,Fe-P其次,O-P最少。花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土发育的根际土壤Fe-P最高,Al-P其次,O-P最少。3种母质发育的非根际土壤中均为Fe-P含量最高。根际无机磷中的Al-P,Fe-P和Ca-P含量与有效磷呈极显著正相关,非根际Al-P和Fe-P与土壤有效磷显著正相关关系。根际、非根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量与pH值相关性不显著,根际、非根际土壤有效磷和全磷含量相关性极显著。     

Transformation of Applied Phosphorus in a Calcareous Fluvisol

A new inorganic phosphorus (IP) fractionation scheme developed by Jiang and Gu was used in an incubation experiment to investigate the transformation of applied P in a calcareous fluvisol. The results show that after addition of common superphosphate (CSP), the Ca2-P in the soil decreased gradually and transformed largely to the less available Fe-P, Al-P and Ca8-P, rather than to the unavailable forms of Ca10-P and O-P. The different IP fractions ranked in the following order with respect to the increment by addition of CSP after 120 days of incubation: Fe-P> Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P. After addition of pig manure, the content of Ca2-P in the soil increased rapidly at first and then decreased slowly, and the amount of different IP fractions accumulated after 120 days of incubation ranked in the following order: Ca2-P > Fe-P > Ca8-P > Al-P.     

栗钙土中磷肥转化及效应的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,研究了磷肥在栗钙土中的转化以及包被物对土壤中磷肥转化的影响和莜麦的磷肥效应。研究结果表明,在不种作物的情况下,磷肥施入土壤后很快转化为Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P等形态,随施肥时间的延长,Ca2-P呈减少趋势,其它形态的无机磷则逐渐增加;在种植莜麦的情况下,莜麦对磷肥的吸收利用率为31.1％,土壤残留为68.9％,残留磷中各形态无机磷占施入磷的比率:28.9％为Ca2-P,11.0％为Ca8-P,10.3％为Al-P,5.5％为Fe-P,9.5％为O-P,3.7％为Ca10-P;包被磷肥较未包被磷肥减少了土壤中Ca2-P向Ca8-P转化,增加了施入磷向Al-P的转化而减少了向Fe-P、O-P的转化,磷肥的利用率提高2.9个百分点。施用磷肥莜麦增产178％。     

味精尾液对石灰性潮土无机磷特性及pH值的影响

通过恒温培养试验,探究了以味精尾液为原料的土壤调理剂对北方石灰性潮土无机磷特性和p H值的影响。结果表明,施用味精尾液后土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)、Ca_2-P、Al-P、Fe-P分别增加了70%~120%、155%~288%、29%~42%、6%~10%,Ca10-P减少了7%~8%,且有效性较高的Ca_2-P和Olsen-P持续性好;能够显著降低土壤p H值,培养60 d时,与CK相比,p H值下降了1.17~1.27个单位,而且在一定程度上还能减缓施入土壤的磷肥向无效态转化,提高磷肥有效性。在石灰性土壤施用味精尾液后,运用SPSS软件对土壤Olsen-P及各形态无机磷进行相关性和回归分析得出,Ca_2-P和Fe-P是北方石灰性潮土Olsen-P的主要组分,并得出了Ca_2-P、Fe-P与Olsen-P的回归方程:Y(Olsen-P)=-18.724+1.173X_1(Ca_2-P)+0.905X_4(Fe-P)。     

增值磷肥对潮土无机磷形态及其变化的影响

在实验室条件下制备了海藻酸磷肥、腐植酸磷肥和氨基酸磷肥3种增值磷肥,利用室内土壤培养试验研究增值磷肥对潮土无机磷组分及其变化的影响。结果表明, 1）培养180 d后,普通磷肥（磷酸一铵,下同）和增值磷肥均显著提高了土壤速效磷含量,并降低了土壤pH; 施用增值磷肥提高土壤速效磷的幅度为34.6～41.92 mg/kg,高于普通磷肥; 施用增值磷肥降低土壤pH的幅度为0.23～0.36个单位,高于普通磷肥。2) 与普通磷肥相比,增值磷肥明显降低土壤对磷的固定,腐植酸、海藻酸和谷氨酸增值磷肥处理的固定率分别比普通磷肥降低7.32%、7.13%和11.99%。3）培养180 d后,与普通磷肥处理相比,增值磷肥均提高土壤Ca2-P、 Ca8-P 和 Al-P含量,减缓Al-P 向 Fe-P 的转化。     

三峡库区消落带土壤对磷的吸附和淹水下磷的形态变化

三峡水库建成后在库区周边形成落差30m的消落带,消落带土壤对磷的吸附固定和磷的去向直接影响到周围的水环境。通过批处理和模拟培养法研究了三峡库区小江流域沿岸消落带的黄壤、紫色土在淹水期间铁的形态变化,磷的吸附及形态转变,结果表明：（1）供试黄壤和紫色土在淹水后,晶形铁氧化物含量明显下降,非晶形铁含量有增加趋势,土壤对磷的吸附量增加;(2)淹水期间土壤Olsen-P含量呈下降趋势,而Fe-P和Al-P含量增加,模拟显示黄壤和紫色土在淹水15d后的磷吸附容量增加70.8%和9.5%;（3）用pH 5和pH 9的0.1mol L-1CaCl2、KCl、NH4Cl溶液培养的黄壤,其Olsen-P、Fe-P、Al-P含量均明显增加,意味着消落带土壤中若施加K、Ca或尿素时,土壤有效磷可能增加,这可导致CaCl2提取磷的增多并影响库区水的含磷量,从而影响库区水质。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷组分影响的Meta分析

【目的】过量施用磷肥导致土壤磷素累积,全磷含量升高,但是有效磷含量往往较低。低分子量有机酸能活化土壤难溶性磷、提高土壤磷素有效性,已成为研究热点之一。为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,本文综合分析了低分子量有机酸对不同类型土壤磷组分的影响,为低分子量有机酸的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供理论依据。【方法】通过收集近30年 (1990—2018年) 来国内外发表的低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的文章,建立了831组包含“有效磷 (available-P)”相关内容的数据库。基于Meta分析 (Meta-analysis),定量研究了不同土壤pH、全磷、有效磷含量、不同培养方式和培养时间及不同酸种类 (苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸等) 和浓度等条件下,低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷含量的影响。【结果】检索论文中的低分子量有机酸添加浓度在0～1 mol/L范围内。与不施低分子量有机酸的对照相比,低分子量有机酸可使土壤中钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和有机磷含量分别降低27.1%、21.3%、15.5%、8.22%、5.42%,有效磷含量增加213%。石灰性土壤中,低分子量有机酸可将难溶性八钙磷 (Ca₈-P)、十钙磷 (Ca₁₀-P) 转化为可吸收态的二钙磷 (Ca₂-P),Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P含量分别降低8.36%、11.8%,而Ca₂-P含量增加7.90%。在全磷含量 < 1 g/kg和有效磷含量 < 20 mg/kg的低磷土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能使有效磷含量增加331%和343%,增磷效果分别比对应的全磷含量 ≥ 1 g/kg、有效磷 ≥ 20 mg/kg的高磷土壤高107%和189%。在酸性 (pH < 6) 和中性 (pH 6～8) 土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能提高土壤有效磷含量329%和320%,在碱性 (pH > 8) 土壤中其增磷效果仅为56.9%。低分子量有机酸活化难溶性磷具有速效性和时效性,培养第1天土壤有效磷含量可增加257%,之后持续增加,在第10～20天达到最高值372%,20天后增磷效果持续减弱。振荡培养试验条件下,低分子量有机酸能使土壤有效磷含量增加334%,高于常规培养试验294%。当低分子量有机酸的添加浓度低于90 mmol/L时,酸浓度越高,其提升土壤磷有效性的效果越好。在所用的低分子有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸提升磷有效性的效果较好,分别能增加有效磷含量288%和185%。【结论】低分子量有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的效果受到土壤pH、全磷和有效磷含量的影响,也与添加的有机酸类型和浓度及添加的时间有关。低分子量有机酸提升土壤磷有效性的效果,在酸性和中性且全磷含量较低的土壤中较好。在低分子量有机酸添加量 < 90 mmol/L范围内,提升效果随添加量的增加而增加。作用的最佳效果出现在添加后的10～20天。添加草酸和柠檬酸对土壤有效磷的提升效果较好。     

磷在土壤中有效性的衰减

培育试验表明,磷与红壤中有效性的衰减可分为快反应（3小时）阶段和慢反应阶段,前者有效磷以直线关系下降,后者则为一渐减性曲线。快反应阶段磷有效性的衰减量和土壤活性铝含量显著相关,但与活性铁和交换铝相关不显著。用红壤、潮土、板浆白土三种性质不同的土壤进行的生物试验表明,产量也随着土－磷作用时间延长而下降,而且有一个终止时间,中性水稻土在8个月培育后产量即可不再下降,石灰性潮土为16个月,而酸性红壤在28个月以上,影响产量衰减的可能和磷在土壤中的双核化（转化为环状双核结构）和吸收作用有关,它们在程度上和延续时间上不同土壤不同,在水稻土上最弱,延长时间最短,而在红壤上作用最强,延长时间最长,潮土处于两者之间。     

外源磷对土壤无机磷的影响及有效性

通过对我国具有代表性的几个典型土类15年长期定位试验的CK和NPK处理以及原始土壤中无机磷组分的分析，研究施磷肥对土壤无机磷形态的影响及有效性。结果表明，原始土壤中闭蓄态磷和Ca10-P占无机磷比例大，土壤磷有效性低；在不施外源磷条件下连续耕作，各个土类的无机磷总量均逐年减少，其中主要是Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P明显降低；长期施用磷肥提高了土壤无机磷总量（TIP）和各组分的含量，其中以Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P提高比例显著，而0-P和Ca10-P提高的比例少。说明累积在土壤中的肥料磷多以有效性较高的形态存在。     

玉米秸秆应用和腐化对钙质苏打土改良的影响: 实验室试验研究

A laboratory lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of forage corn (Zea mays L.) stalk application on the CO₂ concentration in soil air and calcareous sodic soil reclamation. The experimental treatments tested were soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 1, 11, and 19, added corn stalk contents of 0 to 36 g kg^-1, and incubation durations of 30 and 60 days. The experimental results indicated that corn stalk application and incubation significantly increased CO₂ partial pressure in soil profile and lowered pH value in soil solution, subsequently increased native CaCO₃ mineral dissolution and electrolyte concentration of soil solution, and finally significantly contributed to reduction on soil sodicity level. The reclamation effciency of calcareous sodic soils increased with the added corn stalk. When corn stalks were added at the rates of 22 and 34 g kg^-1 into the soil with initial ESP of 19, its ESP value was decreased by 56% and 78%, respectively, after incubation of 60 days and the leaching of 6.5 pore volumes (about 48 L of percolation water) with distilled water. Therefore, crop stalk application and incubation could be used as a choice to reclaim moderate calcareous sodic soils or as a supplement of phytoremediation to improve reclamation effciency.     

长期施肥对黑土磷素的影响

A twelve-year field trial was carried out to determine the impact of long-term fertilization on phosphorus (P) distribution in the soil profile, P balance, and the transformation and availability of soil P in a black soil (Phaeozem, FAO). Under a wheat-soybean-corn rotation, during twelve years where no fertilizer was applied, crops removed 60 and 81 mg P kg^-1 soil in the control and NK treatment, respectively. About one third of the P absorbed by crops was originated from organic P. Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were the main forms of inorganic P absorbed by crops. The surplus P from fertilization remained in the 0-20 cm soil layer and increased with the application rate of P. The combined application of NP or NPK increased available P to a lesser extent than the combined application of PK. Fertilizer P had mainly transformed to the Al-P, Fe-P, Ca2-P, and Ca8-P forms. By using the P budget (X), changes in total P (Y1) and available P (Y2) in soils under the current cropping system could be predicted by the equations: Y1 = 0.02 1.01X and Y2 = 2.08 0.15X.     

Effects of sulfur application and Thiobacillus inoculation on soil nutrient availability,wheat yield and plant nutrient concentration in calcareous soils with different calcium carbonate content

In this research, elemental sulfur was applied at eight rates with and without Thiobacillus inoculation in calcareous soils which had 23%, 17% and 8.5% Total Neutralizing Value(TNV). The highest grain yield, biological yield, plant height, and concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in shoot were obtained with application of S⁰ at rates which neutralized 2% and 4% of soil TNV, while highest available nutrients and plant-phosphorus (P) were recorded with application of S⁰ at rates which neutralized 16% and 20% of soil TNV. Maximum indices were recorded in soil which had 17% TNV, so that available P, Fe and zinc (Zn) increased by 167.33%, 35.67% and 81.70% compared with control respectively with application of 9.14 g S° g^?1soil. Thiobacillus inoculation increased all of indices (except Fe concentration) compared with non-inoculated control. The results reveal that sulfur application along with Thiobacillus can increase nutrients availability, nutrients uptake and yield of wheat grown in calcareous soils.     

The dynamic changes of phosphorus availability in straw/biochar-amended soils during the rice growth revealed by a combination of chemical extraction and DGT technique

Purpose

This study compares the dynamic effects of straw and biochar on soil acidity and phosphorus (P) availability in the rice growth period to reveal how straw and biochar affect the availability of phosphorus in soil and utilization of P for rice crop.

Materials and methods

In the pot experiment, rice straw, canola stalk, and corresponding biochars were mixed uniformly with the Ultisol. Soil samples were collected at four stages of rice growth to analyze the dynamic changes of soil acidity and P availability. The availability of phosphate in straw/biochar-amended soils were evaluated using a combination of chemical extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique.

Results

Soil pH, KCl-P, Olsen-P, DGT-P, and Al-P deceased with the rice growth, while Fe-P increased. Biochar increased soil pH and P availability more than straw returning, especially in the mature stage, while the DGT-P only increased in the tillering stage. The DGT-induced fluxes in sediments (DIFS) model revealed that all treatments increased the capacity of soil solid phase supplementing P to pore water in the filling and mature stages. The content of total P in different rice tissues followed the order of grain?>?straw?>?root, and RB350 treatment had the highest P content in rice tissues. In the mature stage, soil pH had positive correlations with KCl-P and Olsen-P, and soil Fe-P had positive correlations with total P of root and straw.

Conclusions

Application of biochar made at 550 ℃ resulted in a larger increase in available P in soil, while biochar made at 350 ℃ had more effect on the chemical forms of P. The canola stalk biochar showed a larger influence on the P availability than rice straw biochar. Biochar treatments had a larger effect on inhibiting soil acidification and improving P availability than straw returning directly.