铅胁迫对茶树生长及叶片生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤铅浓度对茶叶生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤铅浓度的升高,夏茶叶绿素含量显著下降,并有失绿现象,茶树生长受到一定程度的抑制。春茶叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,夏茶叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。当铅浓度为100mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最大值2.93mg·g-1;铅浓度为1500mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最小值2.28mg·g-1;随铅浓度增加,叶片中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量显著增加,两者与铅浓度呈显著正相关,春茶的相关系数分别为0.922（P〈0.01）和0.880（P〈0.01）,夏茶的相关系数为0.871（P〈0.05）和0.971（P〈0.01）,且夏茶中的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量大于春茶。铅对春茶、夏茶中可溶性糖的合成有一定的抑制作用,相关系数分别为-0.715（P〈0.01）和-0.912（P〈0.01）。在铅浓度为0～200mg·kg-1时,春茶可溶性糖有小幅度增加;在铅浓度为200mg·kg-1时,春茶、夏茶可溶性糖含量都同时达到最大值。     

Trace Metal Incorporation in Otoliths of Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri Munro), an Indicator of Exposure to Metal Contamination

Otoliths of black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) collected from the Swan River Estuary were analysed by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to measure concentrations of 14 trace metals. Trace metal concentrations in the otoliths may be related to the environmental exposure history of fish to contamination. The following metal isotopes were investigated: aluminium (²⁷Al), calcium (⁴⁴Ca), manganese (⁵⁵Mn), iron (⁵⁷Fe), copper (⁶⁵Cu), zinc (⁶⁶Zn), strontium (⁸⁸Sr), cadmium (¹¹¹Cd), tin (¹²⁰Sn), barium (¹³⁸Ba), mercury (²⁰²Hg), lead (²⁰⁸Pb) and the metalloids arsenic (⁷⁵As, ⁷⁷As) and selenium (⁸²Se). Significant differences in otolith trace metal composition were found between sampling sites. Lead and ⁵⁷Fe were consistently lower in downstream fish relative to upstream fish, while ⁸⁸Sr varied with the salinity gradient in the urban estuary. Lead and ⁵⁷Fe followed similar patterns within the otoliths, and appeared to provide the best discriminatory power for relating otolith metal concentration to the environmental history of the fish.     

Hydrocarbon and Toxic Metal Contamination from Tank Installations in a Northwest Greenlandic Village

Contamination from tank installations in the Arctic is an important issue, since tanks are a necessary feature of all communities, and may be a source of local pollution. Soil samples from below and around three tank installations and one reference site in the Northwest Greenlandic village of Tasiusaq were analysed for the total content of hydrocarbons (THC), lead, cadmium and organic content in the soil. Concentrations up to 77,000?mg/kg DW THC were found, mainly as weathered oil products. Elevated levels of lead and cadmium were also found in many of the samples, with concentrations up to 300 and 2?mg/kg DW, respectively. The tank installation areas were contaminated by THC, lead and cadmium compared to the reference site, and parts of the areas were highly contaminated, exceeding the Danish environmental quality criteria. The correlation between lead and cadmium concentrations was significant (p?<?0.01), while no correlation existed between THC and organic matter. Small spills from daily use of the tank installations are suggested to be the source of the THC contamination, whereas the lead and cadmium contamination is suggested to originate primarily from the plume of smoke from waste incineration.     

Levels of Lead and other Metals in Citrus Alongside a Motor Road

The present study investigates the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves of Citrus limon (L.) Burm picked up from a field situated near a busy road. Samples were collected at different distances of 1–500 m from the road. Washed and unwashed foliage of citrus were analyzed by AA. Differences between washed and unwashed samples were found only for lead which indicated a significant reduction in concentration in all distances that come up to 52.35%, the differences evidence that this metal mainly reaches leaves by aerial deposition. Lead concentration in leaves of citrus with regard to distance from the roads decreases rapidly with increasing distance. Lead levels were higher than typical background concentrations. These concentrations indicated that lead pollution on a local scale is caused by emissions from motor vehicles that are still using leaded gasoline, that is, the only source of contamination known in this place. The content of the other metals did not present significant differences between washed and unwashed samples and the concentrations are not a function of the distance from the road.     

Effect of chelate fertilizers on dry matter and metallic composition of bean plants in a pot experiment

Bean plants were grown in pots contaning 6 kg of loamy sandy soil. A basal dose of NPK (150–120–100 kg/ha) fertilizers was mixed with the soil before potting and was repeated when the bean plants were 30 days old. Five different fertilizers and three rates of each fertilizer were investigated in this study. Fertilizers were applied seven days after germination and all treatments were triplicated. Bean plants were harvested 20, 30, and 45 days after sowing, dried, weighed, and digested in nitric‐perchloric acids. Concentrations of 18 elements were determined in the digests using an inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometer. At the end of the experiment, soil samples were also collected and extracted with DTPA. Bean dry matter yield was not significantly (p<0.05) affected by fertilizer application. Concentrations of aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in plant samples collected from the control treatments. Fertilizer application had no significant effect on concentrations of copper (Cu), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and lead (Pb) in bean plants. Metal concentrations decreased with an increase in plant age, probably due to dilution effect. DTPA‐extractable concentrations of Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Mo, and V were not significantly (p<0.05) correlated to their respective concentrations in bean plants.     

Comparative Study of Lead Accumulation in Different Organs of the Freshwater Crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zilchiopsis oronensis</Emphasis>

Lead (Pb) is known as an important aquatic contaminant with different toxic effects on various organisms. Until now, only few quantitative investigations have been published comparing Pb content in different organs of adult freshwater crabs. Their capacity to bioaccumulate other heavy metals is already known, and they can potentially transfer Pb to the terrestrial systems, as they are frequent trophic items of reptiles and birds, even humans. The objectives of this study were to assess Pb accumulation in the gills, carapace, digestive gland, and quela muscle of the freshwater crab Zilchiopsis oronensis, and to correlate bioaccumulation with morphometric data and sex. The crabs were manually caught in unpolluted ponds of the middle Paraná River alluvial valley (Santa Fe, Argentina). After the acclimation period, they were individually and randomly exposed per quadruplicate to three Pb experimental doses: 20, 40, and 80 mg Pb/L, in plastic cages during 15 days. After dissecting the crabs, the tissues were analyzed for lead in a Perkin Elmer Analyst 800 atomic absorption spectrometer. We found significant differences (p < 0.05) between the control and each one of the treatments but not between treatments (p > 0.05) and highly significant differences (p < 0.0001) between Pb concentration in organs. The Tukey posttest showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between gills–carapace, gills–digestive gland, and gills–quela muscle. The weight of the crabs only showed a negative correlation with Pb in the quela muscle (r = −0.53; p = 0.03). Pb in the carapace (but not in the other tissues) was positively correlated with the width (p = 0.571) and length (p = 0.616). Males accumulated more Pb than females, though not significantly. The present paper is aimed to contribute to our knowledge on Pb accumulation in freshwater crabs and select the better indicator organisms for biomonitoring.     

Isolation and partial characterization of two types of muscle collagen in some cephalopods

Collagen from muscle of volador (Illex coindetii), pota (Toradopsis eblanae), and white octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) was characterized in terms of anatomical location, sex, and maturity. Collagen content was higher in arms than in mantle in all three species; there were also significant differences in octopus depending on the age of the individual. Concerning sex, the largest differences in the amount of collagen were found in relation to total protein content. In volador and pota, collagen solubility was higher in the mantle than in the arms, and in the case of pota there were also sex-related differences. In octopus males, solubility was higher in the arms. Two types of collagen, I and V, were identified as the principal constituents in all three species and at both anatomical locations (mantle and arms). The electrophoretic mobility of the alpha2 chain differed in the two types of collagen, but the amino acid compositions of the collagen were similar in the mantle and arms in all three species examined.     

Concentration of three toxic metals in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) of biloxi and pascagoula,Mississippi estuaries

Concentrations of three toxic trace metals, Hg, Pb, and Cd in the commercial oyster Crassostrea virginica were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Oysters were collected from the Biloxi, Ocean Springs and Pascagoula, Mississippi area. Mercury concentrations were low and appeared to be natural background levels. Lead content of the Mississippi oysters compared favorably with levels in Atlantic Coast oysters, but Cd in Atlantic Coast oysters was approximately 6.7 times greater than in the local specimens. There was no definite relation between oyster size and Pb, Hg or Cd content.     

Metal Status of Nairobi River Waters and Their Bioaccumulation in Labeo Cylindricus

This study focused on the analysis of metals in water and fish from Nairobi River. Water from Kikuyu, Kawangware, Chiromo, Eastleigh, Njiru and Fourteen Falls along the Nairobi River was analyzed for the presence of metals. Most of the metal levels in water were below the critical limit of World Health Organization and Kenya Bureau of Standards except for lead, chromium, iron and manganese. Isolated cases of mercury and aluminium pollution were recorded. Except for iron, sodium and potassium, there was no significant difference in the concentration of metals at different sites. This study also analyzed metal levels in fish organs and tissues of fish caught from downstream (Fourteen Falls). The highest zinc concentration (360 μg/g) was in the scales, copper recorded the highest concentration in the kidney (45 μg/g), while cadmium recorded high values (167 μg/g) in the heart. Lead recorded high values (178 μg/g) in the heart and mercury recorded high values also in the heart (1000 ng/g). Most of these organs, are however, not eaten by man as food. Although metal levels were within normal levels in the water at Fourteen Falls, mercury, copper, lead and iron recorded higher than accepted levels in some fish organs. This calls for caution in the consumption of fish from Fourteen Falls.     

Digestive Cecum and Tissue Redistribution in Gills of Telescopium telescopium as Indicators of Ni Bioavailabilities and Contamination in Tropical Intertidal Areas

The relationships between the Ni concentrations of the mudflat snails Telescopium telescopium and the surface sediments have not been reported yet from tropical intertidal areas. In this study, telescope snails and surface sediments were collected from 18 geographical sampling sites in intertidal areas of Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of Ni were measured in seven different soft tissues of the snails namely foot, cephalic tentacles, mantle, muscle, gill, digestive cecum, and remaining soft tissues. It was found that different concentrations of Ni were found in the different soft tissues, indicating different mechanisms of sequestration and regulation of Ni in these different tissues. By comparing the Ni concentrations in the similar tissues, spatial variations of Ni were found in the different sampling sites although there was no consistent pattern of Ni in these sites. The highest Ni variation based on the ratio of maximum to minimum values indicated that cephalic tentacle and foot were the main organs having high Ni variation. The use of correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis revealed that digestive cecum of T. telescopium could be used to reflect the Ni contamination of the sampling site. Also, the digestive cecum and gill were found to be the main bioaccumulation and storage sites for Ni. From the Ni accumulation patterns in all the populations investigated, tissue redistributions of Ni in gill was identified and could be proposed as an indicator of high Ni bioavailability and contamination in the sampling site. To our knowledge, this is the first and most comprehensive study on Ni accumulation in the different soft tissues of T. telescopium from tropical intertidal areas, in relation to the sediment data.     

Variation in Total and Extractable Elements with Distance from Roads in an Urban Watershed,Honolulu, Hawaii

Roads play a major role intransporting sediment associated nonpoint sourcepollutants to urban stream networks via storm drains. In urban areas the relationship of erodible soil toroads may be of critical importance in controllingmetal contributions to roads. Two 50-m transects(Park and School) were investigated perpendicular toroads in Manoa basin, Oahu, Hawaii. Concentrations ofnine elements were compared to background control soillocations and to five supplemental samples from nearbyrecreational parks. Sediment from curbside areas ofroads (road deposited sediment) was collected as thestarting point of each transect, and subsequently soilwas sampled from two depths (0–2.5 cm and 7.5–10.0 cm)along the transects. Total and 0.5 M HCl extractableconcentrations were determined for aluminum (Al),calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)using either inductively coupled plasma-atomicemission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or flame atomicemission spectroscopy (FAAS). Ca, Cu, Pb and Znexhibited anthropogenic enhancement, with Pb and Znhaving the greatest enrichment in road sedimentfollowed by locations nearest the road. Copperdisplayed a narrower band of contamination than eitherPb or Zn, and this may reflect larger aerosolassociations and more rapid fall velocities. Lead andZn exhibited substantial decay in concentration at 50 m compared to the road sediment, but enrichment wasstill apparent. The positioning of a band of soilbetween the road-curb area and the sidewalk for thePark transect facilitated deposition and storage oftrace metals, and with subsequent erosion by splash orconcentrated flow this area can account for continuedtransport of contaminated sediment to adjacent roadsurfaces. On the other hand the School transect hadno soil directly beside the road, and the nearestsample from the road (5 m) displayed enrichment butsubstantially lower than the Park transect. Thesepreliminary data suggest that remobilization of soilstored metals in close proximity to roads cansignificantly prolong the environmental contaminationof urban road systems and eventually stream sediments.     

Regional and Long-Term Patterns of Lead Concentrations in Riverine, Marine and Terrestrial Systems and Humans in Northwest Europe

Lead contamination of abiotic and biotic systems has beenstudied closely since the early 1970s, when lead was firstperceived as an environmental problem. Lead emission reductionpolicies were implemented throughout Europe during that time.Nonetheless, analyses of lead loads in aquatic systems, such asthe River Elbe, showed no decline over time in either suspendedmatter or surface sediments. Regional differences in leadconcentrations of fluvial, i.e. riverine systems were found,due to tidal influence, runoff and local emissions. Leadcontamination of sediments from the North Sea was highest inestuaries. Concentrations in sediment cores were quite stabledown to the depth of background values, due to bioturbation,flow, waves and meandering channels. Terrestrial soils inEurope were highly polluted in industrial and ore mining areasand large cities. No decline in lead concentrations was evident in foraminifera,bladder wrack or fish. It was found that contamination insediments, mammals and fish livers was higher in coastal zonesthan in the open sea. In contrast to aquatic organisms,positive impacts of lead reduction regulations were detected interrestrial plants, which adsorbed or took up lead mainlythrough atmospheric lead deposition. European leadconcentrations in plants decreased coincidently with leademissions. That trend could also be identified in the bloodlead levels of the human population in Europe: since 1979 theyhave declined in every group of the population. Mainlyinfluenced by age, sex and the living environment, overall, thelead loads of humans had never been high enough to cause healtheffects.     

The effects of lead shot deposition on soils and crops at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England

Abstract. The impact of lead shot on soils and crops was examined at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England. Topsoil cores were collected along a 300 m transect from the shooting range, and the numbers of lead shot pellets per soil core, total and 'plant-available'(0.5 m acetic acid extractable) lead concentrations, organic matter content, pH and cation exchange capacity were determined. The number of oilseed rape plants and their stem diameters were recorded in 1 m² quadrats placed at the soil sampling locations. Total and 'plant-available' lead concentrations in the soil were most but plant numbers per m² and mean stem diameters were least in the area of greatest lead shot deposition. Total lead concentrations in the soil commonly exceeded 5000 mg/kg; these are considerably greater than threshold 'trigger' concentrations proposed by the Department of the Environment, above which soils are considered to be contaminated and warrant further investigation. Concentrations of lead in the oilseed rape plants themselves were also largest in the area of most intense lead shot deposition; in root samples the lead concentration exceeded 400 mg/kg. The management and remediation of contaminated soils at the clay pigeon shooting site are discussed.     

Predicting total soil lead from an acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffered solution

Abstract

Total soil lead was predicted satisfactorily from the Lead extracted by the Standard Morgan soil testing solution (sodium acetate with acetic acid, pH 4.8). Using 161 soils, 85% of the variance in total lead content was accounted for by:

Total Lead = ‐115 + 106.4 √Sodium Acetate Extracted Lead A modified Morgan solution, utilizing EDTA as a chelating agent, extracted greater than 3 times as much lead as the regular Morgan's solution, but was no better in predicting total lead.     

Uptake of macro nutrients,barium, and strontium by vegetation from mineral soils on carbonatite and pyroxenite bedrock at the Lillebukt Alkaline Complex on Stjernøy,Northern Norway

Carbonatite originating from the Lillebukt Alkaline Complex at Stjernøy in Northern Norway possesses favorable lime and potassium (K) fertilizer characteristics. However, enrichments of barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr) in carbonatite may cause an undesired uptake by plants when applied to agroecosystems. A field survey was carried out to compare concentrations of Ba, Sr, and macronutrients in indigenous plants growing in mineral soil developed on a bedrock of apatite–biotite–carbonatite (high in Ba and Sr) and of apatite–hornblende–pyroxenite (low in Ba and Sr) at Stjernøy. Samples of soil and vegetation were collected from three sites, two on carbonatite bedrock and one on pyroxenite bedrock. Ammonium lactate (AL)‐extracted soil samples and nitric acid microwave‐digested samples of soil, grasses, dwarf shrubs, and herbs were analyzed for element concentration using ICP‐MS and ICP‐OES. Concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in both soil (AL) and plants were equal to or higher compared to values commonly reported. A high transfer of phosphorus (P) from soil to plants indicates that the apatite‐P is available to plants, particularly in pyroxenite soil. The non‐exchangeable K reservoir in the soil made a significant contribution to the elevated K transfer from soil to plant. Total concentrations of Ba and Sr in surface soil exhibited a high spatial variation ranging from 490 to 5,300 mg Ba kg^?1 and from 320 to 1,300 mg Sr kg^?1. The transfer of AL‐extractable elements from soil to plants increased in the order Ba < Sr < Ca < Mg < K, hence reflecting the chemical binding strength of these elements. Concentrations of Ba and Sr were low in grasses (≈ 20 mg kg^?1), intermediate in dwarf shrubs and highest in herbs. Plant species and their affinity for Ca seemed more important in explaining the uptake of Ba and Sr than the soil concentration of these elements. The leguminous plant species Vicia cracca acted as an accumulator of both Ba (1.800 mg kg^?1) and Sr (2.300 mg kg^?1).     

Lead Accumulation in Quercus Nigra and Q. Velutina near Smelting Facilities in Alabama,U.S.A.

Lead is very toxic and if ingested cancause severe health problems to both animals andhumans. To determine if lead accumulation in treescould provide a direct pathway to enter the foodchain, oaks (Q. nigra or Q. velutina)growing near two lead smelting facilities in Alabama,U.S.A., were analyzed for lead in acorns, leaves and treecores. A relatively pristine site was used as acontrol. Lead was not detected in acorns collected atany site, and was only found in tree cores from thesites near smelters. Significant increases in treecore lead from 1975–1995 were detected at the activesmelter site. Results were different from the inactivesmelter site; lead increased in tree cores until thesmelter ceased operation, then decreased afterclosing. Soil lead decreased linearly with distancefrom both smelters. In addition, a significantpositive relationship was observed between leaf andsoil lead at the site with the active smelter, andmay be the result of both translocation via treeroots, and foliar absorption of deposited lead ionsinto the leaf structure.     

Effect of soil composition on adsorption of lead as reflected by a study on a natural forest soil profile

The adsorption characteristics of lead on each genetic horizon of a natural brown forest soil profile were studied to recognize the possible immobilizing effect of a mineralogical diverse soil profile in the case of a possible lead contamination. Lead adsorption experiments were carried out on whole soil samples, soil clay fractions, as well as on their carbonate and organic matter free variant. TEM-EDS analyses were performed to characterize the adsorption capacity of individual mineral phases. The most important lead adsorbents in order of importance are the organic matter, the clay minerals, and the iron oxides. The most significant process is the ion exchange of calcium by lead with the respect to adsorption. The organic matter adsorbs more lead than clay minerals, and clay fractions adsorb more lead as compared to the whole soil samples. Among mixed layer clay minerals, those containing swelling component have the highest lead adsorption capacity, but the exact distinguishing of the individual clay mineral particles with the respect to their adsorption capacity is not possible. The calcite influences the lead adsorption through its buffering capacity: high calcite content results in lead precipitation. Soils characterized by high amount of organic matter, swelling clay mineral accumulation horizon and calcareous subsoil are suitable medium to immobilize a significant lead pollution.     

Uptake and Fate of Lead in the Common Asteroid Asterias Rubens (Echinodermata)

Lead uptake kinetics in the body compartments of Asterias rubens individuals exposed through sea water to different concentrations (5, 20, 50 µg Pb l-¹) were studied during 30 days. Uptake kinetics were always best described by linear regressions. In every compartment, uptake rate increased significantly with the contaminating concentration. At a given concentration, the uptake rate of the central digestive tract was always significantly higher than that of the other compartments. After short-term exposures (50 µg Pb l-¹, 8 days), fate of accumulated Pb was followed in asteroids kept in non-contaminated water during 20 days. The central digestive tract and the pyloric caeca lost Pb according to an inverse exponential trend and concentrations returned to initial values after 4 to 8 days. Pb concentrations in the body wall decreased linearly. Pb concentrations in the skeleton did not vary significantly. In the gonads, Pb concentrations kept on rising while exogenous Pb was no more supplied. Pb loss from the body wall and the digestive compartments could account for such endogenous source to the gonads. It is suggested that Pb accumulated in the gonads is expulsed later through spawning. According to the parameters of uptake and loss kinetics, the central digestive tract and the skeleton are proposed as complementary temporal bioindicators of Pb contamination.     

Lead tolerance in Aporrectodea rosea earthworms from a clay pigeon shooting site

Lead tolerance in individuals of the earthworm species Aporrectodea rosea collected from a clay pigeon shooting site was investigated. Lead concentrations in the shooting site soil and the un-shot control site were 6410±2250 and 296±98 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Of these concentrations 1050±240 and 12±9 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight were suggested to be available, using ammonium acetate (1 M), respectively. With respect to earthworm body burdens of lead the shooting site earthworms had a body burden of 6.1±1.2 mg_Pb g⁻¹ dry weight while the uncontaminated site earthworms had almost a 1000-times lower body burden of 7.1±9.0 μg_Pb g⁻¹ dry weight. Lead tolerance was assessed in uncontaminated soil that had been augmented with lead, using lead nitrate solutions, to obtain lead concentrations in soil of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight. Earthworms were exposed for 28 days during which time a semi-qualitative assessment was made of their condition. Results showed no decrease in condition in the shooting site earthworms with increasing exposure time or concentration. In contrast, earthworms collected from an uncontaminated site showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in condition when exposed to lead concentrations above, and including, a concentration of 5 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight soil. These results suggested lead tolerance in the shooting site earthworms.     

外源铅胁迫对不同土壤上水稻生长及铅形态的影响

采用温室水稻盆栽试验研究2种土壤上水稻铅的生物有效性及土壤铅形态的变化。结果表明:铅对2种土壤水稻干物重和籽粒重量的影响表现为,随铅处理浓度升高,水稻干物重和籽粒重量明显下降。黄红壤上种植的水稻干物重和籽粒重量高于青紫泥。不同铅处理下水稻各器官铅含量表现为根>茎>叶>壳>籽粒。2种土壤上NH4OAc提取的有效态铅含量与外源铅的量呈显著正相关。随外源土壤铅含量增加土壤pH显著下降。随土壤铅含量增加土壤铅的生物有效性增强,水稻对铅的吸收明显增加,水稻可食部的铅含量升高。采用连续提取法分析了土壤铅的形态,结果表明,青紫泥铁锰氧化态和有机态的铅含量高于黄红壤,水溶态、交换态和碳酸盐态含量低于黄红壤。铅在黄红壤上的移动性较青紫泥高。