有机无机磷肥配施对蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋溶模拟实验研究化肥、有机肥以及有机无机P肥配施对蔬菜地土壤P素淋失的影响,结果表明,有机肥可明显提高土壤的有机P含量,促进土壤P素的淋失;在施P量相同的情况下,有机P肥所占的比例越大,淋出液总P、溶解总P、溶解有机P的浓度和累积淋失量就越高.在评价蔬菜地土壤P对水环境影响时,应把有机P作为评价指标.     

五台山土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳分布特征

为揭示五台山垂直带土壤不同形态团聚体有机碳的分布特征,以五台山垂直带土壤为研究对象,于2016年8月从高海拔至低海拔对亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤、淋溶褐土、石灰性褐土样品进行采集,并且通过湿筛法和物理分组技术获得不同土壤类型中2,2~0.25,0.25~0.053,0.053mm水稳性团聚体,进一步分析了土壤及各级水稳性团聚体的总有机碳、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)。结果表明:亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土和棕壤均以2mm团聚体为最多,达到总水稳性团聚体的45.13%。然而,淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土中分别以2~0.25mm和0.25~0.053mm团聚体为最多,分别达到33.79%和39.95%。随着海拔高度的降低土壤有机碳含量依次降低,且不同土壤类型中,2mm和2~0.25mm团聚体有机碳含量与其对应的土壤有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为r2mm=0.986和r2~0.25mm=0.966(P0.01)。随着土壤团聚体粒径的减小,亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的POC含量呈现下降趋势,而淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土的POC含量呈现升高趋势。亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的MOC含量都以2mm团聚体为最大,淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土分别以2~0.25mm和0.25~0.053mm团聚体的MOC含量为最大。各土壤及团聚体中MOC的含量要明显大于POC的含量,而且在土壤和各级大团聚体中二者呈现正相关关系(P0.05)。此外,各土壤POC和MOC的含量与土壤有机碳含量也呈现正相关关系(P0.05)。因此,随着海拔高度的降低,各土壤团聚体组成由大团聚体向微团聚体转变,亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的碳截获能力强于淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土。     

黄土区不同类型土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的含量及其关系

研究了黄土高原南部地区不同土壤类型及不同利用方式下土壤微生物摄碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的含量。结果表明：不同土地利用方式下，土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量均为林地〉农田，其中林地枯枝落叶层〉林地O～20cm土层。农田土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量均为红油土〉黑垆土〉淋溶褐土；农田土壤中可溶性有机碳含量为淋溶褐土〉红油土〉黑垆土，而可溶性有机氮含量则为黑垆土〉红油土〉淋溶褐土。方差分析表明，不同土壤类型土壤微生物量氮含量之间的差异达显著水平，而不同土壤类型间土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、氯含量之间的差异未达显著水平。土壤微生物量碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例明显高于可溶性有机碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例。相关分析发现，土壤微生物量碳与可溶性有机碳之间以及土壤微生物量氮与可溶性有机氮之间的相关性达显著或极显著水平，说明土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤可溶性有机碳、氮之间有密切联系。     

增施磷石膏与不同耕作措施对碱土碳库和 微生物群落结构的影响

盐碱地作物苗期遇降雨或漫灌容易导致土壤结皮,使土壤碳库代谢受阻、微生物生存环境恶化,为阐明施用磷石膏后旋耕、深松、镇压措施对碱土碳库及微生物群落的影响,利用大田试验,设磷石膏+ 旋耕处理(CA),磷石膏+ 旋耕+ 苗期浅松处理(QCA),磷石膏+ 旋耕+ 苗期镇压处理(ZCA),以不施磷石膏+ 旋耕处理为对照(CK),通过土壤pH、电导率、有机碳、无机碳及细菌、真菌群落结构揭示其变化规律。研究表明,施用磷石膏显著降低土壤pH、CaCO3 含量,pH 降幅以QCA 处理最大、CaCO3 降幅以ZCA 处理最大;施用磷石膏可显著提高ZCA 的土壤活性有机碳(DOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量;磷石膏处理使总有机碳增加,增幅4.11% ～ 6.45%;磷石膏显著增加可溶性K+、Ca2+ 含量,降低Na+ 含量。磷石膏可提高土壤变形菌门、拟杆菌门相对丰度,变形菌门较CK 提高30.66% ～ 34.75%,拟杆菌门较CK 可提高21.79% ～ 53.55%,以ZCA 处理增幅最为显著;Spearman 分析发现,变形菌门与土壤K+ 呈极显著正相关、与Na+ 呈显著负相关。真菌主要优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、罗兹菌门,CA、ZCA 处理子囊菌门的丰度较CK 分别提高2.64%、3.98%,各处理担子菌门丰度较CK 提高0.65% ～ 9.44%;磷石膏可提高土壤镰刀菌属、被孢霉属相对丰度。Spearman 相关性研究发现子囊菌门与土壤pH 呈显著负相关,与土壤K+ 呈显著正相关;罗兹菌门与土壤Ca2+ 呈显著正相关。ZCA 处理可有效降低土壤pH,提高土壤DOC、MBC 含量,改变微生物群落组成与结构,为科学指导盐碱地农业生产提供依据。     

桂林毛村岩溶区与非岩溶区几种果树土壤溶解有机碳空间变化

土壤溶解有机碳是当前环境学的研究热点之一。从土壤溶解有机碳的空间变化的角度出发,研究了果树在岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤溶解有机碳的表现。结果表明,不同区域、不同树种、不同取样深度的土壤溶解有机碳的含量均不同,非岩溶区、20cm的土壤溶解有机碳含量较岩溶区、50cm为高,不同树种在不同区域不同深度有不同的表现。低pH对应较高的土壤溶解有机碳含量。     

石灰性土壤团聚体中钙形态特征及其与有机碳含量的关系

本文选取5种碳酸钙含量(4.29、17.45、98.66、131.85、143.82 g/kg)差异显著的北方碱性旱地农田土壤(黑土、淡黑钙土、潮土、灰钙土和黄绵土)为研究对象,分析土壤及其各粒级团聚体中有机碳、碳酸钙和不同形态钙含量的分布特征及相关性,探讨碳酸钙对碱性旱地土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:全土有机碳含量与碳酸钙含量之间无显著相关关系,但在0.002～0.053、0.002 mm团聚体中二者含量显著负相关(R~2分别为0.67、0.83),碳酸钙含量过高影响微团聚体有机碳积累。土壤钙形态中酸溶态和可氧化态是影响微团聚体有机碳积累的主要钙形态,全土中占全钙含量都在64.09%以上,团聚体中其含量随粒径减小而增加。钙离子是有机无机复合体的重要胶结物,但钙离子过多则可能会抢占土壤颗粒上有机碳结合点位,与黏粒和粉粒结合形成微团粒结构,影响有机碳积累。     

有机培肥对连作花生土壤肥力及活性有机碳库的影响

  目的  针对花生连作及化肥滥用导致土壤肥力下降、土壤碳库失衡等问题,开展有机培肥改善连作花生田土壤质量研究。  方法  实验选取连作5年的花生田建立四个完全随机区组,设置蚯蚓粪配施化肥（VM）、“NMM”菌肥配施化肥（BF）、单施化肥（CF）和无施入对照（CK）四个处理,在花生结荚期取样并比较土壤综合肥力指数、土壤活性有机碳含量及有效率、土壤碳库管理指数的变化。  结果  与CK和CF相比,有机培肥显著提高了土壤综合肥力指数、土壤有机碳及易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、可矿化有机碳含量和碳库管理指数（P < 0.05）,其中VM处理效果最佳;有机培肥土壤微生物生物量碳、可矿化有机碳和可溶性有机碳有效率较CK和CF显著降低。冗余分析和相关性分析表明有机培肥与土壤总有机碳及各活性有机碳含量显著正相关,与除了易氧化有机碳有效率以外的其他土壤活性有机碳有效率呈负相关;碳库管理指数与易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、可矿化有机碳显著（P < 0.05）或极显著（P < 0.01）正相关。  结论  合理有机培肥能够提高土壤活性有机碳含量,同时有助于土壤非活性有机碳的积累。有机培肥对提高连作花生田土壤综合肥力和土壤碳库储量、缓解连作障碍有显著作用。     

施用高量堆肥污泥提高小麦–玉米轮作模式下酸性水稻土pH和碳组分活性

  【目的】  污泥堆肥农用是污泥资源化的主要途径,明确不同用量堆肥污泥对旱作条件下酸性水稻土有机、无机碳组分及pH的影响,可为堆肥污泥的农用提供科学依据。  【方法】  以酸性水稻土为供试土壤,连续进行了2年小麦–玉米轮作盆栽试验。参照GB4284—2018农用污泥施用标准,设置0 (CK)、3.75、7.50、37.50和75.00 t/hm2共5个污泥施用量处理,每年10月份种植冬小麦前称取相应量污泥,与盆栽土壤均匀混合后装盆,连续种植冬小麦和夏玉米两季作物。分别在小麦、玉米收获后采集耕层土壤,分析水稻土中有机、无机碳组分和pH,以及上述参数之间存在的相关关系。  【结果】  供试污泥堆肥用量处理下,土壤pH随污泥施用量的增加而升高,污泥用量35.70 t/hm2处理的4个生长季土壤pH较CK分别显著升高了0.21、0.51、0.40和0.70个单位 (P < 0.05)。污泥堆肥农用提高了酸性水稻土中有机碳 (SOC)、易氧化有机碳 (ROC)、可溶性有机碳 (DOC) 和腐殖质碳 (HSC) 含量,同时也提高了碳酸钙 (CC) 和活性碳酸钙 (ACC) 含量,且增加幅度随污泥施用量的增加而上升。污泥用量为75.00 t/hm2时,土壤各有机碳组分和无机碳组分均显著高于CK (P < 0.05);污泥施用量 ≥ 7.50 t/hm2时,土壤ROC、DOC含量均显著高于CK (P < 0.05);污泥用量 ≥ 3.75 t/hm2时,土壤碳酸钙含量均显著高于CK (P < 0.05)。碳库管理指数在污泥施用量 ≥ 7.50 t/hm2时显著增加 (P < 0.05)。碳酸钙含量和pH在酸性水稻土上呈显著正相关关系 (P < 0.05);有机碳和无机碳含量之间也呈显著正相关关系 (P < 0.05)。  【结论】  施用37.50～75.00 t/hm2生活堆肥污泥可在短期甚至当季显著增加旱作酸性水稻土中有机和无机碳总量和活性有机碳含量,提高土壤pH,是改善旱作酸性水稻土质量的有效手段。综合之前对堆肥污泥农用重金属积累、微生物多样性及养分淋失风险的研究,长期施用堆肥污泥对土壤环境的影响尚需进一步研究。     

淋溶条件下土地利用方式对土壤有机碳含量及其理化性质的影响

为探讨土地利用方式对土壤有机碳含量及其理化性质的影响,选择不同含盐量的土壤(耕地土、混合土和原生荒漠土),分别种植水稻和棉花,进行1个生长期的淋溶试验.结果表明:淋溶前后土体的有机碳含量均呈下降趋势,其值范围为1.09～4.73 g/kg,淋溶后期小于淋溶前,有机碳含量与电导率(EC)呈极显著负相关;淋溶前后原生荒漠土EC值均大于耕地土,耕地土各处理pH在0-50 cm各层土体中变化不大,混合土和原生荒漠土均是先增大后稳定;淋溶前CO32-含量要明显高于淋溶后土体(p＜0.01),而淋溶前后土体HCO3-含量无明显差异(P＞0.05),CO32-含量与EC值呈极显著正相关.     

外源碳酸钙和温度对黄壤活性有机碳组分及微生物群落组成的影响

为探究不同温度条件下添加碳酸钙对活性有机碳组分及微生物群落组成的影响，以贵州典型黄壤土为研究对象，采用同位素标记法，设置6个处理(培养温度分别为15,25,35℃下添加碳酸钙和不添加碳酸钙),通过分析不同温度下碳酸钙添加对土壤活性有机碳、微生物群落组成的影响，揭示外源碳在土壤活性碳库中的分配规律，以期为贵州典型黄壤有机碳固存和改良提供理论依据。结果表明：各温度下添加碳酸钙显著增加土壤DOC和MBC含量(p<0.01),添加碳酸钙各处理土壤DOC含量在培养第5天均达到最大值，相较于不添加碳酸钙处理，添加碳酸钙处理土壤DOC含量在15,25,35℃下分别显著提高83.41%,80.37%,90.41%;添加碳酸钙处理温度对土壤DOC、MBC具有显著影响(p<0.05),在培养的第15,60天，土壤DOC和MBC含量均在不同温度下达到显著性差异，土壤DOC含量大小依次为35,15,25℃,土壤MBC含量多少依次为15,25,35℃。同位素标记发现，在培养第1和第5天，¹³C-DOC,¹³C-MBC含量在15,25,35℃下达到峰值，且<...     

动物粪液中可溶性磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性研究

农田土壤施用动物粪肥引入了大量的可溶性有机物、有机磷和无机磷,了解这些可溶性物质在土壤中的相对移动性及它们之间的相互作用有助于指导农田养分管理。本研究从粪液中分离获得含水溶性无机磷、有机磷和有机物（碳）的溶液,选择了具不同质地和有机质含量的4个土壤（含高量有机质的黄筋泥、含低量有机质的黄筋泥、淡涂泥和清水沙）,应用等温吸附和土柱模拟淋洗方法研究了可溶性有机碳、无机磷和有机磷共存条件下,粪液中可溶性有机态磷和无机态磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性。吸附试验表明,可溶性有机物（碳）的存在大大降低了土壤对有机态磷和无机态磷的吸附,表明施用液态有机肥比施用化肥具有更大的磷流失风险。供试土壤对无机态磷的吸附强度高于有机态磷,但对二者的吸附量大小为:黄筋泥>淡涂泥>清水沙;并与粘粒含量、氧化铁含量呈正相关。有机质较高的土壤对有机磷的吸附明显低于有机质低的土壤。淋洗试验表明,在供试土壤中,这3种可溶性物质在土壤中吸持(包括生物吸持)的顺序为:可溶性无机磷>可溶性有机碳>可溶性有机磷;有机态磷比无机态磷更易在土壤中迁移。     

有机无机肥配施模式对氮素淋失的影响

为了探索农田氮素淋失低风险的有机无机肥配施模式,该研究收集了331个有效农田有机肥化肥配施数据对,分析了施肥总量、施肥结构（有机肥替代比）、施肥时间（基追施）、有机肥种类等因素对氮素淋失的总体影响。结果表明：与单施化肥相比,有机肥配施化肥中氮素总量较低时（N<200 kg/hm2）,农田总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）淋失分别减少36.77%、65.05%;有机肥替代比高于70%,虽然可减少TN淋失（39.64%）,但增加了溶解性有机氮（DON）淋失的风险（15.78%）,尤其是动物型有机肥替代化肥使DON淋失增加26.31%;氮肥基施可显著降低TN、NO3--N淋失（43.58%、70.51%,P<0.05）。碱性旱地土壤上有机肥配施化肥可有效抑制TN、NO3--N淋失,但增加了26.63%～42.95%的DON淋失。旱地氮素淋失以NO3--N为主,且淋失系数高于水田,提高有机肥替代比可以大幅降低旱地氮素淋失,但增强了DON淋失。因子重要性分析表明：有机肥替代比对TN淋失影响占主导作用,而施氮水平对NO3--N、DON淋失影响更为重要。因此,低施氮量、高替代比动物型有机肥可有效减少碱性旱地土壤氮素淋失,为有机肥配施化肥的农田应用提供依据。     

灌溉水平对■土磷素淋失的影响

利用渗漏池设施,研究了3个灌溉水平（600、900和1200 m3/hm2）对土磷素淋失的影响。结果表明, 淋溶到120 cm土体的磷量随灌溉量而增加,尤其是在耕层土壤Olsen-P含量达到约70 mg/kg 时有明显增加,但渗滤液中磷浓度在高灌溉时较低。在施化肥和有机肥条件下,各灌溉水平磷淋失的形态均以可溶性磷为主,3个灌溉水平可溶性全磷分别占总淋失磷量的66%、72%和75%; 颗粒磷约为总磷的30%。可溶性磷中可溶性有机磷和钼酸盐反应磷贡献各占约50%。适量施肥,控制灌溉量是防止磷素淋失的有效手段。     

Leaching of carbon and nitrogen from a sandy soil substrate: A comparison between suction plates and ion exchange resins

To determine boundary effects on leaching, we investigated (1) how filter materials affect the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO₃‐N) in soil percolates and (2) whether ion exchange resins and suction plates are equally suited to capture NO₃‐N. DOC leaching was higher with PE suction plates and plate material did not affect NO₃‐N leachate concentrations. Cumulative NO₃‐N leaching was similar for glass suction plates and ion exchange resins.     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土可溶性碳淋溶的影响

研究施肥对砂姜黑土可溶性碳淋溶的影响,对有机肥的可持续利用有重要意义.该研究依托33 a的长期试验,分析常规施肥(MF)、化肥+低量小麦秸秆(MFL)、化肥+高量小麦秸秆(MFH)、化肥+猪粪(MFP)和化肥+牛粪(MFC)等施肥方式对土壤剖面(0～60 cm)理化性质、微生物性状、可溶性有机碳(Dissolved O...     

土壤磷淋失机理初步研究

用石膏标记的方法,研究了蝼土磷素淋移的机理。试验表明,(土娄)土中广泛存在的大孔隙,可能是磷素淋移的主要途径。石膏悬液可以达到的最大可见深度约为90.cm(距灌溉面约70cm)。用200mg/kg磷溶液浇灌,非常明显地提高了沿大孔隙壁深达80.cm土壤的OlsenP含量,但本体土样没有明显提高;试验还观察到石膏悬液可以通过根表到达距地表55cm深的土壤剖面。     

Carbon addition reduces labile soil phosphorus by increasing microbial biomass phosphorus in intensive agricultural systems

Accumulation of inorganic and labile organic phosphorus (P) in intensive agricultural systems leads to P loss from soil which can cause serious environmental problems. Soil microbes are important in mobilizing soil non-available P, however, little is known about the role of soil microbes in immobilizing P to reduce P loss. Here, we test whether stimulating microbial biomass to immobilize P could reduce the amount of labile P available for leaching. The distribution characteristics of Olsen P, organic P and microbial biomass P were determined in three intensive agricultural systems. In addition, we conducted a pot experiment with three P and four carbon (C) levels. CaCl₂ extractable P was measured and used to indicate the risk of P leaching. We found that there was a positive relationship between soil organic C and microbial biomass P. Carbon addition drove the process of P immobilization and reduced CaCl₂ extractable P. Microbial biomass P increased by 64% (p < .05) with the addition of C, and Olsen P and CaCl₂ extractable P decreased by 28% and 17%, respectively. Our results show that C addition increased microbial immobilization of P and reduced forms of labile P susceptible to leaching. Stimulating microbes to immobilize P by adding C to soils may have the potential to reduce P loss from intensive agricultural systems, reducing their environmental impact.     

Seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter in arable soils

Purpose

The aim of this paper has been to determine the seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soils under agricultural use based on assaying changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) as well as determining the factors which can define the DOM in soils.

Materials and methods

The research has involved the soils under agricultural use sampled in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province (Poland). Phaeozems and Luvisols were sampled from the depth of 0–30, 30–60, and 60–100 cm, November 2011 through September 2013, in November, March, May, July, and September. The soil samples were assayed for the grain size composition, pH, dry weight content, content of total organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Dissolved organic matter was extracted with 0.004 mol dm³ CaCl₂; in the DOM extracts, the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) were assayed. The research results were statistically verified.

Results and discussion

It has been demonstrated that in the first year of research, the content of dissolved organic carbon in the soils was changing throughout the year. The highest differences in the content of that carbon fraction occurred across the soil sampled in autumn and the soil sampled in spring. In the second year of research, an inverse dependence was noted. DOC was migrating to deeper layers of the soil profile; yet, the migration got more intensive in summer. The content of dissolved nitrogen was not changing significantly throughout the year. Higher DNt content in the surface layer, in general, resulted in a higher content of dissolved nitrogen in deeper profile layer, which could have been due to leaching of the nutrient deep down the soil profile.

Conclusions

The content of dissolved organic carbon was significantly related to the content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen. Significant changes in the content of dissolved forms of nitrogen were reported in the profile of Phaeozems due to mineral fertilization and irrigation. The soils where irrigation and higher nitrogen rates had been applied demonstrated a higher content and share of soluble forms of nitrogen, as compared with the soils non-irrigated and the soils where lower nitrogen rates had been supplied.

     

A comparison of extraction procedures for water‐extractable organic matter in soils

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils are often determined through laboratory experiments. Many different protocols can be used to extract organic matter from soil. In this study, we used five air‐dried soils to compare three extraction methods for water‐extractable organic matter (WEOM) as follows: (i) pressurised hot‐water‐extractable organic carbon (PH‐WEOC), a percolation at high pressure and temperature; (ii) water‐extractable organic carbon (WEOC), a 1‐hour end‐over shaking; and (iii) leaching‐extractable organic carbon (LEOC), a leaching of soil columns at ambient conditions. We quantified the extraction yield of organic carbon; the quality of WEOM was characterized by UV absorbance, potential biodegradability (48‐day incubation) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modelling of fluorescence excitation emission matrices (FEEMs). Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was described by two pools of organic C. The proportions of labile and stable DOC pools differed only slightly between the WEOC and LEOC methods, while PH‐WEOC contains more stable DOC. The mineralization rate constants of both labile and stable DOC pools were similar for the three methods. The FEEMs were decomposed into three components: two humic‐like fluorophores and a tryptophan‐like fluorophore. The effect of extraction method was poorly discriminant and the most similar procedures were PH‐WEOC and LEOC while WEOC extracts were depleted in humic‐like fluorophores. This study demonstrates that WEOM quality is primarily determined by soil characteristics and that the extraction method has a smaller, but still significant, impact on WEOM quality. Furthermore, we observed considerable interaction between extraction procedure and soil type, showing that method‐induced differences in WEOM quality vary with soil characteristics.     

云雾山自然保护区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

对黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏云雾山自然保护区不同演替阶段植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内土壤保持有完整的发生层次,有明显的A层、过渡层(AB)、淀积层(B)与母质层(C);土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上明显差异;土壤有机质含量较高,最高可达到31.5g kg-1;土壤碳酸钙有明显的淋溶淀积,在剖面中下部形成淀积层;颗粒组成以0.05-0.01mm粒级的细砂粒为主,其次为<0.002mm的粘粒;土体矿质全量中,S iO2占绝对优势,A l2O3次之,化学元素的含量顺序依次为S i A l>Ca>Fe>K≈Mg>Ti>Mn。土壤发育处于物理风化为主阶段,化学风化较为微弱,矿质元素的移动不明显。供试土壤共分属2个土纲,2个亚纲,3个土类和3个亚类,其中YW-2、4属于钙积暗厚干润均腐土,YW-3、5属于普通简育干润雏形土,YW-6属于钙积暗沃干润雏形土。