资源型城市土地利用变化与景观格局——以新疆克拉玛依市为例

[目的]分析将近20a新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依城市的空间扩展状况,为资源型城市空间扩展的数量特征研究提供依据。[方法]基于克拉玛依市1996,2000,2006,2011,2014年5个时段的Landsat影像,获取近20a不同时期的土地利用变化信息,计算土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数和主要景观组分的转移过程。[结果]1996—2014年研究区耕地、林地在大幅度增加,其面积由1996年的38.05,58.39km2增加为2014年的436.25,143.27km2。耕地在景观中所占的比例大幅度增大,破碎化程度增加。建设用地与水域面积也逐渐增大,其面积由1996年的20.40,31.62km2扩大为2014年的65.15,36.38km2,建设用地的斑块数量由1996年的888增加到2014年的1 792,斑块密度与边缘密度由0.12,1.14增加到0.24,4.03。[结论]1996—2014年克拉玛依市破碎化程度增加,有明显的集中化趋势,水体景观形状较为规则,破碎化程度较底。     

Mapping community change in modified landscapes

Habitat loss is not randomly distributed across modified landscapes, yet spatial patterns of habitat cover are not routinely combined with biodiversity data when assessing or predicting the biodiversity impacts of land use change. Here, we convert point observations of more than 28,000 beetles from 851 species into a continuous biodiversity surface representing the similarity of ecological communities relative to that of pristine forest, effectively integrating on-the-ground biodiversity data with remotely sensed land cover data to predict the magnitude of community change in a modified landscape. We generated biodiversity surfaces for both present-day and pre-human landscapes to map spatial patterns of change in a diverse ecological community to calculate the combined biodiversity impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation that accounts for the exact spatial pattern of deforestation. Our spatially-explicit, landscape-scale index of community change shows how the fine-scale configuration of habitat loss sums across a landscape to determine changes in biodiversity at a larger spatial scale. After accounting for naturally occurring within-forest heterogeneity, we estimate that the conversion of 43% of forest to grassland in a 1300 km² landscape in New Zealand resulted in a 47% change to the beetle community.     

庆阳市土地利用变化的景观生态效应研究

本文以甘肃省庆阳市为研究对象,选取2005年和2010年Landsat TM影像作为基本信息源,借助GIS技术和Fragstas 4.0软件,研究庆阳市的土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应。结果表明:（1）研究时段内土地利用/覆盖变化较大,各土地类型间转换频繁。落叶阔叶林面积大幅度减少,减少的落叶阔叶林转变为灌木林,且落叶阔叶林减少量大于灌木林增加量。耕地面积逐渐减少,草地、居住地和交通用地明显增加。（2）庆阳市斑块数目较多,平均斑块面积在增加,但景观丰富度、边缘密度和斑块密度呈减小趋势。斑块破碎化程度在减小,景观空间异质性减小和均质化发展使得景观稳定性降低。林草地边缘效应的降低,使其景观生态功能减弱。     

Land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation analysis in the Bindura District,Zimbabwe

Rapid land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation is occurring in many countries in central and southern Africa, as a result of colonial imbalances in land distribution, demographic pressure, agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental factors such as drought. This study analysed the dynamics of land use/cover and land degradation as revealed in landscape fragmentation in the Bindura District of Zimbabwe based on Landsat data for 1973 and 2000. A hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification approach coupled with GIS analyses was employed to generate land use/cover maps from which various class level landscape metrics were calculated using FRAGSTATS®, in order to analyse landscape fragmentation. The results show that agriculture, mixed rangeland, settlements, bareland and water increased, while woodland areas decreased. Consequently, the landscape became more highly fragmented as indicated by an increase in the patch number and a decrease in the mean patch size (MPS) of the woodland and mixed rangeland classes. This suggests that anthropogenic activities driven by agricultural expansion were the main causes of landscape fragmentation, leading to landscape degradation in the study area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thresholds in landscape parameters: occurrence of the white-browed treecreeper Climacteris affinis in Victoria, Australia

The concept of critical thresholds of habitat loss has recently received considerable attention in conservation biology and landscape ecology, yet empirical examples of thresholds are scarce. Threatened species management could benefit from recognition of thresholds because conditions under which populations are at risk can be specified. In this study, 56 woodland patches in north-west Victoria were surveyed for the white-browed treecreeper Climacteris affinis, a threatened insectivorous bird of the semi-arid zone of southern Australia. Comparisons with historic records indicate the species’ range is contracting in Victoria. Using logistic regression and hierarchical partitioning, two models of patch occupancy were developed. Tree species composition was an important factor in both models, confirming the treecreepers’ affinity for belah Casuarina pauper and slender cypress-pine Callitris gracilis-buloke Allocasuarina luehmannii woodlands in north-west Victoria. The first model emphasized the importance of demographic isolation: probability of patch occupancy decreased with distance to the nearest occupied patch. A threshold response in demographic isolation was apparent. In agricultural landscapes, most suitable woodland patches within 3 km of an occupied patch were occupied, whereas patches beyond the threshold were vacant. The threshold distance increased to a minimum of 8 km in a matrix of native vegetation, suggesting landscape context affects the response of white-browed treecreepers to habitat fragmentation. Demographic isolation is a quasi-dependent variable and therefore a second model was developed using surrogate variables for demographic isolation. A positive relationship with the proportion of woodland cover in the landscape (100 km²) emerged as the pre-eminent explanatory factor. Depending on woodland quality, a threshold of patch occupancy was apparent at levels of woodland cover between 15 and 25%. However, belah and slender cypress-pine-buloke woodlands now cover only 10% of their original extent in the region. These results highlight the inter-dependence of patch isolation with the amount and quality of habitat in the landscape and the implications this has for maintaining functional connectivity. The retention (or restoration) of suitable habitat is the critical issue for conservation of the white-browed treecreeper, but in landscapes below the threshold of habitat cover, viability of local populations may be influenced by the configuration and quality of remaining habitat.     

基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用景观格局预测研究

土地利用景观格局分析及预测,对平衡经济发展和生态保护、实现土地可持续生态利用和保护管理具有重要意义。本文以江西省抚州市东乡县为例,利用2005年和2015年两期遥感影像,获取东乡县土地利用类型转化数据,结合景观生态学研究了东乡县近10年的土地利用景观格局变化特征;运用CA-Markov模型对土地利用变化过程进行模拟,预测和分析了东乡县未来10年土地利用景观格局特征。结果表明:东乡县在过去10年建设用地、耕地分别增加了71.82、10.76 km~2,水域、林地和未利用地相应减少,减少幅度顺序为未利用地水域林地;各景观斑块分布均匀,景观多样性增加;景观形状趋于简单,相互之间连通性降低、关系变弱。人类经济活动及土地利用政策对东乡县景观格局有显著影响。到2025年东乡县建设用地将增加68.72 km~2,水域、林地和未利用地仍将不断减少,但耕地有所增加;景观斑块数增加,形状略趋复杂;景观异质程度提高,有向多样化、均匀化发展的变化趋势。总体来说,东乡县景观格局正逐步朝着稳定、均匀和多样的方向发展,但仍需加大力度保护和增加耕地资源,控制和合理规划建设用地,维持生态环境平衡。     

The importance of forest area and configuration relative to local habitat factors for conserving forest mammals: A case study of koalas in Queensland, Australia

The loss and fragmentation of forest habitats by human land use are recognised as important factors influencing the decline of forest-dependent fauna. Mammal species that are dependent upon forest habitats are particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation because they have highly specific habitat requirements, and in many cases have limited ability to move through and utilise the land use matrix. We addressed this problem using a case study of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) surveyed in a fragmented rural-urban landscape in southeast Queensland, Australia. We applied a logistic modelling and hierarchical partitioning analysis to determine the importance of forest area and its configuration relative to site (local) and patch-level habitat variables. After taking into account spatial autocorrelation and the year of survey, we found koala occurrence increased with the area of all forest habitats, habitat patch size and the proportion of primary Eucalyptus tree species; and decreased with mean nearest neighbour distance between forest patches, the density of forest patches, and the density of sealed roads. The difference between the effect of habitat area and configuration was not as strong as theory predicts, with the configuration of remnant forest becoming increasingly important as the area of forest habitat declines. We conclude that the area of forest, its configuration across the landscape, as well as the land use matrix, are important determinants of koala occurrence, and that habitat configuration should not be overlooked in the conservation of forest-dependent mammals, such as the koala. We highlight the implications of these findings for koala conservation.     

基于土地利用/覆盖的干旱绿洲区植被覆盖度变化--以新疆生产建设兵团第八师为例

为了探讨西北干旱绿洲区土地利用/覆盖类型景观格局特征,以及不同土地利用/覆盖类型植被覆盖度变化,本文以干旱典型绿洲区新疆生产建设兵团第八师为研究区,选取2000年、2005年的Landsat TM和2010年环境一号星CCD遥感影像数据,采用室内解译与野外核查相结合,运用RS和GIS技术分析了该区域的土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化特征,并基于土地利用/覆盖类型选取3年的MODIS数据进行了植被覆盖度变化分析。结果表明:1)该研究区主要以耕地、草地和灌丛为主,占总面积的88.9%。在自然因素和人为因素的综合作用下,干旱绿洲区土地利用/覆盖类型发生明显变化,草地和灌丛呈减少趋势,面积分别由2000年的2 603.2 km2和1 166.2 km2减少至2010年的1 677.3 km2和933.8 km2;耕地和城镇逐步增加,面积分别由2000年的2 892.8 km2和209.2 km2增加至2010年的4 038.3 km2和259.1 km2;耕地主要由草地和灌丛转化而来,城镇主要由耕地转化而来,土地利用变化整体处于不平衡发展趋势。2)研究区景观特征趋于简单,土地利用变化改变了该区域景观格局,景观多样性、均匀度减少,优势度明显增大,破碎化程度降低,生物多样性也呈向单一方向转变的趋势。3)受气候等主要因素的影响,2000—2010年植被覆盖度呈先降低后逐步升高的趋势,不同土地利用/覆盖类型植被覆盖度表现为林地耕地草地灌丛荒漠,林地、灌丛、草地和耕地植被覆盖度分别增加6.7%、38.2%、15.6%和12.3%;较高和高等级植被覆盖面积增加,中、较低和低等级植被覆盖度面积减少。4)温度一定的条件下,降雨量是影响干旱绿洲区植被覆盖变化的关键因素。该研究结果可为新疆生产建设兵团生态环境保护管理以及合理规划生产模式提供科学的参考依据。     

Using Penrose distance to identify potential risk of wildlife–vehicle collisions

Knowledge of the relationship between wildlife and roads is important for management of wildlife–vehicle collisions, which represent a serious threat to many wildlife populations and to human life and property. Effective reduction of these threats requires identification of variables influencing collision locations, and the use of these variables in spatially-explicit predictive models. We used Penrose distance modeling and 61 confirmed bobcat (Lynx rufus) road mortality locations in southern Illinois, USA, to demonstrate a rapid and accurate technique for the spatial mapping of wildlife–vehicle collision risk. We used the Penrose distance statistic to quantify the similarity between the mean multivariate habitat signature at bobcat-collision areas and road sections throughout the study area. Habitat variables assessed included road-related variables (e.g., traffic volume) and land cover characteristics (e.g., mean patch area of the landscape). Bobcat-collision areas were characterized by smaller, less-clustered habitat patches and more, large independent patches of grass cover than were study area roadway sections in general. As expected for a generalist carnivore in highly-suitable habitat, risk mapping indicated that large sections of the roaded landscape had high similarity to bobcat-collision areas. Unlike other modeling techniques used to identify risk of road mortality, our method requires little field data collection and relies on readily available digital spatial data. This technique can be used by wildlife managers and road planners, and may be particularly important in reduction of road mortality for species such as the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi), and Texas ocelot (Leopardis pardalus), which exist in small populations fragmented by development, and are limited by road mortalities.     

Building large-scale spatially explicit models to predict the distribution of suitable habitat patches for the Greater rhea (Rhea americana), a near-threatened species

We developed large-scale spatially explicit models to predict the distribution of suitable habitat patches for the Greater rhea (Rhea americana), a near-threatened species, in two areas of central Argentina with different land use: a grassland area (ca. 4943 km²) mainly devoted to cattle grazing and an agro-ecosystem area (ca. 4006 km²) mostly used for crop production. The models were developed using logistic regression and were based on current records of Greater rhea occurrence coupled with remote sensing data, including land cover and human presence variables. The habitat suitability maps generated were used to predict the suitable habitat patch structure for wild rhea populations in each area. Fifty-one percent of the total grassland area was suitable for the species, being represented by a single large patch that included 62% of the individual locations. In the agro-ecosystem, only 28% of the total area was suitable, which was distributed among four patches. Seventy percent of rhea observations were in suitable habitat, with all rheas grouped in the largest patch. Conservation efforts for preserving wild rhea populations should be focused on maintaining habitats similar to grasslands, which are less profitable for landowners at present. Consequently, the protection of the pampas grasslands, a key habitat for this species as well as for others with similar habitat requirements, will demand strong conservation actions through the reconciliation of interests between producers and conservationists, since the proportion of croplands is increasing.     

Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds

Processes that dictate faunal abundance (e.g. predation) may be linked primarily to the configuration of habitat (e.g. patch size, patch isolation, proximity to edge) or simply to the amount of habitat (i.e. habitat cover) in marine and terrestrial systems. I asked whether juvenile crab survival in marine seagrass habitats is linked to habitat cover or to habitat configuration, and whether relationships between crab survival and habitat features were similar in two widely separated seagrass landscapes (Bodega Harbor, California and Back Sound, North Carolina, USA). I also evaluated the independent effects of seagrass structural complexity (shoot density and shoot biomass per unit area) and habitat fragmentation on crab survival. Juvenile red rock crabs (Cancer productus: 1+year class) were tethered in Bodega Harbor and juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus: 0+year class) were tethered in Back Sound. Seagrass cover in both landscapes ranged from <10 to 100% over 10×10 m areas. Crab survival was correlated with elements of landscape structure and structural complexity in both landscapes, but relationships between crab survival and specific habitat features differed between the two landscapes. In California, juvenile red rock crab survival was negatively correlated with seagrass cover and was positively correlated with seagrass shoot density, and was marginally (P=0.06) negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. In North Carolina, juvenile blue crab survival was positively correlated with log₁₀ patch area and was negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. The results indicate that (1) both seagrass cover and configuration may influence crab survival; (2) seagrass structural complexity influences crab survival independently of landscape structure; (3) the relative influence of cover, configuration and structural complexity on survival likely differ among seagrass landscapes; and (4) increasing structural complexity (e.g. shoot biomass) may not always lead to increased faunal survival. The results correspond to those of recent studies in marine and terrestrial landscapes showing widely variable faunal responses to landscape structure among species, geographic location and through time, and imply that seagrass restoration and conservation strategies should incorporate species-specific responses to habitat structure at multiple scales.     

1990-2015年红碱淖地区土地利用/土地覆盖与景观格局的时空演变

[目的]研究近25 a红碱淖地区的土地利用景观格局演变,为西北矿区生态环境保护、煤炭的绿色开采以及沙漠湖泊的环境管理和决策提供基础数据和科学依据.[方法]选取1990,2000,2005,2010和2015年5期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像,利用遥感、地理信息系统技术和地理数学统计方法定量分析红碱淖地区土地利用/土地覆盖的动态变化和景观格局的演变特征.[结果] 1990-2015年,红碱淖地区的耕地和沙地面积分别增加了3.56％和21.87％,林草地和水体的面积分别减少了23.85％和2.25％,区域内水体和林草地退化严重,林草地主要转化为沙地和耕地;景观指数中,平均斑块面积减少,斑块总数、形状指数和多样性指数增加,景观破碎化程度加大,景观类型增加.[结论]上游修建水库和开采地表水使湖泊面积减少,退耕还林工程使得林草地面积增加等人为因素是影响红碱地区域景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.     

1988-2002年郑州市景观格局演变分析

以郑州市区1988年、1995年和2002年3幅遥感影像为基础数据源,在3S技术支持下,利用景观生态学理论和方法,通过遥感影像解译、景观格局指数选取与计算、逐步回归分析等,对郑州市景观格局动态及其城市扩展的时空分异特征进行了全面分析。结果表明:（1）1988-2002年郑州市建设用地、林地显著增加,景观空间结构仍以农业用地为主。其中建设用地增加85.27 km²,主要由农村居民点和水浇地转化而来。（2）郑州市景观破碎度增大、优势度指数降低、整体分维数略有增加,城市景观格局趋于复杂化、破碎化和多元化。（3）城市景观具有显著的空间梯度变化特点,且存在明显方向分异,NW-SE向为城市扩展中轴线。（4）城市扩展主要集中在三环路内,扩展强度达1.36,且多为内部填充式扩展;三环与绕城公路间,扩展倍数为1.56,扩展强度仅0.37,城市主要沿道路外延式扩展。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用景观格局变化分析——以延河流域为例

为了给黄土丘陵沟壑区土地资源的合理利用和生态环境的改善提供依据,以延河流域为研究对象,应用GIS技术和景观格局指数分析方法,对研究区1978—2010年的土地利用景观结构特征、斑块特征和空间格局的变化规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）延河流域各景观类型的变化幅度表现为:耕地 > 林地 > 草地 > 建设用地 > 水域,研究区1978—1990年变化速率最快的景观类型是草地,1990—2000年是林地,2000—2010年是建设用地,由以耕地为主导的景观结构转变为林地—草地复合的景观结构;（2）研究区破碎度较高的景观类型是耕地和草地,斑块形状也较复杂,主要是受地形地貌因素的影响。林地、建设用地和水域受人类活动的干扰强烈,斑块分布趋于集中化,破碎度较小,形状较为简单;（3）32年来,延河流域土地利用景观格局经历了“耕地主导—相对平衡—林草主导”的变化过程,向着集中化和简单化的方向发展,抗干扰能力降低,不利于景观的稳定性,但有利于生态环境的改善。     

联合梯田农业文化遗产地景观特征与景观资源利用

福建尤溪联合梯田是一个持续了1 300多年的农业文化遗产系统,然而随着工业化的不断发展,其社会-经济-自然复合生态系统的稳定机制已经不适应生产力发展的要求,景观生态系统正面临不可持续的威胁。本文运用景观生态原理和方法,分析联合梯田景观指数和景观空间格局,研究景观资源现状,并提出景观资源开发利用的保护对策。结果表明:1)林地和耕地是联合梯田的景观优势类型,分别占总景观面积的67.93%和20.40%。林地的景观破碎度(0.05)和斑块数目(83个)较低,体现森林覆盖度较高且分布较集中。耕地的斑块数目(1 369个)、斑块密度(1 327个×km-2)、边缘密度(89.91 m×hm~(-2))、景观破碎度(0.75)和景观形状指数(50.85)均最大,体现耕地面积破碎化、形状多样化及边界复杂的特征。2)联合梯田形成"水源林-聚落-梯田-复合景观"的垂直立体分布格局,具良性生产功能、宜居功能、水土保持功能和美学功能。3)联合梯田发育了丰富的景观资源,但仍存在较多景观资源破坏及未能深刻挖掘利用的问题,使联合梯田文化遗产地陷入"景观资源闲置-遗产地贫困-人口流失-梯田生态景观破坏-景观资源消失"恶性循环。4)未来应重点恢复与改造梯田景观,建立相应的补偿机制,发展生态农业、第二产业,发展农业文化遗产旅游和生态旅游,促进梯田景观复兴及传统文化的现代回归。     

Restoring habitat permeability to roaded landscapes with isometrically-scaled wildlife crossings

Globally, human activities impact from one-third to one-half of the earth’s land surface; a major component of development involves the construction of roads. In the US and Europe, road networks fragment normal animal movement patterns, reduce landscape permeability, and increase wildlife-vehicle collisions, often with serious wildlife population and human health consequences. Critically, the placement of wildlife crossing structures to restore landscape connectivity and reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions has been a hit-or-miss proposition with little ecological underpinning, however recent important developments in allometric scaling laws can be used to guide their placement. In this paper, we used cluster analysis to develop domains of scale for mammalian species groups having similar vagility and developed metrics that reflect realistic species movement dynamics. We identified six home range area domains; three quarters of 102 species clustered in the three smallest domains. We used HR^0.5 to represent a daily movement metric; when individual species movements were plotted against road mile markers, 71.2% of 72 species found in North America were included at distances of ?1 mi. The placement of wildlife crossings based on the HR^0.5 metric, along with appropriate auxiliary mitigation, will re-establish landscape permeability by facilitating wildlife movement across the roaded landscape and significantly improve road safety by reducing wildlife vehicle collisions.     

青海高原东部土地利用变化模拟与景观生态风险评价

为了研究西部大开发和退耕还林等生态工程对未来土地利用变化趋势的影响,将Gray-Markov模型和CLUE-S模型相结合,模拟自然情景、耕地保护情景和土地规划情景下青海高原东部农业区2020年土地利用覆盖状况,并分析3种情景下土地利用变化特征,采用景观格局指数和景观生态风险指数比较3种情景模拟结果。自然情景延续1999-2009年的发展模式,至2020年退耕还林/草633.98 km2,其他未利用地造林/草117.66 km2;耕地保护情景严格保护耕地,至2020年退耕还林/草142.00 km2,未利用地造林/草130.71km2;土地规划情景经济发展与环境保护并重,退耕还林/草444.18 km2,未利用地造林/草333.75 km2。景观格局指数和景观生态风险指数均表明土地规划情景下的模拟结果布局较合理。研究表明,新增建设用地扩张的同时加强生态保护,仍可以保证区域景观生态安全。该研究可为中国西部的土地利用规划和政策制定提供参考。     

Efficacy of road removal for restoring wildlife habitat: Black bear in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA

Forest roads reduce habitat quality for wildlife, in part by increasing susceptibility to hunting and poaching. Road removal is an increasingly common strategy for restoring habitat; however, little is known about responses of wildlife to road removal versus other methods of road closure. We assessed effects of different types of road closure (gated, barriered, and recontoured) on black bear (Ursus americanus) frequency and habitat on 18 open and closed road pairs in the western USA. Over 4 years, 44 bears were photographed during 3545 camera-trap days. Bear frequency was significantly higher (2.4 versus 0.6/100 days, respectively) and human frequency was significantly lower (2.4 versus 361.6/100 days, respectively) on closed than on open roads. Additionally, abundance of fall foods was higher (23.9% and 12.8%, respectively) and line-of-sight (a measure of habitat security) shorter (54.9 versus 69.4 m, respectively) on closed compared to open roads. Bears were detected on closed but not on open roads during daytime, suggesting avoidance of humans. Among-road-treatment differences included significantly higher frequency of bears on recontoured than on gated or barriered roads (4.6, 1.6, and 0.5/100 days, respectively), and significantly higher cover of fall bear foods on recontoured than on gated or barriered roads (39.3%, 12.1% and 16.4%, respectively). Frequency of bears was negatively correlated with frequency of humans and line-of-sight distance and positively correlated with abundance of fall foods and hiding cover. Results suggest that while all types of road closure benefit sensitive wildlife, removal by recontour may be the most effective strategy for restoring habitat.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治对乡村人地系统的影响

深入开展土地整治对区域乡村人地系统的影响研究对于优化土地整治模式、促进乡村振兴具有积极意义。该文以延安市某典型小流域为例,结合高分影像数据、景观格局分析和人文实地调查,从土地利用、景观格局、生态安全、社会响应和综合研判等角度探讨了黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治对当地乡村人地系统的影响。研究表明:1)在土地整治工程措施的作用下,沟道底部及其两侧的台地、坡耕地、灌木林地和草地大多转变为高产稳产的坝地,部分灌木林地由于生物措施转变为生态功能更强的乡土适生林地;坝地和林地分别增加159.06 hm2和69.75 hm2,灌木林地、草地和坡耕地分别减少112.37、63.26和59.06 hm2。2)坝地平均斑块面积和凝聚度增加,生产功能提升;乔木林地和灌木林地的景观指数、斑块凝聚度指数均保持在较高水平,生态功能稳定;流域整体的景观破碎化程度降低,景观趋于多样化和均衡化发展,景观抗干扰能力和生态系统稳定性得到提升。3)从生态安全效应来看,流域植被和生态环境明显改善,土壤侵蚀显著减少,防洪能力明显提升,但局部存在生态安全隐患。4)人类活动对流域地理环境变化有所响应,土地规模化、农业机械化、就业兼业化和非农化程度提高;但仍存在农业结构单一、效益不高等问题。应着力创新"共同商议、协同推进"的乡村治理机制,进而发挥土地整治综合效能,促进流域乡村转型与振兴。     

Effect of habitat spatiotemporal structure on collembolan diversity

Landscape fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity. It results in the transformation of continuous (hence large) habitat patches into isolated (hence smaller) patches, embedded in a matrix of another habitat type. Many populations are harmed by fragmentation because remnant patches do not fulfil their ecological and demographic requirements. In turn, this leads to a loss of biodiversity, especially if species have poor dispersal abilities. Moreover, landscape fragmentation is a dynamic process in which patches can be converted from one type of habitat to another. A recently created habitat might suffer from a reduced biodiversity because of the absence of adapted species that need a certain amount of time to colonize the new patch (e.g. direct meta-population effect). Thus landscape dynamics lead to complex habitat spatiotemporal structured, in which each patch is more or less continuous in space and time. In this study, we define habitat spatial structure as the degree to which a habitat is isolated from another habitat of the same kind and temporal structure as the time since the habitat is in place. Patches can also display reduced biodiversity because their spatial or temporal structures are correlated with habitat quality (e.g. indirect effects). We discriminated direct meta-community effects from indirect (habitat quality) effects of the spatiotemporal structure of habitats on biodiversity using Collembola as a model. We tested the relative importance of spatial and temporal structure of habitats for collembolan diversity, taking soil properties into account. In an agroforested landscape, we set up a sampling design comprised of two types of habitats (agriculture versus forest), a gradient of habitat isolation (three isolation classes) and two contrasting ages of habitats. Our results showed that habitat temporal structure is a key factor shaping collembolan diversity. A reduced diversity was detected in recent habitats, especially in forests. Interactions between temporal continuity and habitat quality were also detected by taking into account soil properties: diversity increased with soil carbon content, especially in old forests. Negative effects of habitat age on diversity were stronger in isolated patches. We conclude that habitat temporal structure is a key factor shaping collembolan diversity, while direction and amplitude of its effect depend on land use type and spatial isolation.