硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。     

植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌效果

为给新型生物农药的研发提出依据,用黄连、黄芩、大蒜、金银花、柴胡和连翘6种植物的浸提液单剂及其复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌进行处理,探索浸提液单剂及复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌的影响。综合对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长和产孢量两方面的影响,植物浸提液单剂的抑菌效果相对较好的处理分别是50%黄连、30%黄芩、20%金银花、60%柴胡、50%连翘、60%连翘以及10%大蒜、30%大蒜、60%大蒜。6种植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑菌作用,以黄连的抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌率为52.95%,平均抑产孢率为59.46%。     

胨冻样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用

本文首次报道胨冻样芽孢杆菌XDB1和D4B1对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。实验表明,XDB1和D4B1的发酵原液和无细胞提取物具有相同的抑菌效果,而经121℃处理30分钟后,抑菌活性丧失。D481菌株的抑菌活性高于XDB1,钾长石作为基质时的活性高于土壤矿物。但是,XDB1和D481对立枯丝核病菌(R..solani)、西瓜尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、腐霉(Pythium sp)、小麦全蚀病菌(G.graminis)、烟炭疽病菌(C.gloeosporides)、烟草赤星病菌(A.alternata)、烟草黑胫病菌(P.nicotianae、串珠镰刀病菌(F.moniliforme)和水稻稻瘟病菌(P.grisea)无抑制作用。     

硝/铵营养对香蕉生长及其枯萎病发生的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同硝/铵配比对香蕉生长及其根际尖孢镰刀菌侵染的影响。结果表明, 1）铵硝混合营养对香蕉生长的效果优于单一营养,尤其是在75%硝态氮+25%铵态氮处理下香蕉生长最好,叶片中氮、磷、钾含量也最高; 2）香蕉根际pH在100%铵态氮处理时最低,随着硝态氮比例的增加,pH逐渐上升; 3）接种尖孢镰刀菌后,根际病原菌数量在100% 铵态氮处理时最多,但是在根系细胞内却没有检测到,相反,随着硝态氮比例的增加,虽然在根际中检测到的病菌数量有所降低,但是在根系内均发现存在病原菌。本研究结果说明,相对于铵硝混合营养,全铵营养会导致香蕉生长受到一定的影响,但是却能够防止香蕉尖孢镰刀菌侵染进植物根系。由于在离体培养时,全铵可以抑制尖孢镰刀菌穿透植物细胞壁的过程,因此全铵培养植物时,其根部质外体及细胞中铵态氮浓度高很可能是抑制病原菌侵染的主要原因。     

香蕉根围土壤尖孢镰刀菌与养分特征及相关性

拟通过分析香蕉种植土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量与养分含量,阐明香蕉枯萎病发生流行时土壤中尖孢镰刀菌与养分的特征及其相互关系,为香蕉枯萎病的防控提供一定的理论依据。在我国及老挝15块香蕉园中分别随机采集9个罹患枯萎病与9个未患病植株根围土壤样品,应用实时荧光定量PCR与土壤农化分析技术,测定了270个土壤样品中尖孢镰刀菌数量与养分含量。结果表明,患病香蕉根围土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量显著高于未患病土壤,每克干土中lg转化后的平均拷贝数为5.5;而患病与未患病植株土壤各养分指标之间几乎无显著差异。各养分指标在土壤中含量分布规律各不相同,其中仅有机质与全磷的含量呈正态分布,土壤pH、全氮及锌的含量呈偏正态分布。蒙特尔检验结果表明,土壤整体养分含量与尖孢镰刀菌数量显著相关。各养分与尖孢镰刀菌的斯皮尔曼相关性分析进一步发现,土壤pH、铁、锰、铜、锌的含量与土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量呈显著负相关关系。此外,不同酸性程度及不同有机质含量土壤中尖孢镰刀菌与各养分的相关性分析发现,在弱酸性蕉园土壤（pH > 6.0）中,土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量与铁、锰、铜的含量显著负相关;而在有机质含量未严重缺乏（SOM > 1%）的土壤中,土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量与土壤pH及铁、锰、铜、锌的含量呈现显著负相关关系。在我国及老挝香蕉产区蕉园土壤普遍呈现酸化趋势,患病香蕉植株根围土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量上升,而尖孢镰刀菌与土壤pH及微量元素,尤其是铁、锰、铜、锌的含量呈负相关关系。     

新鲜猪沼液和牛沼液对农作物病原真菌抑制作用的比较研究

本试验在实验室条件下,研究大中型沼气工程猪沼和牛沼两种沼液原液及其离心上清液对大豆尖孢镰刀菌、大豆菌核病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、小麦根腐病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、玉米大斑病菌和玉米小斑病菌等7种农作物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明：猪沼原液和牛沼原液对其中的大豆尖孢镰刀菌、大豆菌核病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、小麦根腐病菌和水稻纹枯病菌5种病原真菌具有较好的抑制作用,其菌丝生长抑制率均在72%以上,但对玉米大斑病菌和玉米小斑病菌的菌丝生长基本没有抑制作用;相比之下,猪沼和牛沼离心上清液对以上5种病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用明显减弱,除猪沼离心上清液对大豆菌核病菌的菌丝生长抑制率大于70%以外,试验中猪沼和牛沼离心上清液对实验病原菌的菌丝生长抑制率基本都在60%以下。试验结果显示猪沼液和牛沼液对农作物病原真菌具有潜在的植物病害防治作用,为养殖场大中型沼气工程沼液应用新技术的开发提供科学依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌D9生物有机肥对连作芦蒿扦插苗枯萎病病害防控研究

芦蒿连作土壤中的枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)通过扦插茎秆的切口处侵染扦插苗,严重地降低扦插苗的成活率。实验通过分离生防菌株,开发生防生物有机肥防控扦插苗连作病害。研究结果显示,分离到的具有生防芦蒿枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌能力的菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)D9。D9菌株的代谢物能够显著地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝的伸长(P0.05)。芦蒿连作土壤扦插苗病害的防控实验结果表明,有机肥和D9生物有机肥的防病率分别达到77.3%和97.1%,同时能够显著地(P0.05)降低芦蒿扦插苗的茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量,而且D9生物有机肥能够显著(P0.05)降低扦插苗根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量。相较于对照处理,D9生物有机肥处理的根际土壤和茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低了35.7%和93.7%。有机肥没有提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活力,而D9生物有机肥显著提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶的酶活(P0.05)。D9生物有机肥能够有效防治连作芦蒿扦插苗的病害,为芦蒿产业提供一条绿色、安全的栽种途径。     

土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

为了探索土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)存活和生长繁殖的影响,通过设定环境温度、土壤含水量和土壤p H等,研究了这些因素对尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(FON)和黄瓜专化型(FOC)生长繁殖的影响。结果发现,致病性尖孢镰刀菌在21℃~30℃范围内能快速繁殖,而在45℃条件下则无法生长;土壤含水量为20%时该菌繁殖速度最快,而含水量为5%时则受到明显抑制;p H 4~5.5的偏酸性土壤适宜尖孢镰刀菌繁殖,而p H为中性或以上土壤均不利于该菌生长。结果表明,高温、干旱和碱性是减轻土壤中致病性尖孢镰刀菌繁殖的有利环境因素,通过创造相应环境条件,可以控制枯萎病的发生或蔓延。     

基因宏阵列和荧光定量PCR方法对西瓜枯萎病害土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的快速检测和定量

采用基因宏阵列(Macroarray)和荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)的方法,对引起西瓜枯萎病害的病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)进行了快速监测和快速绝对定量,并且对实验条件进行了优化和摸索。结果显示,在西瓜枯萎病害发病较为严重的处理N-+P-和N-+P+的根际土壤中,Macroarray检测到强烈的阳性信号,表明尖孢镰刀菌的大量存在,同时荧光定量PCR的结果也表明在这两个处理的根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量最多,分别为每g土壤8.89×105和2.24×105个拷贝数;而在未发生枯萎病害的处理N++P-和N++P+中,Macroarray未检测到阳性信号,根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量分别为每g土壤6.23×103和3.28×103个拷贝数;而四个处理的土体土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量均维持在每g土壤102～103个拷贝数,Macroarray未检测到阳性信号。与传统检测方法如病原菌的分离培养、平板稀释计数等相比,上述分子生物学方法对病原真菌的检测和定量更为准确快速、省时省力。     

豌豆根腐病病原菌在寄主体内的分布

从豌豆病株和健株的毛根、根、茎、枝、豆荚主脉、果实中分别分离获得的根腐病病原菌有尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌和链格孢菌。3种病原菌在豌豆病株和健株上均有分布,病株的病原菌分布明显高于健株,且镰刀菌为优势种群,占样品总数的55.6%,是导致豌豆根腐病的主要病原。豌豆根腐病病原菌的分布集中于根茎部,在病株的茎分枝、豆荚主脉及果实等部位则主要分布着链格孢菌,表明镰刀菌根腐病主要以土壤带菌传播为主。     

Disease control effect of strevertenes produced by Streptomyces psammoticus against tomato fusarium wilt

During screening of microorganisms producing antifungal metabolites, Streptomyces psammoticus strain KP1404 was isolated. The culture extract of this strain showed potent disease control efficacy against Fusarium wilt on tomato plants. The antifungal metabolites ST-1 and ST-2 were isolated from the culture extract using a variety of chromatographic procedures. On the basis of MS and NMR spectrometric analysis, the structures of the antifungal active compounds ST-1 and ST-2 were determined to be the polyene antibiotics strevertene A and strevertene B, respectively. In vitro, strevertenes A and B showed inhibitory effects against the mycelial growth of Alternaria mali , Aspergillus oryzae , Cylindrocarpon destructans , Colletotrichum orbiculare , Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , even at concentrations of 4-16 μg/mL. Fusarium wilt development on tomato plants was strongly retarded by treatment with 1 μg/mL of these strevertenes. The disease control efficacies of strevertenes on Fusarium wilt were as remarkable as that of benomyl.     

竹黄无性型菌株液体发酵菌丝提取物的生物活性研究

测定竹黄无性型菌株ZHLS-03发酵菌丝体中竹红菌甲素的含量,并对其菌丝提取物的清除自由基活性和抑菌活性进行了研究。按50μg/ml的浓度测定了菌丝体石油醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇等3种提取物对水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌、棉花枯萎病菌3种植物病原菌以及白色假丝酵母、金黄色葡萄球菌2种病原细菌的抑制能力;同时测定菌丝体的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和饱和正丁醇等3种提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率。结果表明：菌株ZHLS-03液体培养至6d,菌丝体中竹红菌甲素含量最高,可达到28029mg/g;菌丝体甲醇和正丁醇提取物分别具有较强的抑菌活性和清除自由基活性,甲醇相对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率为7478%,抗白色假丝酵母的抑菌圈直径达到2069mm,且反应15min后正丁醇提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率可达9324%。     

不同腐解方式下棉秆腐解液对棉花枯、黄萎病菌的化感效应

采用自然腐解与接种微生物人工腐解两种方式分别处理棉秆,研究了两种腐解物水浸提液对棉花枯、黄萎病菌的化感效应。结果显示,两种腐解液对枯、黄萎病菌的菌丝生长及孢子萌发均具有较强的抑制作用,抑制强度整体上随着腐解液浓度的升高而增大。棉秆自然腐解液对枯、黄萎病菌菌丝生长的最大抑制率分别为58.17%、48.16%,对孢子萌发的最大抑制率分别为23.29%、16.22%,对枯、黄萎病菌毒力的有效中浓度（EC50）分别为33.20、45.20g·L-1;人工腐解液对枯、黄萎病菌菌丝生长的最高抑制率分别为71.63%、79.04%,对孢子萌发的最高抑制率分别为35.45%、42.74%,EC50分别为24.18、20.75g·L-1。表明棉秆腐解后具有作为植物源抑菌剂的开发潜力,并且采用人工方式腐解棉秆能有效提高腐解液对棉花枯、黄萎病菌的抑制强度。     

一株抗药用白菊枯萎病生防菌的分离与生防效应研究

从生长健康的药菊根际土壤分离筛选获得一株对其连作土传枯萎病致病菌（尖孢镰刀菌菊专化型）具有较强拮抗作用的细菌a4,并通过盆钵和田间小区试验研究其生防效果。结果表明,拮抗菌a4对药菊枯萎病病原菌的抑制率达71%。盆栽试验,施用a4二次发酵的生物有机肥（CK+BOF1）,未发生药菊枯萎病,而对照植株则完全发病;对照植株根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量为CK+BOF1处理的6.5倍。田间小区试验,苗床育苗和移栽时都施用BOF并加灌a4发酵液的处理（n+F+a4）,根际土和非根际土中病原菌的数量分别为2.0103和2.8103 cfu/g,而对照则分别为1.4104和1.2104 cfu/g。n+F+a4处理生长120 d的药菊生物量（干重）为对照的4.47倍,生防效果达93.2%。采用苗床育苗和移栽时都施用高效拮抗菌的方法,能有效防止枯萎病发生,促进药菊植株生长,提高产量。     

Antifungal effects of different organic extracts from Melia azedarach L. on phytopathogenic fungi and their isolated active components

Extracts from different parts of Melia azedarach L. were studied as potential antifungal agents for selected phytopathogenic fungi. In a serial agar dilution method, hexanic and ethanolic extracts from fruit, seed kernels, and senescent leaves exhibited fungistatic activity against Aspergillus flavus,Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionales, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both hexanic extract from senescent leaves and ethanolic extract from seed kernel were highly effective on all tested fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.5 to 25 mg/mL and 0.5 to 5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, all of the above-mentioned extracts showed fungicidal activity on these fungi, with ethanolic seed kernel extract being the most active. Three compounds displaying activity against F. verticillioides were isolated from the ethanolic seed kernel extract and were characterized as vanillin (1), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2), and (+/-)-pinoresinol (3), with MICs of 0.6, 0.4, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. These compounds also showed a synergistic effect when combined in different concentrations, needing four times less concentration to reach complete inhibition in the growth of F. verticillioides.     

Evaluating crude extracts of Monsonia burkeana and Moringa oleifera against Fusarium wilt of tomato

Fusarium wilt is one of the major soil-borne diseases of tomato crop globally. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal plants in the control of Fusarium wilt in tomato. Methanolic extracts of Monsonia burkena and Moringa oleifera were assessed in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro experiments evaluated the effect of both extracts on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici growth and response to varying concentrations. In greenhouse experiment, tomato seedlings cv. HTX14 were inoculated with conidial suspension of F. oxysporum and transplanted into pasteurised growth media amended with plant extract. Seedlings were treated with aqueous extracts at varying concentrations with an interval of 7 days between applications. Control treatments were treated with sterile distilled water. Both plant extracts significantly reduced pathogen growth in vitro and reduced wilt severity under greenhouse conditions. The highest mycelial growth suppression was observed in Mon. burkeana treatments. Under greenhouse conditions, both plant extracts significantly (P?≤?0.05) reduced Fusarium wilt severity and had a positive effect on plant growth parameters. A significant increase in soil-pH was also recorded in extract treated soil resulting in reduction in disease severity. The results further provide new scientific information on how their effect on soil pH can be beneficial in the control of Fusarium wilt.     

Bio-organic fertilizer application significantly reduces the Fusarium oxysporum population and alters the composition of fungi communities of watermelon Fusarium wilt rhizosphere soil

Biology and Fertility of Soils - Watermelon Fusarium wilt is one of the most severe soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. In this study, the population of F. oxysporum was...     

三种不同利用方式土壤上黄瓜根际微生物群落差异

蔬菜塑料大棚是一种高度集约化利用的设施农业类型,在太湖地区一般由原来的稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改变而来。稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改为蔬菜塑料大棚后,土壤养分高度累积,出现了次生盐渍化和酸化的现象[1-2]。可能受土壤酸化和次生盐渍化的影响,蔬菜塑料大棚土壤