玉米秸秆不同构件添加对土壤N_2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究玉米秸秆不同构件及按比例混合添加对土壤N_2O排放的影响。试验设置无枯落物土壤对照(CK)及四种枯落物添加处理:茎+土壤(CKS)、叶+土壤(CKL)、鞘+土壤(CKLS)、混合枯落物(茎∶叶∶鞘=5∶3∶2)+土壤(CKM)。结果表明:培养初期添加枯落物对土壤N_2O产生激发作用,培养6d之后趋于稳定,但各添加枯落物处理高于对照;培养结束各添加不同构件及混合枯落物土壤N_2O累积排放量都显著增加(p0.05),添加茎和混合枯落物土壤N_2O排放量显著高于添加叶和鞘枯落物(p0.05)。枯落物混合对土壤N_2O排放的影响在培养前期(10~28d)有一定的促进作用,培养后期不同枯落物之间无相互作用。培养结束后各枯落物全氮含量显著高于初始值,C/N显著低于初始值(p0.05)。枯落物混合培养结束后剩余质量实测值低于预测值,全氮含量实测值高于预测值,枯落物碳氮比实测值低于预测值,土壤N_2O累积排放量差异不显著,表明枯落物混合有利于枯落物分解和氮累积,但是对N_2O累积排放影响不大。     

施氮量对砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放的影响

砂姜黑土是黄淮海平原重要的中低产土壤,由于其剖面含有砂姜层,易产生裂隙,影响了氮素在土壤剖面的迁移分布,可能导致砂姜黑土的N_2O排放存在一定的独特性。基于此,本研究以砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,设置4个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(TR)、优化施肥(OPT)和再优化施肥(ZOPT),通过静态箱-气相色谱法结合常规土壤参数的监测与分析,探究砂姜黑土不同施氮条件下N_2O排放特征、累积排放量及关键驱动因素。结果显示,砂姜黑土小麦季的N_2O平均排放通量为14.2～21.6μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),累积排放量为0.82～1.24kg(N)·hm~(-2);玉米季的N_2O平均排放通量为14.4～24.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),累积排放量为0.42～0.71 kg(N)·hm~(-2);不同处理小麦季的N_2O累积排放量均高于玉米季。小麦季追肥期与基肥期的N_2O累积排放量分别为0.27～0.41 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.55～0.83 kg(N)·hm~(-2),玉米季分别为0.18～0.30 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.24～0.41 kg(N)·hm~(-2),追肥期N_2O累积排放量均高于基肥期。相关性分析结果显示, CK处理的N_2O排放量与土壤温度、含水量和硝酸盐含量均表现出明显的多元线性相关(P0.05), TR、OPT和ZOPT仅与土壤硝酸盐含量呈极显著多元线性相关(P0.01),而与土壤温度和土壤含水量未表现明显的相关性,说明施肥条件下,土壤硝酸盐含量的高低成为影响砂姜黑土农田土壤N_2O排放最关键的影响因素。除此之外,不同施氮量的N_2O累积排放量差别明显(P0.05), TR处理的N_2O排放量最高,小麦玉米季分别为1.24 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.71 kg(N)·hm~(-2),显著高于OPT处理[0.99 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.51 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和ZOPT处理[0.82kg(N)·hm~(-2)和0.42 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。无论小麦季还是玉米季N_2O的累积排放量均随施氮量的增加而呈指数增加趋势,相关性系数分别达0.997和0.977 (P0.05),说明砂姜黑土传统施氮N_2O存在过量排放问题。总而言之,尽管与其他土壤相比,砂姜黑土不属于N_2O高排土壤,但传统施氮量导致的N_2O排放量仍不可忽视。     

综合产量和土壤N2O排放的马铃薯施氮量分析

施氮可提高作物产量,但同时也增加温室气体N_2O的土壤排放量。研究施氮量与产量和土壤N_2O排放的关系,对保障作物产量并兼顾环境效应的农业生产实践具有重要指导意义。该研究设置N0(0)、N1(67.5 kg/hm~2)、N2(125 kg/hm~2)、N3(187.5 kg/hm~2)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_2O排放进行田间原位测定,研究施氮量对马铃薯产量、土壤N_2O排放的影响,分析综合产量与土壤N_2O排放的合理施氮量。结果表明:施氮显著增加马铃薯产量和土壤N_2O累积排放量,较不施氮(N0)处理,N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯产量增加78.5%、93.1%和95.6%;生育期N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯土壤N_2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.3、4.4和6.7倍。同时,随施氮量增加,N_2O排放系数、硝态氮强度和单产N_2O排放量均显著增加。在低氮处理(N0、N1)时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤温度、湿度显著正相关,而在高氮水平时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量显著正相关。施氮67.5 kg/hm~2可确保研究区马铃薯产量并有效降低土壤N_2O排放。     

减量施氮与秸秆添加对设施菜田N2O的减排效应

采用静态箱–气相色谱法,在宁夏灌区设施菜田研究了不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、常规施肥(CON)、减量优化化肥(OPT)、优化化肥+调节土壤碳氮比(OPT+C/N) 5种施肥方式对春茬黄瓜和夏休闲期土壤N_2O排放通量、累积排放量和排放系数的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理土壤N_2O排放通量高峰一般出现在黄瓜滴灌施肥或夏休闲期漫灌后第1天或第3天。春茬黄瓜基肥、追肥和夏休闲期,OPT、OPT+C/N处理土壤N_2O排放通量较CON处理分别降低了3.6%～47.2%、5.9%～49.9%和14.7%～46.6%。春茬黄瓜季和夏休闲期各施肥处理的N_2O累积排放量分别为2.05～9.98kg/hm~2和3.55～7.23 kg/hm~2,OPT、OPT+C/N处理较CON处理分别降低了26.2%～34.3%和29.6%～33.7%。春茬黄瓜当季肥料的N_2O排放系数为0.43%～0.71%,而春茬黄瓜–夏休闲期总排放系数为0.54%～1.04%。N_2O总排放量与施氮量呈显著正相关(R~2=0.778);N_2O排放通量与5cm表层地温呈显著或极显著相关(R~2=0.47～0.68),与0～20cm土壤含水量呈极显著相关(R~2=0.63～0.88)。因此,相对于农民常规施氮方式,减施50%化肥氮量或减氮配合添加7.5 t/hm~2的小麦秸秆来调节土壤碳氮比都能达到设施菜田土壤N_2O的减排目标。     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

等氮量下不同分施次数对燥红壤N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究等氮量下不同施肥次数对N_2O排放的影响。试验设一次性施氮(S1,将200 mg/kg氮肥一次性施入土壤),二次分施(S2,将200 mg/kg氮肥分两次平均施入土壤),三次分施(S3,将200 mg/kg氮肥分80、60、60 mg/kg 3次施入土壤)和空白(CK,不施肥)4个处理。培养在65%田间持水量,30℃恒温箱中进行。结果表明,氮肥施入显著促进土壤N_2O排放;等施氮量下,不同分施次数使土壤pH呈显著性差异,而土壤pH的差异又影响了土壤N_2O累积排放量;分施次数越多,土壤酸化程度越强,N_2O累积排放量越少。因此,在等施氮量下,要充分考虑土壤酸化、N_2O排放、NO–3-N积累以及施肥成本等,确定合理分施次数。     

不同施氮量对设施甜椒温室气体排放及净温室效应的影响

本研究在华北地区进行温室甜椒(Capsicum)栽培肥料试验,通过测定不同施氮处理土壤N_2O和CH_4排放量、排放特征和土壤呼吸强度,估算化肥投入、灌溉能源消耗、机械燃油、农药施用等生产投入产生的CO_2当量进而计算净温室效应,探讨了氮肥用量对当地温室蔬菜栽培温室气体排放、净温室效应的影响。田间试验设当地农民传统施肥量(C)、不施氮肥(CK)、推荐施氮量(T1)、推荐施氮量+硝化抑制剂(NP)(T1+NP)4个处理,土壤排放的温室气体用静态箱法采集、Agilent 6820型气相色谱仪测定,土壤呼吸用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动监测系统监测。结果表明,与传统施肥量处理相比,推荐施肥量处理,N_2O排放量明显下降;而4个处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量分别为3.36、3.19、3.25、3.07 thm~(-2),处理间无明显差异,CH_4累积排放量表现出随施氮量升高而下降的趋势;4个处理的净温室效应分别为5460.91、3439.28、4873.21、4622.85 kghm~(-2),因此,可以认为N_2O排放和土壤CO_2当量随施氮量的增加而升高,减少氮肥投入使之保持在适当水平,可降低N_2O、CH_4等温室气体的排放;而在等氮肥投入量的条件添加硝化抑制剂也能,减少温室气体排放和减轻净温室效应。     

有机无机氮肥配施下洛阳烟田土壤N2O排放特点及其控制因素

随着农田化肥使用量的逐年增加和土壤退化问题日趋严重,农田温室气体排放关注度持续提高,为研究旱作植烟土壤N_2O排放特征及影响机理,设置6个田间试验处理,分别为CK0(不施肥处理)、CK1(100%无机氮)、T1(50%无机氮+50%饼肥氮)、T2(50%无机氮+50%羊粪肥氮)、T3(25%无机氮+75%饼肥氮)、T4(25%无机氮+75%羊粪肥氮),各处理施氮量均为45 kg/hm²,烟田施用基肥后起142天内测量不同处理土壤N_2O排放通量、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、根层温度和含水率。结果表明:(1)基肥施入后的3~7天内,土壤N_2O排放通量进入高峰,无机肥处理和有机无机肥配施处理的高峰期分别可维持20,9天,追肥后3天再次出现排放峰并持续9天,随后伴随烟株的生长发育,烟地N_2O排放通量逐渐趋向稳定。(2)基肥施用后仅1个月内N_2O累积排放量可达到总排放量的27.4%~32.6%;处理间N_2O排放量和排放系数均表现为无机>有机+无机(1∶1)>有机+无机(3∶1),无机肥配施有机肥明显降低了肥料中氮素以N_2O形态的损失量;与无机肥相比,T1和T2烟叶产量分别增加9.44%和6.37%,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的N_2O排放强度有着不同程度的降低。(3)主成分分析结果显示,在不施肥烟地中0—5 cm土壤温度和含水率是N_2O排放通量主导因子,利用相关性分析此环境下温度和水分分别与N_2O排放通量间呈现显著和极显著正相关关系;施肥后土壤铵态氮含量和土壤含水率是烟地N_2O排放通量的主导因子且相关性分析均呈现极显著正相关关系。综上,旱地植烟土壤N_2O排放受氮肥种类影响较大,施肥后N_2O排放通量对土壤温度响应减弱,主要受土壤铵态氮含量和含水量的影响;在总氮量相同情况下,有机无机肥配施比例为1∶1时明显降低土壤N_2O排放并提高了产量,该比例饼肥和羊粪肥处理分别将烟地N_2O排放强度降低20.4%和23.7%。     

硫酸铵与DMPP配施对石灰性褐土氮素转化及N2O、CO2排放的影响

为合理利用工业副产硫酸铵,探究3,4—二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)配施硫酸铵对石灰性褐土中氮素转化及N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。通过室内培养试验,研究不同剂量DMPP与硫酸铵配施后,石灰性褐土中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量、土壤pH、N_2O和CO_2排放通量和累计排放量的动态变化,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:单施硫酸铵的ASN处理在培养的前15天硝化作用强烈,第15天时,土壤NH_4~+-N含量降低了477.28 mg/kg, NO_3~--N含量增高了177.03 mg/kg。添加DMPP可以明显抑制硫酸铵NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N转化。培养30天后,0.75%～1.75%剂量的DMPP处理的土壤NO_3~--N含量低于ASN处理174.02～177.00 mg/kg,硝化抑制率为94.92%～95.30%,且在0.75%～1.75%浓度范围内未表现出明显的剂量差异效应。各剂量DMPP在试验期间的硝化抑制效果表现较好,其作用时长为30天以上。培养30天时,与空白CKII处理相比,单施硫酸铵T1处理的N_2O和CO_2的累计排放量分别显著增加了975.3%,126.66%(P0.05),而添加了DMPP的T2处理相较于单施硫酸铵T1处理,N_2O和CO_2累计排放量分别显著降低了76.8%,6.22%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,CO_2排放通量与N_2O排放通量呈正相关关系,土壤pH与N_2O、CO_2排放通量呈负相关关系。硫酸铵与0.75%DMPP配合施用在一定程度上可以抑制土壤酸化,同时短期内可以显著降低N_2O和CO_2累计排放量(P0.05)。     

水稻秸秆添加对不同种稻年限黑土CH4排放特征的影响

  目的  评估水稻秸秆添加对东北地区不同种稻年限黑土CH₄的排放的影响,以期为黑土水稻田秸秆还田提供理论依据。  方法  不同种稻年限（0、12、35、62和85 a）黑土,分别设不添加（CK）和添加1%水稻秸秆（S）处理,进行淹水培养试验（培养温度为20 ℃,淹水层为1 cm）,测定土壤CH₄排放通量及累积排放量,比较不同种稻年限土壤对水稻秸秆添加响应的差异。  结果  在淹水培养期间（150 d）,添加水稻秸秆处理各种稻年限土壤CH₄排放通量（0.00 ~ 3.33 mg kg?1 d?1）显著（P > 0.05）高于未添加秸秆处理（0.00 ~ 0.13 mg kg?1 d?1）,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄排放主要集中于淹水培养的前80 d和60 d。未添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为0.04 ~ 4.45 mg kg?1,不同年限稻田土壤CH₄累积排放量差异不显著（P > 0.05）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为29.64 ~ 91.08 mg kg?1,显著高于未添加水稻秸秆处理（P < 0.05）,且12 a和35 a土壤CH₄累积排放量显著高于0 a、62 a和85 a（P < 0.05）。未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量还与土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,土壤CH₄累积排放量增量也与土壤有机碳含量也呈显著线性正相关（P < 0.01）。水稻秸秆添加后土壤可溶性有机氮含量是影响土壤CH₄排放的直接因素,土壤可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响土壤CH₄排放的间接因素。  结论  水稻秸秆添加显著促进了黑土不同种稻年限土壤CH₄排放,种稻年限越长,水稻秸秆添加后土壤CH₄排放量越少。本试验条件下,黑土种稻年限大于35年时,水稻秸秆还田带来的土壤CH₄排放量相对较小。     

菜地土壤中氮肥的反硝化损失和N2O排放

A field experiment was conducted on Chinese cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis （Lour.） Olsson） in a Nanjing suburb in 2003. The experiment included 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates： zero chemical fertilizer N （CK）; urea at rates of 300 kg N ha^-1 （U300） and 600 kg N ha^-1 （U600）, both as basal and two topdressings; and polymer-coated urea at a rate of 180 kg N ha^-1 （PCU180） as a basal application. The acetylene inhibition technique was used to measure denitrification （N2 ＋ N2O） from intact soil cores and N2O emissions in the absence of acetylene. Results showed that compared to （3K total denitrification losses were significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） in the PCU180, U300, and U600 treatments,while N2O emissions in the U300 and U600 treatments were significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） than （3K. In the U300 and U600 treatments peaks of denitrification and N2O emission were usually observed after N application. In the polymer-coated urea treatment （PCU180） during the period 20 to 40 days after transplanting, higher denitrification rates and N2O fluxes occurred. Compared with urea, polymer-coated urea did not show any effect on reducing denitrification losses and N2O emissions in terms of percentage of applied N. As temperature gradually decreased from transplanting to harvest, denitrification rates and N2O emissions tended to decrease. A significant （P ≤0.01） positive correlation occurred between denitrification （r = 0.872） or N2O emission （r = 0.781） flux densities and soil temperature in the CK treatment with a stable nitrate content during the whole growing season.     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

施肥方式对冬小麦季紫色土N2O排放特征的影响

利用紫色土养分循环长期定位施肥试验平台,通过静态箱-气相色谱法,于2012年11月至2013年5月,研究了单施氮肥(N)、猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)、秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(CRNPK)及对照不施肥(NF)6种施肥方式下,紫色土冬小麦季土壤N2O的排放特征。结果表明,在相同施氮水平[130 kg(N)·hm-2]下,施肥方式对N2O排放量有显著影响(P0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和CRNPK处理下,土壤N2O排放量[kg(N)·hm-2]分别为0.38、0.36、0.29、0.33和0.19,N2O排放系数分别为0.25%、0.23%、0.18%、0.21%和0.10%。NF的土壤N2O排放量为0.06 kg(N)·hm-2。土壤无机氮含量(NO3--N和NH4+-N)是N2O排放的主要影响因子,降雨能有效激发N2O排放。基于小麦产量评价不同施肥方式下的N2O排放,结果表明,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和CRNPK单位小麦产量N2O的GWP值[yield-scaled GWP,kg(CO2 eq)·t-1]分别为132.57、45.70、49.07、48.92和26.41。CRNPK的小麦产量与6种施肥方式中获得最大产量的OM间没有显著差异,但显著高于其他处理。而且,CRNPK的yield-scaled GWP比紫色土地区冬小麦种植中常规施肥方式(NPK)显著减少46%,并显著低于其他4种施肥方式。可见,秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥在保证小麦产量的同时,能有效减少因施肥引发的N2O排放,可作为紫色土地区推荐的最佳施肥措施。     

黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦生长期N2O排放特征与基于优化施氮的减排方法研究

为了解陕西黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放规律,探索旱地N2O减排方法,采用密闭式静态箱法,以不同施氮处理[CK:对照,不施氮;CON:当地农民习惯施氮,施氮量220 kg·hm-2;OPT:优化施氮加秸秆还田,施氮量150 kg·hm-2;OPT+DCD:优化施氮加秸秆还田,同时施用施氮量5%的硝化抑制剂DCD;OPT(SR):优化施氮(所用肥料为包膜型缓控释肥)加秸秆还田]为基础,研究黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦农田N2O季节排放特征和减排措施。结果表明:黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放具有首月持续、大量排放,末月雨后瞬间排放,中期低排放的特点。各处理中,OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)在播种—返青期能显著减少N2O排放水平,而返青—成熟期,各优化处理差异不显著。从整个小麦季N2O排放总量来看,各优化处理能够减少N2O排放量,提高作物产量,降低单位产量N2O排放量。具体表现为:1与CON处理的N2O排放量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别减排29.2%(P0.01)、38.7%(P0.01)和39.3%(P0.01),但3个优化处理间差异不显著;2与CON处理的产量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别增产3.8%(P0.05)、15.2%(P0.05)和9.5%(P0.05);3与CON处理的单位产量N2O排放量相比,OPT处理单位产量N2O排放量减少31.7%(P0.05);而相对于OPT处理,OPT+DCD处理和OPT(SR)处理分别减少了单位产量排放量的22.1%(P0.05)和18.9%(P0.05)。本研究表明,减少施氮量至150 kg·hm-2,并施用秸秆是减少N2O排放的重要手段,而施用缓控释肥或一定量的DCD可提升作物产量。     

Effects of Maize-Soybean Intercropping on Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Silt Loam Soil in the North China Plain

Maize(Zea mays L.), a staple crop in the North China Plain, contributing substantially to agricultural nitrous oxide(N_2O)emissions in this region. Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce N_2O emissions. However, few have investigated soil N_2O emissions in intercropping systems. In the current study, we investigate whether maize-soybean intercropping treatments could reduce N_2O emission rates. Two differently configured maize-soybean intercropping treatments, 2:2 intercropping(two rows of maize and two rows of soybean, 2M2S) and 2:1 intercropping(two rows of maize and one row of soybean,2M1S), and monocultured maize(M) and soybean(S) treatments were performed using a static chamber method. The results showed no distinct yield advantage for the intercropping systems. The total N_2O production from the various treatments was 0.15 ± 0.04–113.85 ± 12.75 μg m~(-2) min~(-1). The cumulative N_2O emission from the M treatment was 16.9 ± 2.3 kg ha~(-1) over the entire growing season(three and a half months), which was significantly higher(P 0.05) than that of the 2M2S and 2M1S treatments by 36.6% and 32.2%, respectively. Two applications of nitrogen(N) fertilizer(as urea) at 240 kg N ha~(-1) each induced considerable soil N_2O fluxes. Short-term N_2O emissions(within one week after each of the two N applications) accounted for 74.4%–83.3% of the total emissions. Soil moisture, temperature, and inorganic N were significantly correlated with soil N_2O emissions(R~2= 0.246–0.365, n =192, P 0.001). Soil nitrate(NO_3~-) and moisture decreased in the intercropping treatments during the growing season. These results indicate that maize-soybean intercropping can reduce soil N_2O emissions relative to monocultured maize.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization, cropping and irrigation on soil air composition and nitrous oxide emission in a loamy clay

Most of the nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the atmosphere, thought to be involved in global warming, is emitted from soil. Although the main factors controlling the production of N₂O in soil are well known, we need more quantitative data on the interactions of soil and the environment in the soil that affect the emission. We therefore studied the effects of irrigation, cropping (fallow, barley with grass undersown) and N fertilization (unfertilized, 103 kg N ha^?1) on the composition of soil air and direct N₂O emission from soil (using the closed chamber method) in a factorial field experiment on a well‐structured loamy clay soil during 1 June?22 October 1993. The measurements were made weekly during the growing season and three times after harvesting. The composition of the soil air did not indicate severe anoxia in any treatment or combination of treatments, but the accumulation of N₂O in the soil air indicated that hypoxia was common. At the start of the irrigation the emissions were small, even though there was much ammonium and nitrate in the soil and therefore a potential for emission of N₂O produced by both nitrification and denitrification. Larger emissions occurred later. The largest emissions were found when 60–90% of the soil pore space was filled with water. Irrigation and fertilization with N both roughly doubled the cumulative N₂O emission. Growing a crop decreased it by a factor of 3–7. Most N₂O was lost from the irrigated fertilized soil under fallow (3.5 kg N ha^?1), and least from the unirrigated unfertilized soil under barley (0.1 kg N ha^?1).     

Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N₂O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N₂O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha^?1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N₂O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N₂O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha^?1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha^?1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha^?1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N₂O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N₂O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N₂O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.     

Nitrous oxide emissions under a four-year crop rotation system in northern Japan: impacts of reduced tillage,composted cattle manure application and increased plant residue input

In the context of their role in global warming, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soil under different management practices were studied in Hokkaido, northern Japan. To assess the impacts of reduced tillage, composted cattle manure-based fertilization and amendments with crop residues and green manure on N₂O emissions from soil, a field experiment was conducted under a four-year crop rotation on a well-drained Andisol. The crop rotation included potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) or sweet corn (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The cumulative N₂O emissions for the four-year study period differed widely (0.33 to 4.90?kg?N?ha^?1), depending on the treatments imposed, being the greatest for a combination of conventional moldboard plow tillage, composted cattle manure-based fertilization and increased plant residue input, and the lowest for a combination of conventional tillage, chemical fertilizer-based fertilization and normal plant residue input treatments. The cumulative N₂O emissions under reduced tillage were all small, irrespective of fertilization and plant residue input treatments. Composted cattle manure-based fertilization (P?≤?0.01) and increased plant residue input (P?≤?0.01) significantly increased cumulative N₂O emissions. Tillage showed a significant interaction with fertilization and plant residue input, indicating that N₂O emissions were enhanced when composted cattle manure, crop residues and green manure were incorporated by conventional tillage. In the present study, the N₂O emission factors for chemical fertilizer, composted cattle manure and crop residues were 0.26?±?0.44, 0.11?±?0.16 and ?0.03?±?0.52%, respectively, all much lower than the country-specific emission factor for Japan's well-drained soils (0.62%) and the default emission factor used in the IPCC guideline (1%).     

施肥对夏玉米季紫色土N2O排放及反硝化作用的影响

采用原状土柱-乙炔抑制培养法研究了施肥对紫色土玉米生长季土壤N2O排放通量和反硝化作用的影响.结果表明:玉米季施肥显著增加土壤N2O排放和反硝化损失,同时,各施肥处理间N2O排放与反硝化损失量差异显著.猪厩肥、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥、氮肥、氮磷钾肥和秸秆配施氮磷钾肥等处理的土壤N,O排放量分别为3.01、2.86、2.51、2.19和1.88 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的1.63％、1.53％、1.30％、1.09％和0.88％,反硝化损失量分别为6.74、6.11、5.23、4.69和4.12 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的3.97％、3.55％、2.97％、2.61％和2.23％,不施肥土壤的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量仅为0.56和0.78 kg hm-2.施肥是紫色土玉米生长前期(2周内)土壤N2O排放和反硝化速率出现高峰的主要驱动因子,土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响土壤N2O排放、土壤硝化和反硝化作用的限制因子,土壤含水量是重要影响因子,降雨是主要促发因素.土壤N2O排放量与反硝化损失量的比值介于0.45 ～0.72之间,土壤反硝化损失量极显著高于土壤N2O排放量,说明土壤反硝化作用是紫色土玉米生长季氮肥损失的重要途径.