砷污染稻作区发展旱稻控制稻米砷暴露风险探讨

农田砷污染是我国中南、西南稻作区面临的重要环境问题之一。水稻淹水种植条件下,土壤砷的溶解度较高,其移动性和生物有效性较大,水稻根系易吸收并向地上部转移砷。而在非淹水富氧条件下,土壤砷的移动性、生物有效性及稻米砷累积量显著降低。本文在综述水分管理影响水稻砷吸收基础上,提出:砷污染稻作区可通过水改旱、发展旱稻种植,显著降低土壤砷的生物有效性;在非淹水种植、降低土壤砷活性基础上,可通过筛选砷低吸收基因型旱稻,进一步控制水稻砷吸收和稻米砷累积,实现砷污染稻作区农产品质量安全保障与水危机缓解的双赢。目前,关于旱稻对砷的胁迫响应及对砷的吸收、转运与代谢研究鲜见报道,无疑,相关工作值得深入开展。     

砷在土壤-农作物系统迁移的影响因素研究进展

阻隔农作物从土壤中吸收砷对保障农产品质量安全及人体健康具有重要意义。影响农作物从土壤中吸收砷的因素较多,主要有气候条件、土壤条件(土壤pH值、水分含量、氧化还原电势、有机质、砷本底值、复合污染、微生物、土壤类型以及根际环境)、农艺措施(灌溉、施肥、施用外源激素和钝化剂、更改种植模式等)及其他因素等,本文对影响砷在土壤–农作物系统迁移的上述诸多因素及其机理的相关研究进行了梳理和总结,旨在为因地制宜减少农作物砷污染、确保农产品质量安全提供参考。     

水稻土中砷的环境化学行为及铁对砷形态影响研究进展

在水淹缺氧环境下,界面微环境中水稻土铁矿物的还原以及根表铁膜的生成是引起砷释放还原和促进砷被吸附的过程,识别铁对砷的作用机制是有效降低水稻对土壤砷吸收的方法。本文综述了水稻土中铁对砷的作用机制的国内外研究现状,并从水稻通气组织、土壤溶液氧化还原电位、铁矿物类型、有机质和阴离子种类等5个方面讨论水稻土中铁对砷的化学行为的影响,并展望了今后的研究方向,以期为水稻土砷污染防治及抑制水稻对砷的吸收提供参考。     

土壤中砷的生物转化及砷与抗生素抗性的关联

砷是一种广泛存在于自然环境中毒性较强的类金属元素,农田生态系统中的植物(尤其水稻)很容易吸收积累土壤环境中的砷。植物中的砷沿食物链向高等动物传递,威胁人类健康。除土壤本身的理化性质外,土壤中砷的生物转化也强烈影响砷的生物有效性。目前研究发现异化砷酸盐(As(V))呼吸性还原、细胞质As(V)还原、亚砷酸盐(As(III))氧化、As(III)甲基化和有机砷的去甲基化在土壤砷的生物地球化学过程中起重要作用。随着分析化学和分子生物学技术的进步,最新研究发现土壤生物也参与了砷糖、砷糖磷脂、砷甜菜碱、砷代草丁膦、硫代砷等有机砷的合成,其中三价一甲基砷和砷代草丁膦可作为新型抗生素,但其合成机制及生态学功能有待进一步研究。本文还详细介绍了为适应复合污染环境微生物通过自身的进化对抗生素和重金属形成的四种共选择抗性机制:共抗性,交叉抗性、共调控和生物膜感应,特别提出了土壤中砷污染与抗生素抗性相关联这一新的研究方向。最后对砷生物转化和砷与抗生素共抗机制的未来研究方向做了展望。     

品种和土壤对水稻镉吸收的影响及镉生物有效性预测模型研究进展

稻田受重金属镉(Cd)污染后,土壤中的Cd可能被植物吸收通过食物链进入人体,威胁人类健康。而水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累有着深远的影响,因此在进行Cd的农产品安全阈值制定和人体健康风险评价时,需考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和不同水稻品种对Cd吸收的影响。本文综述了水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累的影响,并重点介绍了目前常用于预测重金属生物有效性的模型,以期为环境风险评价、土壤环境质量标准及农产品安全阈值制定提供有效的工具,并为生产安全(无公害)稻米提供参考。     

不同灌溉和施肥模式对稻田磷形态转化和有效性的影响

为阐明不同灌溉和施肥模式对水稻磷吸收和利用效率、稻田土壤磷形态转化特征的影响及其对土壤磷素有效性的贡献,该研究以杂交籼稻中浙优1号为供试材料,设常规淹灌（Conventional Flooding,CF）、干湿交替（Alternate Wet and Dry irrigation,AWD）2种灌溉模式,以及不施肥（CK）、常规尿素（Ureal,100%PU）、常规尿素减氮20%（80% of Urea,80%PU）、缓控释复合肥减氮20%+生物炭（80% of Control-Released Fertilizer+Biochar,80%CRF+BC）和稳定性复合肥减氮20%+生物碳（80% of Stable Fertilizer+Biochar,80%SF+BC）5种施肥模式,对比分析了不同灌溉和施肥模式下水稻产量、磷吸收效率、稻田土壤磷有效性及土壤磷形态变化特征。1）与CF相比,AWD灌溉模式下80%CRF+BC和80%SF+BC处理水稻产量显著高于100%PU和80%PU处理（P<0.05）;2）AWD灌溉显著增加了成熟期80%SF+BC处理水稻穗部磷累积量,且80%CRF+BC与80%SF+BC处理水稻各器官磷累积量、磷吸收效率与磷肥偏生产力均显著高于80%PU处理;3）AWD灌溉显著提高80%CRF+BC和80%SF+BC处理土壤有效磷、无机磷、有机磷含量与磷活化系数,以及土壤各形态无机磷和0～15 cm 土壤中活性有机磷（Moderately Labile Organic Phosphorus,MLOP）、活性有机磷（Labile Organic Phosphorus,LOP）含量,且其含量均显著高于两组尿素处理;4）相关分析表明,土壤中稳态有机磷（Moderately Resistant Organic Phosphorus,MROP）、LOP、MLOP和Al-P是土壤有效磷的主要决策因子,O-P（闭蓄态磷）和Ca-P是有效磷的主要限制因子。通过适宜的水肥管理提高MROP、LOP、MLOP含量可能是提高土壤有效磷的潜在有效途径。AWD灌溉模式下,生物炭配施稳定性复合肥/缓控释肥能通过调控土壤磷形态转化和磷素活化提高稻田磷有效性,进而提高水稻磷吸收累积和磷素利用效率。研究结果可为通过不同水肥管理模式提高水稻磷利用效率提供理论依据。     

水淹条件下水稻土中砷的生物化学行为研究进展

水稻土中砷的氧化还原和甲基化等生物化学过程是影响水稻砷毒性的主要作用机制;同时,水淹厌氧条件是驱动水稻土中砷的生物化学过程关键环节,且是导致水稻对砷大量吸收累积的主要原因,对以水稻为主食的人们造成健康威胁。本文综述了水稻土中砷的氧化还原和甲基化现象、砷的生物化学作用机制以及影响水稻土砷迁移转化的关键因素,并探讨了水淹厌氧条件对水稻土砷代谢微生物群落、微生物基因表达水平以及对砷归趋的影响。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,以期识别不同水管理模式下土壤微环境对水稻土中砷代谢微生物群落结构与基因表达水平的影响机制,为深入理解砷的生物化学行为和降低水稻对砷的吸收累积提供科学的理论参考。     

土壤中砷的形态和生物有效性研究现状与趋势

砷在自然界中分布极为广泛,与人类生活密切相关,在工农业生产活动中得到了广泛应用。但砷是高毒元素,在微量水平上就能对动植物体产生一定危害。砷的危害通过生物有效性予以表达,其生物有效性与其在土壤中的累积量及形态密切相关。本文就砷在土壤中的存在价态、与土壤胶体的结合形态、砷生物有效性及不同形态砷的测定技术与方法等方面进行了简要综述,并对未来相关领域的研究发展趋势作了展望,以期为深入开展土壤中砷形态及其生物有效性研究提供科学参考。     

利用~(15)N研究不同灌溉措施对水稻吸收利用氮的影响

<正> 前言近年来国内外学者进行水稻节水栽培研究,探讨了不同灌溉方式对水稻生长、产量的影响,以及在不同灌溉条件下水稻对氮的吸收利用。研究表明,水分条件对水稻生长、产量和植株、土壤中营养元素的行为都有明显的影响。为了探讨我省滨海地区盐碱土种稻条件下,不同灌溉措施对土壤氮和肥料氮有效性的影响,1984年利用~(15)N 示踪技术进行了本项研究,为科学制订水稻节水高产技术提供理论根据。     

影响作物吸收硒的土肥因素研究进展

硒是人体的必需元素,硒缺乏会造成多种疾病。通过摄入农产品适量补充硒,能保证人体健康。对作物补充适量硒肥,是增加农产品硒含量的有效措施。作物吸收硒与土壤因素及肥料因素关系密切,判断哪个因素是影响作物吸收硒最关键的因素值得探讨。通过对文献系统调研发现,影响作物吸收硒的土肥因素中,土壤本身的硒含量及硒肥量最关键,土壤pH及有机质含量为活化土壤硒的间接因素,硒肥种类及施肥方式为配合硒肥量的补充因素。促进作物对硒的吸收要结合土壤性质、硒肥量、施肥方式等因素综合考虑,以达到富硒农产品高产高效的目的。     

Comparison of Arsenic and Phosphate Uptake and Distribution in Arsenic Hyperaccumulating and Nonhyperaccumulating Fern

Abstract

Uptake of arsenic (As) and its distribution in Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an As hyperaccumulator, and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), a nonhyperaccumulator, in the presence of phosphorus (P), were characterized by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete three-factorial design. Two levels of As (100 and 1000 µM) and four levels of P (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM) were used in this study. Arsenic uptake rates on the basis of root fresh weight for the two ferns were similar at low As concentration (100 µM). At high As concentration (1000 µM), however, As uptake rates (373–987 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1) of P. vittata were significantly greater than those of N. exaltata (164–459 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1). In both ferns, addition of P reduced their As uptake rate as well as accumulation. Pteris vittata had a greater As TF (Translocation factor = concentration ratio of fronds to roots) than N. exaltata. On the contrary, N. exaltata displayed a greater P TF than P. vittata. As a result, high P/As ratio was observed in the roots of P. vittata, whereas high P/As ratio was observed in the fronds of N. exaltata. The study illustrated that As hyperaccumulation by P. vittata may be facilitated by its high As influx rate and its high molar P/As ratio in the roots resulting from both high As TF and low P TF.     

Arsenic Uptake by Two Hyperaccumulator Ferns from Four Arsenic Contaminated Soils

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate and compare arsenic accumulation from four arsenic contaminated soils by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. After growing in soils for six weeks, the plants were harvested and separated into above- and below-ground biomass. Total As, P, Ca, K, glutathione and biomass were measured for the plants, and total As, Mehlich-3 P and As, exchangeable K and Ca, and arsenic fractionation were performed for the soils. Pteris vittata had significantly higher total biomass (14 g/plant) and As accumulation than P. cretica. Arsenic accumulation in both ferns followed the arsenic concentrations in the soil. The P/As molar ratio in the fronds, growing in arsenic contaminated soils, ranged from 80 to 939 in P. vittata and 130 to 421 in P. cretica. Plant arsenic concentrations were significantly positively correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic in the soils. Soil pH was also significantly correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic before and after plant uptake. Plant As uptake was significantly correlated with exchangeable potassium in the soil before plant uptake. Glutathione availability was not implicated as a major detoxification mechanism in these ferns. Though both plants were effective in taking up arsenic from various arsenic contaminated soils, P. vittata was overall a better candidate for phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils.     

Arsenic in Rice Soils and Potential Agronomic Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Arsenic Bioavailability: A Review

Soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in some areas contain high concentrations of arsenic (As) due to irrigation with groundwater containing As and intensive use of agrochemicals or industrial residues containing As. To restrict rice uptake of As in these soils, approaches to reduce As input and bioavailability must be considered. One approach to reduce As input into rice soils or uptake by rice is cultivating rice under aerobic, intermittent flooding, or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions, rather than in submerged soils, or use of irrigation water low in As. For reducing As bioavailability in soil, aerobic or AWD rice culture and application of biochar, sulfur (S), and/or rice polish to soil are promising. Moreover, use of As-hyperaccumulating plant species (e.g., Pteris vittata L.) in rotation or combinations with favourable plant species (e.g., Azolla, Chlorella, or Nannochloropsis species) can also be promoted, in addition to using rice cultivars that are tolerant to As. Though applications of high doses of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) fertilizers have shown promise in many instances, these methods have to be practiced carefully, because negative effects have also been reported, although such incidents are rare. Major factors affecting As speciation and bioavailability in soil are chemical properties such as redox status, pH, and Fe, P, Si, and S concentrations, physical properties such as texture and organic matter, and biological properties such as methylation activity by soil microorganisms. However, as many of these factors interact, long-term examination under field conditions is needed before measures are recommended for and implemented in farmers' fields.     

Plant Colonization and Arsenic Uptake on High Arsenic Mine Wastes, New Zealand

Substrates associated with two historic gold mining sites in north Westland, New Zealand, have locally very high arsenic concentrations (commonly 10–40 wt% As). The substrates consist of iron oxyhydroxide precipitates, and processing mill residues. Waters associated with some of these substrates have high dissolved arsenic (commonly 10–50 mg/L As). Natural revegetation of these very high arsenic sites has occurred over the past 50 years, although some areas of substrate remain bare. Revegetating species include native and adventive shrubs, adventive grasses, rushes, and mosses, and native ferns. Revegetation by higher plants follows initial colonization by mosses, and some shrubs are growing directly in high-arsenic substrate. Shrubs, especially manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), gorse (Ulex europaeus), tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) and broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis) largely exclude arsenic from their shoots (<?10 mg/kg dry weight) irrespective of the As content of the substrate. Likewise, most grasses, and reeds (Juncus spp.), have only modest As contents (typically <?100 mg/kg dry weight). However, mosses growing on high-arsenic substrates have strongly elevated arsenic contents (>?0.2% dry weight). In particular, the moss Pohlia wahlenbergii acts as a hyperaccumulator, with up to 3% (dry weight) As. Antimony (Sb) contents of all plants are about one thousandth of that of arsenic, reflecting the As/Sb ratio of the substrates. Plant establishment in the high-As substrates may be locally limited by low nutrient status, rather than arsenic toxicity. The shrubs, grasses, and reeds identified in this study are arsenic tolerant and largely exclude arsenic from their shoots so that revegetation with these species, can help to isolate the high-arsenic substrates from the surface environment. These species could be used as phytostabilisation agents on high-arsenic sites that are remote from human habitation. In contrast, the mosses, despite their high arsenic tolerance, are a less desirable component of revegetation of high-arsenic substrates because they actively transfer arsenic from the substrate to the biosphere.     

Arsenic speciation in farmed Hungarian freshwater fish

Arsenic speciation analysis was carried out on freshwater farmed fish collected from an area with elevated groundwater arsenic concentrations in Hungary as well as from outside of the area (control samples). The arsenic species were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on methanol extracts of the muscle tissue from the fish. Catfish (Claries gariepinus) were raised in geothermal water where the average total arsenic concentrations were 167 (contaminated sites) and 15.1 ng As mL(-1) (control); they were all fed an artificial diet containing 2880 microg As kg(-1) total arsenic, mostly present as arsenobetaine. In the catfish, the accumulated total arsenic (2510-4720 microg As kg(-1)) was found mostly in the form of arsenobetaine suggesting that uptake of arsenic was dominated by their diet. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were cultured in surface lakes with no significant arsenic pollution and had total arsenic concentrations ranging from 62 to 363 microg As kg(-1). The arsenic species found in the carp extracts differed markedly from those in the catfish in that no arsenobetaine was detected. Most samples of carp from the investigated sites contained low concentrations of As(III) (arsenite), As(V) (arsenate), MA (methylarsonate), and DMA (dimethylarsinate), and no other compounds were detected. The four individuals from the control site, however, all contained appreciable levels of oxo-arsenosugar-glycerol and oxo-arsenosugar-phosphate. Indeed, the oxo-arsenosugar-phosphate dominated the speciation pattern for these carp contributing about 75% of the sum of species. The contrast between these two freshwater aquaculture species regarding total arsenic and arsenic species has relevant toxicological aspects in terms of food safety.     

Uptake,Translocation, and Transformation of Arsenic by Four Fern Species in Arsenic‐Spiked Soils

Arsenic (As) toxicity has become a global concern because of the ever‐increasing contamination of water, soil, and crops in many regions of the world. Although most plants are susceptible to As, some ferns are resistant to it and can accumulate As. In this study, four species of ferns, Asplenium nidus (AN), Pteris umbrosia (PU), Polypodium vulgare (PV), and Pteris cretica (PC), were screened for their ability to tolerate and hyperaccumulate As. Ferns were exposed to 120 mg As kg^?1 as sodium arsenate (Na₂HAsO₄) for 50 days under natural sunlight in greenhouse conditions, and the fronds and roots were analyzed for As speciation and selected macronutrients [potassium (K) and phosphorus (P)]. The species of ferns varied widely in their abilities to transport As to the fronds (ranged from 164 to 4820 mg kg^?1 DW) with the greatest frond As concentration found in PU (4820 mg kg^?1). The distribution of soil As fractions indicated that As was mostly bound carbonate (carb) (32.4%) and in the residual fractions (45.1%). Chemical fractionation of As‐spiked soil indicated that the greatest reduction in soil As after growing was in carb As form. Arsenic speciation analysis shows that >82% of the total As in the aboveground biomass is present as the reduced form of As, arsenite [As(III)], which is considered to be the more toxic form. However, in roots, only 60% of the As is present as As(III). Furthermore, among the four species of ferns, PU is the most promising to be used in the remediation of the affected area. Therefore, it is possible to use PU to remediate As‐contaminated soils by repeatedly harvesting its fronds.     

蜈蚣草的植物修复作用对土壤中砷总量及形态分布的影响研究

通过盆栽试验研究砷(As)的超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)对As污染土壤中As总量的吸收,及形态分布的影响。结果表明,蜈蚣草羽叶、叶柄和根系部对土壤中As的吸收量相差很大,蜈蚣草将吸收的88.2%的As转移至地上部。蜈蚣草对土壤中的As污染具有较好的修复效果,供试土壤中总As量降低了12.4%。同时研究结果显示,蜈蚣草的修复作用改变了土壤中As的赋存形态,残留态As的百分含量从97.41%降低到92.96%,而交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁猛氧化态及有机结合态As的百分含量分别从0.10%、0.07%、1.28%和1.23%上升至0.15%、0.09%、1.73%和5.07%。     

煤矸石土壤砷污染相关性分析

在对内蒙古自治区某矿区周边土壤环境总砷含量、全磷、有机质、含水率等项目测定的基础上,分析了土壤总砷含量、有效砷含量与土壤理化性质指标的相关性。同时,通过模拟研究区降水特点和降水量,采用淋溶试验装置,对由煤矸石和自然表层土壤组成的两组混合样品在不同pH值条件下砷的析出规律进行了实验研究。结果表明,研究区土壤有效态砷与总砷含量存在显著正相关关系;总砷含量与pH值、全磷存在一定的正相关性,与有机质和水解性氮之间的相关性不显著;土壤有效态砷含量与有机质含量呈正相关关系,与pH值呈一定的负相关关系。混合土层中砷的淋出量随淋溶液pH值的增加呈降低趋势,pH值越低,砷淋出量越高。     

砷胁迫对不同砷富集能力植物叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内水培试验方法,研究了砷胁迫（0～50mgAs·L^-1）对砷超富集植物大叶井口边草（Pteris cretica vat．nervosa）和非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨（Pteris ensiformis）叶片的过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量和自由基0i·产生速率的影响,并研究了25mgAs·L^-处理下上述6种指标的时间动态。结果表明,随着砷浓度升高,除APX外,剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的CAT、POD和SOD活性受到很大抑制,而大叶井口边草叶片这3种酶的活性能够维持,特别是POD活性显著增加;大叶井口边草叶片的MDA含量降低,剑叶凤尾蕨则升高;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片中的O2^-·产生速率比大叶井口边草增加显著。从时间动态看,随处理时间的延长,大叶井口边草叶片中的CAT和APX活性先降低再升高,POD活性显著增加,SOD活性变化不显著;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的POD和SOD活性显著降低,APX活性无显著变化,CAT活性则先降低后升高;两种供试植物叶片的MDA含量第6d时均出现明显下降,但大叶井口边草叶片中O2^-·的产生速率在第6d则显著增加,而后降至实验初始时的水平。总起来看,砷超富集植物大叶井口边草比非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨具有更强的抗氧化能力,并且POD在其抗氧化体系中起关键作用。     

砷污染土壤生物挥发研究进展

本文综述了国内外As污染土壤生物挥发研究的最新进展.介绍了As的生物地球化学循环过程,分析了微生物形成挥发性As化合物的机理以及影响因素,探讨了采用生物挥发修复As污染土壤的可能性,最后展望了As污染土壤生物挥发研究的未来.