重金属在小麦作物体中残留特征的田间试验研究

研究表明经污水灌溉后重金属铅、砷和镉在小麦植物体中的残留量因部位不同而有差异,但清水和污水灌溉对其总体残留特征无明显影响。其总的分布趋势是小麦根部的重金属累积量最大，其次是小麦的茎叶部，再其次是小麦的穗部，即小麦植株体内重金属积累量由大到小依次为根＞茎叶＞穗。因此认为根可作为一种屏障使重金属铅、砷和镉难于向上部迁移，使地上部分免受其害。     

有色稻与常规稻富硒能力比较及其机理初探

利用根袋盆栽试验,初步比较了有色稻(龙晴四号和黑米120)和常规稻(秀水 48 和S.Andrea)苗期富Se能力的差异,并分析了富Se能力与根际特征的相关性.结果表明,植株富Se能力与稻种颜色无直接关系,而与茎叶Se转运能力关系更为密切.无论土壤施Se与否,富Se品种均表现出较强的茎叶Se转运能力,但与有色稻相比常规品种显示出较高的Se肥效应.富Se品种在植株N、P养分的吸收利用上同样表现出强的能力,其累积顺序与Se累积顺序一致:秀水48＞龙晴四号＞黑米120＞S.Andrea;相关分析表明,4个水稻品种茎叶Se含量与茎叶N、P含量及根际速效P亏缺率显著相关,而与根际K和pH值无关.无论有色稻还是常规稻,较高的茎叶Se转运能力可能是其富Se原因之一.     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收菲和芘的影响

采用横式三隔室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices,G.i）对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.）吸收土壤中菲和芘的影响。结果表明：G.i可与紫花苜蓿形成良好的共生体,侵染率平均达61.20%,不同强度菲和芘污染对G.i菌根侵染率的影响差异不显著;接种G.i的植株根系干重增加59.08%。接种G.i增加了根系和茎叶中菲和芘的含量及积累量,根系和茎叶中菲积累量与其生物量（干重计）间呈显著正相关;与菲相比,接种G.i处理后植株芘含量和积累量的增幅更大。G.i限制了菲和芘从植株根系向茎叶的传输,对芘尤为明显,接种G.i植株根系向茎叶转运芘的比例比不接种对照降低了13.85%～37.47%。     

不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性研究

为研究不同生育期大豆品种的氮素积累特性,以10 个在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生育期不同的大豆品种为试验材料,利用15N 示踪技术,在框栽条件下分析大豆植株全氮累积规律,以及不同氮素来源,即土壤氮、肥料氮和根瘤氮的积累和分配规律。结果表明:不同生育期大豆品种全株和各器官的全氮积累量,除了根部,均表现为晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,不同生育期品种间差异显著;不同生育期大豆品种土壤氮和肥料氮占全氮比例与生育期负相关,即早熟品种＞中熟品种＞晚熟品种,不同生育期品种营养器官中土壤氮和肥料氮比例高于荚皮和籽粒;不同生育期大豆品种根瘤固氮量和占全氮比例与生育期正相关,即晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,根瘤氮主要积累在大豆荚皮和籽粒中,分配到籽粒中的根瘤氮占全株根瘤氮积累量的76.38% ～ 92.25%。本研究为丰富不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性及氮肥调控提供数据支持。     

长江三角洲某电子垃圾拆解区土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

运用网格法(1.0 km × 1.0 km)采集了长江三角洲某典型电子垃圾拆卸区38个土壤样品,分析了该地区17种土壤多氯联苯(PCBs)的总体残留特征.结果表明:研究区土壤PCBs污染以点源污染为主,其∑17PCBs的检出率为65.8%,检出范围在ND(未检出) ～ 152.8 μg/kg之间,平均含量为19.9 μg/kg ± 32.5 μg/kg,土壤PCBs的残留程度存在很大的差异,局部点位受到了严重污染.土壤中17种同系物又以3 ～ 5氯代化合物为主,三者占同系物总量的98.5%,其中PCB28、PCB77、PCB118含量高于其他同系物,分别为4.43、5.29 和 10.1 μg/kg.不同土地利用方式土壤残留量顺序为果园＞水田＞荒地＞林灌＞菜地.因此,该地区土壤PCBs污染问题不容忽视,应从源头控制,并加强修复管理,保障当地土壤的安全可持续利用.     

高锌土壤上春小麦对~(65)Zn的吸收分布及其根际效应

利用６５ Ｚｎ 示踪法研究了高锌土壤春小麦对外源６５Ｚｎ 的吸收和６５ Ｚｎ 在小麦各器官中的累积分布。结果表明：外源６５ Ｚｎ 在小麦各器官的分配顺序为：茎叶＞ 籽粒＞根＞ 颖壳;６５Ｚｎ 在小麦各器官的比活度顺序为根＞ 籽粒＞ 颖壳≥茎叶;６５Ｚｎ 从土壤向小麦各器官的转移系数为：根＞ 籽粒＞ 颖壳≥茎叶。随着外源６５ Ｚｎ 浓度增加,小麦植株吸６５Ｚｎ 量及小麦籽粒中６５ Ｚｎ 量增加,６５ Ｚｎ 在小麦根部的分配比例也随之增加。小麦根际土对６５Ｚｎ 有富集作用。     

基于15N示踪法的双根大豆系统氮素吸收和分配特性研究

【目的】施氮可以促进大豆生长并提高产量,同时会抑制根瘤生长和固氮。因此研究大豆对不同形态氮素的吸收、分配及再分配特点,可以为解析大豆氮的转运特性及施氮对根瘤的系统性抑制提供参考。【方法】利用嫁接方法,制备具有两个根部和一个地上部的双根大豆植株,在砂培条件下分别以NO₃–和NH₄+为氮源设置两种试验处理。试验Ⅰ,一侧施50 mg/L的15NO₃– 或15NH₄+(A侧),另一侧不施氮 (B侧);试验Ⅱ,一侧施50 mg/L的15NO₃– 或15NH₄+(A侧),另一侧施同形态的50 mg/L的NO₃– 或NH₄+(B侧)。于始花期 (R1) 和始粒期 (R5) 取样两次,将植株分为A根、B根、A侧根瘤、B侧根瘤、茎、叶片、叶柄、荚等部位,用于测定15N丰度、干重和氮含量等指标。【结果】试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ结果发现,大豆A和B两侧根瘤的15N丰度均高于自然丰度 (0.365%),说明根瘤的生长发育过程中,所需要的氮不是全部来自自身固氮,还需要从根中吸取氮。与试验Ⅰ相比,试验Ⅱ的根瘤固氮率明显下降,表明大豆植株优先吸收利用肥料氮。NO₃–与NH₄+处理相比,各器官15N丰度均没有显著性差异,说明在50 mg/L的氮浓度下,NO₃–和NH₄+对大豆的氮营养没有显著差异。试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ均发现大豆B侧根及根瘤的15N丰度高于自然丰度 (0.365%),且小于施加的肥料氮的15N丰度 (3.63%),表明A侧根吸收的氮会经地上部转移到B侧的根及根瘤中,即根吸收的肥料氮会以一定的比例运输到地上部,随后会再次重新分配回根及根瘤中。本试验将双根大豆系统中地上部和B侧根及根瘤看成一个氮转移系统,利用15N丰度的差异,构建了R1～R5期地上部向根及根瘤转移氮量的计算方法。经计算发现,当施氮浓度为50 mg/L时,在始花期至始粒期,根来自地上部转移的氮占根部氮积累量的28.4%～40.8%,根瘤来自地上部转移的氮占其氮积累量的14.4%～17.2%。【结论】根瘤生长所需要的氮不是全部来源于自身固氮,有一部分来源于根系吸收的氮。在有肥料氮存在时,大豆植株优先吸收肥料氮。根系吸收的肥料氮以及根瘤固氮被运输到地上部后,会再次重新分配回根及根瘤中。在50 mg/L的氮浓度下,氮素形态 (NO₃–和NH₄+) 不会影响大豆植株对氮的吸收及分配。     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

大豆植株苗期至结荚初期对肥料氮的吸收与分配

采用砂培与15N分阶段标记的方法,研究了苗期至结荚初期大豆植株对氮素的同化吸收,尤其是肥料氮在不同器官和节中的积累与分配。结果表明:(1)苗期至结荚初期大豆植株氮素积累量逐渐增加,由标记试验Ⅰ的64.08g/plant逐渐增加到标记试验Ⅴ的307.17mg/plant;(2)不同器官中肥料氮积累存在差异,叶是苗期至结荚初期肥料氮积累的主要器官,所占比例为55.2%,根系次之为25.9%,茎最小为18.9%;(3)苗期至结荚初期肥料氮积累量和所占比例逐渐减小,而根瘤固氮则逐渐增加,其中苗期至盛花期肥料氮是大豆植株氮素主要来源,盛花期以后以根瘤固氮为主;(4)不同成长程度叶对肥料氮的积累存在差异,表现为成长中叶>新生叶>成熟叶;(5)新生茎叶氮素构成随全株氮素构成的变化而变化,苗期至初花期以肥料氮为主,初花期至结荚初期根瘤固氮逐渐转为主体。     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

Phytoremediation of a PCB-contaminated soil by alfalfa and tall fescue single and mixed plants cultivation

Purpose

Two plant species (tall fescue and alfalfa) grown alone and in combination was investigated to evaluate phytoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil and the impact on the catabolic genes and soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere.

Materials and methods

Surface soil was collected from Xiaoshan (a PCB-containing capacitors and transformers storage site). The phytoremediation experiment was carried out in an agricultural greenhouse experiment station at Huajiachi campus, Zhejiang University. Soil dressing method and fertilizers were applied to improve soil quality for the pot experiment. Soil dehydrogenase activity was measured spectrophotometrically by the reduction of 2, 3, 5-triphenylterazolium chloride (TTC) to triphenyl formazane (TPF) and catalase activity was determined by back-titrating residual H₂O₂ with KMnO₄. Quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR green I was employed with the individual primer sets to determine the relative abundance of the biphenyl dioxygenase genes. Total bacterial numbers were determined by CFU counting and amplification of 16S rDNA.

Results and discussion

Planting treatment significantly enhanced bacterial numbers and PCB removal. The copy numbers of the bphA, bphD.1.B, bphD.2.A, and bphD.2.A/B genes, total bacteria counts, and dehydrogenase activity were the highest in mixed cropping soil, which indicated that tall fescue (forage grass) and alfalfa (legume) mixed cropping was most beneficial to soil bacteria, the potential PCB degraders, and enzyme activity. However, the highest removal of PCBs was found in tall fescue single plant cultivation, followed by combined plant cultivation, probably because tall fescue had greater biomass and could extract more PCBs from soil. Compared with nutrients amended unplanted control, the removals of tri-, tetra-, and penta-CBs in tall fescue single-planted and tri-CBs in combined planted soils were significantly enhanced (p?<?0.01).

Conclusions

The presence of vegetation significantly promoted the dissipation of PCBs and growth of total bacteria and the potential PCBs degraders in soils. Tall fescue and alfalfa mixed cropping was most beneficial to soil bacteria and enzyme activity. Tall fescue showed highest ability for remediation of PCBs in a poor quality soil.     

Cropping systems effects on snowmelt losses of solids and associated organic carbon

Increase in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production for energy (gasification of stems) and protein supplement (from leaves) has been proposed for the upper Midwestern United States, an area where corn (Zea mays L.) in rotation with soybean (Glycine max L.) is the predominant crop sequence. This study was undertaken to assess the impact on runoff and water quality, especially for the loss of oxygen demanding material with snowmelt. Four field size watersheds were instrumented at Morris, Minnesota, USA on a rolling prairie landscape. Snowmelt runoff from each watershed was measured with two flumes with overlapping ranges arranged in series. An automatic water sampler collected runoff samples for chemical analysis. Oxygen demand was used as a surrogate for reduced carbon. Water samples were analyzed for total solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Based on the results of snowmelt events of 1997, 1998, and 1999, the alfalfa fields yielded more runoff than corn-soybean fields. The loss of total solids was more consistent from alfalfa fields. Total solids losses interacted with crop and year. Compared to alfalfa fields losses were less following soybeans and greater following corn. On average losses were similar between alfalfa and corn-soybean fields. Runoff from alfalfa fields contained about four times more BOD than corn-soybean fields. Although not statistically significant due to only two replications, there was a similar trend for COD. This study shows that although losses of total solids in snowmelt from alfalfa fields was similar to corn-soybean fields, there can be increased losses of oxygen demanding materials.     

不同草田轮作模式对土壤养分动态的影响

在宁南旱区10年生苜蓿草地上进行了为期3a的27种不同草田轮作模式试验,研究了土壤有机质、氮、磷的动态变化特征。结果表明,与保持生长的对照苜蓿草地相比,苜蓿草地实行草田轮作后,有机质持续下降,轮作第1,3a的马铃薯,第2a的春小麦对土壤有机质有明显影响,马铃薯连作模式使土壤有机质降幅最大;不同轮作模式的土壤全氮变化有较大差异,谷子和春小麦等禾本科作物单一连作模式对土壤氮素造成偏耗;不同轮作模式碱解氮总体上呈下降趋势,轮作作物产量水平直接影响土壤碱解氮含量的高低。全磷呈先降后升又降趋势。作物轮作能够提高苜蓿草地土壤氮、磷有效性。为了高效、协调和可持续地利用水肥,应选择合理的草田轮作模式。     

施肥对不同品种苜蓿生产力及土壤肥力的影响

研究了不同施肥处理对生长7年的3个紫花苜蓿品种的产量及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,NP配施和单施K肥对苜蓿均有显著的增产效果,不同施肥对不同品种的生产力影响效果不同。N30P120处理巨人201+Z和牧歌401+Z产量最高,分别比对照增产41.1%和74.8%;单施K60处理,路宝比对照增产了76.7%。种植苜蓿可以提高土壤氮的有效性,生长7年的苜蓿根系固氮在土壤仍有累积。种植苜蓿,不施肥处理土壤全氮含量均有不同程度增加,而土壤全磷和全钾略有下降。随磷肥用量的增加而增加,N30P120处理土壤速效磷增加11.45～41.7 mg/kg;单施钾肥,土壤速效磷含量提高了3.71～4.41 mg/kg,全钾含量增加了0.06～1.69 mg/kg。     

Influence of boron on other chemical elements in alfalfa

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of three boron rates applied to the soil on the distribution and relative abundance of 12 chemical elements in various alfalfa plant parts at four successive stages of growth.

Plant samples were separated into lower leaves, lower stems, upper leaves, upper stems, and tips. These plant parts were analyzed for Zn, B, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, K, Na, Al, Si, and Cu.

Results of this study indicated: i. application of B to the soil resulted in increases in concentration of B in alfalfa tissue proportional to the rate of B applied. For most elements, a decrease in concentration was generally obtained when the rate of soil‐applied boron was increased from 6.3 to 12.6 kg/ha;

ii. a continual increase in the B concentration from early vegetative to bloom stage of growth and then, a decrease in the B concentration from bloom to seed set was observed for the entire alfalfa plant;

iii. the concentration of an element found in leaf tissue was generally greater than the concentration in stem tissue. Furthermore, the concentration of an element found in the lower leaves was generally greater than the concentration found in the upper leaves.

     

苜蓿植株及根际土壤中主要酚酸和香豆素物质含量测定

通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定不同试验地间18个苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种植株及根际土壤中主要酚酸和香豆素物质的含量,分析其在不同品种苜蓿植株中的分布特征及不同试验地间差异。经过ASE 350型加速溶剂萃取仪萃取苜蓿植株及根际土壤中酚酸类和香豆素物质,萃取液存放于2oC冰箱,并用0.45μm有机滤膜过滤后通过HPLC测定自毒物质含量。结果显示,18个苜蓿品种中香豆素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸的含量存在差异,其中香豆素、绿原酸含量显著高于阿魏酸、咖啡酸含量。各苜蓿品种间单一自毒物质含量差异显著(P0.05),香豆素、阿魏酸、绿原酸和咖啡酸的总含量差异明显。武威试验地酚酸和香豆素物质平均含量比会宁试验地低4.01%。研究表明:不同苜蓿品种间香豆素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸物质总含量差异显著;苜蓿植株中香豆素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸物质总含量与根际土壤中含量差异极显著。     

Changes in herbage chemical composition due to proportion of species in alfalfa‐orchardgrass mixtures

Abstract

Legumes and grasses are widely grown in mixtures throughout the United States and Canada. This study was conducted to determine the changes in chemical composition of herbage that occur as proportion of legume and grass change in the mixture. Composition of mixtures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were studied after their herbage had been mixed by weight into seven different proportions: 100% alfalfa ‐ 0% orchardgrass, 80% ‐ 20%, 65% ‐ 35%, 50% ‐ 50%, 35% ‐ 65%, 20% ‐ 80%, and 0% ‐ 100%, respectively. The forages were grown in rows of pure alfalfa or pure orchardgrass spaced 45 cm apart on fertilized Dodge silt loam (Typic Hapludalf). Alfalfa was at late bud and orchardgrass was a few days from the appearance of the first anthers when harvested on May 29, 1975. Four replications of each of the mixtures were prepared, and the mixtures were made after tissues had been ground to 40‐mesh size.

No significant differences among mixtures were found for S, Cu, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), or in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). Concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Ba, Fe, Sr, B, Zn, starch, and acid‐detergent lignin (ADL) were highest in pure alfalfa herbage and significantly decreased in concentration as amount of orchardgrass in the mixture increased. In direct contrast, concentrations of K, Mn, total sugars, fructosan, cell wall constituents (CWC), cellulose, hemicellulose, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were lowest in pure alfalfa herbage and significantly increased in concentration as amount of orchardgrass in the mixture increased. These data show that an increase in amount of orchardgrass in a mixture with alfalfa reduced the concentrations of most herbage constituents important to animal nutrition and increased the fibrous constituents.     

Influence of polychlorinated biphenyls on microbial biomass and its activity in grassland soil

Microbial biomass content, soil respiration and biomass specific respiration rate were measured in two parts of an area polluted by a municipal waste incinerator [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from combustion processes]. The soils in the studied parts differed significantly only in their levels of PCBs. The concentration of PCBs found in a control plot (4.4 ng g^-1 soil) can be regarded as a background value while the polluted plot contained an increased amount of PCBs (14.0 ng g^-1 soil). A significantly lower microbial biomass (decreased by 23%, based on the chloroform-fumigation extraction technique) and a lower specific respiration rate (decreased by 14%) were observed in the polluted plot in comparison with the control plot at the end of experimental period (1992–1994). Furthermore, a lower ability of microorganisms in the polluted plot to convert available C_org into new biomass was found in laboratory incubations with glucose-amended samples.     

灌溉水质对苜蓿早期生长及养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,设计7种不同灌溉水质对苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.cv‘.Algonquin＇）进行灌溉处理,包括：清水灌溉（F）、再生水灌溉（R）、等营养水灌溉（E）、清水和再生水交替灌溉（T）、再生水和清水1∶1混合灌溉（FR）、再生水和清水1∶2混合灌溉（F2R）、再生水和清水2∶1混合灌溉（2FR）。研究结果表明,与清水灌溉（F）相比,再生水灌溉（R）可以明显提高苜蓿的株高和侧枝数水平;交替灌溉（T）和混合灌溉（2FR）对提高苜蓿干草产量作用明显;各灌溉水质对苜蓿叶茎比、根冠比和根系活力的影响都是暂时性的,长期进行灌溉影响不显著;混合灌溉（FR、F2R、2FR）和再生水灌溉（R）会提高苜蓿体内氮、钙和镁的含量,而对钾的含量没有影响,苜蓿体内磷的含量随各灌溉水质中磷含量的增加而减小。