小浪底调控对黄河口冲淤变化的影响机制

通过天然水沙和调水调沙环境下黄河口冲淤变化的对比分析,探讨小浪底对黄河口冲淤变化的影响机制.结果表明:造陆面积与黄河来水来沙量呈显著的正相关,小浪底的调控作用改善了黄河来水来沙条件,使黄河口迅速由蚀退状态转为淤积状态,沙嘴以0.9 km/a的速率迅速延伸,小浪底调控初期(2003-2006年)的造陆速率是天然水沙条件下(1977-1989年)的1.34倍,每1×108 t泥沙的沙嘴延伸长度则为2.9倍;为使黄河口朝良性方向发展,小浪底在运行中应控制利津站的水沙比在0.02 t/m3左右,来沙系数稳定在0.01～0.015 (kg·s)/m6,即至少保证径流量2×1010 m3,输沙量(3～4)×108 t,含沙量6.34～9.52 kg/m3.     

陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀及防治对策

通过定位观测和实地调查,对陕北多沙粗沙区已建乡村聚落的水力侵蚀,新建窑洞(房)过程中的弃土侵蚀及窑洞坍塌形成的侵蚀进行了研究。(1)观测期间(200406—200410),乡村聚落的平均水力侵蚀强度为5 434.3 t/km2,已达到强度级侵蚀,其中户间道路为7 348.0 t/km2,户间空地为6 873.2 t/km2,院落为2 081.7 t/km2;(2)新建1孔(间)窑洞或平房,平均弃土34.9 m3,相当于动土量的23.6%;延安以北丘陵区近20 a新建窑(房)平均每年弃土7.96×107m3,弃土年流失量约为5.17×106m3(7.76×106t/a);(3)在调查的102孔(间)塌窑所形成的松散堆积体中,平均每孔(间)窑(房)年流失泥沙46.3 m3。延安以北丘陵区因塌窑每年流失泥沙1.25×107m3(1.87×107t/a)。研究表明乡村聚落发展带来了较严重的土壤侵蚀,应加强研究与防治。     

袁家村铁矿区土壤流失监测成果与分析

袁家村铁矿采选工程项目区地处岚县梁家庄乡,属太钢所属的新建工程。采矿场、尾矿库地处土石山区,选矿场、排土场地处黄土丘陵沟壑区,年采选能力2 200万t。工程总占地3 129.53 hm2,其中永久占地3 066.85 hm2。工程建设期挖方量10 184万m3,填方量2 771万m3,弃方7 413万m3。据设点监测,土石山区原地貌的年土壤侵蚀模数为2 100 t/km2左右,扰动地貌的年土壤侵蚀模数为3 314.4 t/km2;黄土丘陵沟壑区原地貌的年土壤侵蚀模数为3 500 t/km2左右,扰动地貌的年土壤侵蚀模数为8 500 t/km2左右;水土保持措施实施后,土石山区的年土壤侵蚀模数下降为1 115 t/km2,黄土丘陵沟壑区的年土壤侵蚀模数下降为1 225 t/km2。监测成果说明了工程建设扰动加剧水土流失的严重性,采取措施后防治成效显著。     

中阳县武家庄生态修复项目区的水土保持效益研究

山西省中阳县武家庄生态修复项目,属黄河水土保持生态工程建设项目之一。项目区总面积95 km2,其中水土流失面积94.2 km2。为了定量研究生态修复的水土保持效果,设置了2个径流观测小区和1处测流堰,进行了2年的定位观测。结果表明:王家圪塔撂荒地小区年均径流模数为40 570 m3/km2,年均土壤侵蚀模数为4 525 t/km2,径流量提高1.08倍,土壤侵蚀量下降33.0%;高家庄荒草地小区年均径流模数为34 360 m3/km2,年均土壤侵蚀模数为1 071 t/km2,径流量减少14.2%,土壤侵蚀量减少96.1%;王家圪塔沟年均径流模数为19 600 m3/km2,年均土壤侵蚀模数为1236.9 t/km2,径流量减少31.2%,土壤侵蚀量减少92.2%。     

不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益

在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。     

不同农垦地下垫面对风蚀起沙风速的影响分析

以新疆塔里木盆地垦区为例,研究不同地表粗糙度下垫面对风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度和起沙风速的影响。根据Shao的方法计算不同下垫面起沙风速,结果表明:塔里木盆地垦区所选的小麦、棉花、红枣这3种地类2m高度临界摩擦速度(u*t)分别为棉花地0.40m/s,红枣地0.43m/s,小麦地1.85m/s;2m高度临界起沙风速(ut)分别为棉花地5.3m/s,红枣地5.7m/s,小麦地7.5m/s,小麦地较其他2种地类更具有抵抗风蚀的作用。     

甘肃天水市对比小流域暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特性

 为分析黄土丘三区水土保持综合治理对小流域典型暴雨产汇流特性的影响,依据桥子东、西沟对比小流域暴雨洪水泥沙观测资料,结合实地调查对比分析雨、洪、沙特性。结果表明:在降雨差异很小的情况下,其水沙特性差异明显,桥子东沟较西沟洪峰削减率达66.9%,单位面积减洪量1万3336m3/km2,减沙量8534t/km2,2流域的流量和含沙量过程变化趋势基本一致,但西沟变率均大于东沟,且西沟流域侵蚀模数是东沟的3.5倍。桥子东沟流域各项水土保持措施发挥了显著的蓄洪拦沙作用,减洪效益59.9%,减沙效益79.5%;桥子西沟的林草措施减洪效益为6.9%,减沙效益8.4%。     

岔巴沟流域不同淤积状态下淤地坝淤积深度研究

为了进一步明确次暴雨条件下淤地坝的拦沙作用,利用岔巴沟流域不同淤积状态淤地坝泥沙沉积信息,结合线性回归和相关分析等方法,研究了不同淤积状态下淤地坝淤积深度关系。结果表明:(1)不同淤积状态淤地坝的最大淤积深度和平均淤积深度由高到低为堵塞坝(1.07 m,0.62 m)>水毁坝(0.72 m,0.53 m)>完好坝(0.70 m,0.45 m)>淤满坝(0.19 m,0.15 m)。(2)不同淤积状态下坝地淤积深度与降雨强度相关性拟合不明显; 堵塞坝和水毁坝坝地淤积深度与B值(坝地面积与坝控流域面积之比)呈指数负相关,相关指数分别为0.73,0.71。(3)不同淤积状态淤地坝平均拦沙模数由大到小依次为:堵塞坝(14 274 t/km²)>完好坝(12 480 t/km²)>水毁坝(11 725 t/km²)>淤满坝(3 350 t/km²)。综上所述,暴雨条件下,堵塞坝具有高效的拦沙作用,但小库容坝地极易产生较大的淤积深度,从而对坝体产生威胁; 堵塞坝和完好坝的合理配置是流域高效滞洪拦沙的关键。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

内蒙古水土保持生态环境建设调研报告

内蒙古西部地区以风蚀 (含水蚀风蚀复合区 )为主 ,主要分布在腾格里、巴丹吉林、乌兰布和库布齐四大沙漠 ;水蚀主要发生在黄土丘陵沟壑区 ,年均土壤侵蚀模数一般为 5 0 0 0t/km2 ,砒砂岩区可达 1 8万t/km2 ,个别小流域高达 3 8万t/km2 。重点治理 1 8年来成效显著 ,皇甫川 6 4条小流域与治理前相比 ,拦蓄泥沙量提高了 7 1倍 ,减沙效益为 71 9% ;生态环境明显改善 ,农牧业综合生产能力增强 ,区域经济全面发展     

晋西黄土地区重力侵蚀产沙分区的模糊聚类分析

本文首先运用模糊聚类方法对晋西地区重力侵蚀进行区域划分,再在每个区域内选择典型小流域,研究重力侵蚀产沙方式、强度及其在总侵蚀量中所占比例,最后初步计算出晋西地区重力侵蚀量约占总浸蚀量的35—46%。     

黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区侵蚀产沙强度变化及其治理目标

为了确定黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区的治理目标,采取"水文—地貌法",利用98个水文站控制区和234个侵蚀产沙单元,在分析其不同治理阶段土壤侵蚀产沙变化特征与减沙幅度,不同侵蚀强度面积的变化及其空间分布的基础上,提出了未来20a黄土高原主要流失区的区域治理目标:土壤流失量控制在3.60×108 t左右,土壤侵蚀模数1 300 t/(km2.a)左右。其中,黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区为3 000t/(km2.a),黄土梁状丘陵沟壑区为2 000t/(km2.a),干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区为2 000t/(km2.a),黄土平岗丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),风沙黄土丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),黄土山麓丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),森林黄土丘陵沟壑区为300t/(km2.a),黄土高塬沟壑区为1 500t/(km2.a),黄土残塬沟壑区为3 000t/(km2.a),黄土阶地区为500t/(km2.a),风沙草原区为500t/(km2.a),高原土石山区为100t/(km2.a)。未来20a黄土高原的治理重点区域为黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区(2.20×104 km2)、干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区(1.50×104 km2)、黄土高塬沟壑区(8 600km2)、黄土梁状丘陵沟壑区(4 600km2)。     

高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙的输移特征

[目的] 分析不同区域冰川河流的水沙关系、输沙量及其对气候变化的响应,并对泥沙侵蚀强度进行评估,为高寒山区冰川河流的水沙动态研究提供理论基础。[方法] 选取绒布河和科其喀尔河作为研究对象,在消融期间（2018年5—10月）对冰川河进行野外观测和水样采集。考虑气温和降水的影响,采用水文模型法对绒布河径流量进行模拟,结合水沙关系曲线、泥沙滞后环及回归模型对冰川河流的悬移泥沙输移及其影响因素进行分析。[结果] 气温是影响高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙运输的主要因素;绒布河和科其喀尔河消融期的径流模数约7.36×10⁵,6.82×10⁵ m³/（km²·a）,输沙模数分别为200 t/（km²·a）和890 t/（km²·a）。[结论] 绒布冰川对气候变化更加敏感,消融强度大,泥沙主要来源于融水与降水对河道底部与坡面的侵蚀,但是可侵蚀沉积物和水力条件不足,造成该地区输沙模数低于其他冰川;科其喀尔河地处西北干旱区,泥沙输移量主要是由泥沙来源决定的,随着气温的升高,大量冰碛物被输送到下游,侵蚀强度明显高于其他大多数冰川。     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

紫色丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀产沙空间分布的 137Cs法初步研究

该文通过紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同土地利用类型、不同坡度和坡长、不同地貌部位土壤剖面中 ¹³⁷Cs含量的测定与分析，对其侵蚀空间分布进行了估算。研究结果表明：该流域 ¹³⁷Cs含量的背景值为1870 Bq/m²；流域内坡耕地、林地的年平均侵蚀强度分别为4468、1759 t/(km²·a)；土壤侵蚀量与坡长、坡度均指数相关；丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别为2125、4676、3625 t/(km²·a)。结果表明土地利用类型、坡长和坡度、地貌部位对土壤侵蚀量影响很大，坡耕地是该流域泥沙的主要来源。     

Fingerprinting Sediment Sources After an Extreme Rainstorm Event in a Small Catchment on the Loess Plateau,PR China

Soil erosion is a severe problem on China's Loess Plateau due to its fine‐grained soils and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events. Accordingly, this study used a 100‐year frequency rainstorm dataset to analyse sediment deposition and sources in a 27‐km² catchment with a dam field area of 0·14 km² based on the hypothesis that sediments were intercepted by the dam (before collapse) during the rainstorm event and deposited in the dam field. This study applied composite fingerprinting, which revealed the sediment source contributions and estimated sediment deposition. Sediment deposition (626·4 kg m⁻²) decreased linearly or exponentially with increasing distance from the dam. Composite fingerprints based on the optimal parameters revealed relative sediment contributions of 44·1% ± 25·5%, 37·7% ± 35·0%, 9·0% ± 11·4% and 9·2% ± 11·5% by bare ground, croplands, grassland and forests, respectively. The 5‐year cumulative sediment deposition from normal rainfall was 2·3 × 10⁴ t less than the extreme rainstorm. Bare grounds and croplands were the dominant sediment sources following both the extreme rainstorm and normal erosive rainfall events but varied at different areas of the check‐dam. Erosion patterns and start times depended on land use type, thereby affecting sediment profiles in the dam field. Furthermore, severe erosion from bare ground that were all gully slopes and gully walls occurred throughout the rainfall, whereas grasslands and forest erosion occurred earlier and croplands later. Finally, extreme rainfall promoted mass wasting on slopes, gully slopes and gully walls, which are important in determining extreme rainstorm erosion pattern variation. This study aimed to reveal erosion pattern variation under extreme rainstorm events. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耕作及轮作对土壤氮素径流流失的影响

5年轮作和1年水平沟耕作试验表明:在不同的坡度上,与传统耕作法相比,水平沟减少产流7%,径流液铵态氮浓度提高19%,流失量达到13.01kg/(km²·a),比传统耕作多流失1.11kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮浓度减少27%,比传统耕作减少7.68kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮流失减少量和铵态氮增加量相差6倍,水平沟可减少6.57kg/(km²·a)矿质氮流失;水平沟拦截泥沙25%左右,泥沙中全氮富集率提高13%,土壤全氮流失457kg/(km²·a),平均减少18%;一季黑豆和一季黄豆及两季黑豆和一季黄豆参与的5年轮作周期,土壤侵蚀量仅为896t/(km²·a)和984t/(km²·a),不及糜子和土豆参与轮作周期的1/2.     

基于CSLE模型的天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

[目的]定量评价天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失土壤侵蚀状况,分析其分布特征,为区域水土保持以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐县西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查与地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)技术相结合方法和CSLE模型,对西白杨沟流域进行土壤水力侵蚀评价及侵蚀强度空间分布分析。[结果]天山北坡西白杨沟流域平均土壤侵蚀模数748.91 t/(km~2·a)。地形对土壤侵蚀强度影响明显,在坡度20°～40°区域,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1 127.22～1 229.62 t/(km~2·a)。缓坡(20°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈正效应,而在陡坡(40°～70°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈负效应。土壤侵蚀主要发生在南坡、东南坡和东坡;不同土地利用方式对土壤水力侵蚀程度影响不同,表现为:呈灌木林地[1 709.80 t/(km~2·a)]有林地[1 389.40 t/(km~2·a)]天然牧草地[605.20 t/(km~2·a)]人工牧草地[334.71 t/(km~2·a)]水浇地[113.69 t/(km~2·a)]的趋势。[结论]土壤侵蚀强度总体以微度和轻度为主,强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的中下游和下游;天山北坡西白杨沟流域侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形、土地利用、土壤性质联系紧密。     

Importance of bank erosion for sediment input, storage and export at the catchment scale

Purpose

The importance of bank erosion was quantified during three periods (October 2006–April 2007, May 2007–April 2008 and May 2008–April 2009) in the 486 km² catchment area of River Odense, Denmark. A catchment sediment budget was established including other sediment sources such as tile drains and surface runoff, in-channel and overbank sinks and storage and the resulting bed load and suspended sediment load exported from the catchment.

Material and methods

Bank erosion and sedimentation were measured using ca. 3,000 erosion pins established in 180 pin plots, each consisting of three vertical lines of pins. Thirty-six representative reaches, each with a length of 100 m, were selected by a stratified random procedure in GIS. Bed load and suspended sediment export from the catchment were measured using a bed load sampler and from continuous measurements of turbidity at the outlet gauging station.

Results and discussion

The gross sediment input from bank erosion during the three study periods amounted to 21,100–25,200 t in the River Odense catchment, which is considerably higher than the estimated input of sediment from tile drains and surface runoff, which amounted to 220–500 t and 0–100 t, respectively. The measured bed load (20–490 t) was five to 60 times lower than the suspended sediment export from the catchment (1,240–2,620 t) during the three study periods, with the largest difference occurring in the driest year. Sediment sinks and storage were of high importance for the catchment sediment budget as the measured in-channel storage of sediment on stream banks was as high as 16,200–20,100 t, and the overbank sediment sink was estimated at 360–3,100 t.

Conclusions

Bank erosion was the dominant sediment source (90–94 %) in the River Odense catchment during the three study years. In-channel and overbank sediment sinks and storage dominated the sediment budget as 79–94 % of the sediment input from all sources was not exported from the catchment during the three study years. Such a large attenuation of sediment in river channels and on floodplains is extremely important for fluvial habitats and ecology. Moreover, it has strong implications for attempts to document changes in sediment export following implementation of mitigation measures.