长期轮作与施肥对农田土壤磷素形态和吸持特性的影响

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期定位施肥(26a)条件下的不同轮作系统的土壤磷素形态和吸持参数的测定,研究了轮作和施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性和磷素形态的影响,以及土壤磷素吸持参数与磷素形态之间的关系。结果表明,长期轮作与施肥都可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量（Qm）,相对于其它轮作和连作,在氮磷（NP）施肥下,小麦-玉米-豌豆轮作可以减低土壤的Qm,在氮磷有机肥（NPM）施肥下,小麦-玉米轮作可以减低土壤的Qm。在施肥相同的条件下,小麦-玉米轮作和小麦-豌豆轮作可以显著增加土壤中各形态无机磷的含量,长期轮作比连作可以增加土壤中的有效磷养分,尤其对Ca2-P的提高效果更为显著。相关分析表明,Qm和磷吸持指数（PSI）与全磷（T-P）、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P和有机磷呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）,与闭蓄态磷（O-P）呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,与Al-P关系不显著。土壤有机质（SOM）与Qm、PSI和磷最大缓冲能力（MBC）之间存在极显著负相关关系,与磷吸持饱和度（DPSS）存在显著正相关。通径系数和逐步回归分析表明,在石灰性黑垆土土壤的无机磷形态中,Ca2-P对Olsen-P的贡献最大。     

长期定位施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性与淋失突变点影响的研究

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期(26a)定位施肥条件下的不同施肥处理的土壤磷素及其吸持参数的测定,以及通过室内模拟试验对土壤磷素淋失突变点的测定,研究了土壤磷素吸持参数、土壤磷素淋失突变点和部分土壤性质之间的关系。结果表明,经过26年的长期施肥,M75P60和M75N120P60处理的Olsen-P含量比CK处理的提高了10.7和9.8倍,全磷(T-P)含量比CK处理的提高了60.4%和57.7%。长期磷肥和有机肥投入可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量(Qm),而提高土壤磷素的吸附饱和度(DPSS),M75N120P60处理的Qm比CK的减低了49.92%,而DPSS比CK的提高了21.5倍。相关分析表明,黄土旱塬土壤的Qm与Olsen-P、T-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤有机质呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。零净吸附浓度磷(EPC0)与Olsen-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著正相关关系,与T-P和SOM也达到显著正相关,而与pH值的关系不显著,但土壤磷最大缓冲能力(MBC)与pH值的关系达到极显著。DPSS与Olsen-P、T-P、CaCl2-P和SOM呈极显著正相关关系。土壤磷素淋失的Olsen-P突变点值与土壤吸持参数Qm呈极显著正相关,与MBC也达到显著正相关,与DPSS、Olsen-P、T-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著负相关关系。该地区土壤磷素淋失的Olsen-P突变点值与DPSS15%的值极为吻合,即可以用DPSS15%值作为该地土壤磷素淋失的突变点值。     

长期肥料定位试验栗钙土中磷肥在莜麦上的产量效应及行为研究

研究了高寒半干旱区8年肥料定位试验中,磷肥和有机肥在莜麦上的产量效应、土壤磷素的平衡、土壤Olsen-P及各形态无机磷的变化。结果表明,单施磷肥(N0P1)莜麦增产30.8%、单施氮肥(N1P0)增产109.4%、氮肥和磷肥配合(N1P1)施用莜麦增产314.0%;NP间表现出显著正交互作用,NP(N1和P1)交互作用增产86.9%;施用22.5和45.0.t/hm2有机肥分别比N0P0处理增产115.1%和220.1%;施用有机肥基础上增施磷肥无明显增产效应。不同施肥处理土壤Olsen-P和各形态无机磷的增减取决于土壤磷素的积累与消耗量,7年不施磷肥土壤Olsen-P降低3.3mg/kg。施用磷肥和有机肥土壤各形态磷库均有不同程度的积累;土壤磷素积累以无机磷为主,其中Ca2-P和Ca8-P的积累量分别占土壤无机磷变化总量的19.3%和25.4%,Al-P和Fe-P分别占23.8%和14.8%,O-P和Ca10-P共占13.0%。依据土壤磷素收支平衡状况计算出维持土壤磷素平衡的P2O5用量为45.0.kg/hm2。根据肥料效应函数计算出有机肥用量为0、22.5.t/hm2时,P2O5的最高产量用量分别为98.4.kg/hm2和87.4.kg/hm2。     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响,分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验,处理包括:不施肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷肥(P)、施钾肥(K)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK1)、施2倍量氮磷钾肥(NPK2)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P含量及磷吸持指数(PSI)、磷饱和度(DPS)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明:长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素,特别是土壤全磷,并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势,而对CaCl2-P影响不显著;施用化肥对DPS影响不显著,单施磷会降低PSI,低量氮磷钾提高了PSI,高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著;长期施用有机肥(猪粪)土壤全磷增加,而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl2-P则大幅累积, PSI显著降低, DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强,长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附;土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量(Qm)与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳(TSOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳(CWSOC)和热水提取水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)]间相关性较高;土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系,第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951,达显著水平。研究表明,施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施,土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。     

福州市郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失潜能分析

对福州市郊11片蔬菜基地土样的磷素含量、等温吸附特征及流失潜能进行分析.结果表明:与林坡地自然土壤相比.菜地土壤全磷(2.043 g/kg)、速效磷(Oslen-P.182.893 mg/kg)和CaCl2-P(1.018 mg/kg)平均含量都呈现出明显的累积特征;菜地土壤可用Langmuir等温方程很好拟合(R2=0.991**～0.998**),其等温吸附特征值,如易解吸磷(RDP)、磷吸持饱和度(DPS)和磷零吸持平衡浓度(EPC0)均出现大幅度提高.而最大缓冲能力(MBC)和吸附常数K则明显降低;据Langmuir方程求得菜地土壤指导施磷量范围为11.62～67.37(P)kg/hm2,平均为27.18(P)kg/hm2;菜地土壤的速效磷和全磷含量均显著高于由回归方程求得的土壤发生磷素淋失的速效磷临界值(56.96 mg/kg)和全磷的临界值(1.146 g/kg);菜地土壤的DPS平均为23.12%,已经接近容易流失的阈值(25%),其中4片菜地土样的DPS已经超过容易流失的阈值.因此,福州市郊菜地土壤磷素具有很高的流失潜能,应作为农业面源磷污染控制的关键源区.     

长期施肥对黑土磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性影响的研究

1980年开始,在小麦大豆玉米轮作制中,研究长期定位施用常量的氮、磷、钾(小麦、玉米施肥量为N150、P2O575、K2O75kg/hm2;大豆为N75、P2O5150、K2O75kg/hm2)和有机肥(马粪,折N75kg/hm2,只在玉米后茬上施用),以及二倍和四倍量对土壤磷素积累、形态变化及磷肥后效的影响。23年研究结果表明,长期不施肥,黑土土壤全磷下降37.4%、速效磷下降了60%;施用磷肥土壤全磷增加53.9%～65.7%、速效磷增加6～15倍。积累的磷素大部分以有效性较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P形态积累在土壤中,施用磷肥可使Ca2-P增加4～15倍,Ca8-P增加4～16倍,Al-P增加1.6～11.8倍,Fe-P增加1.4～4.4倍,O-P增加0.6～1.7倍,Ca10-P增加0.3～0.7倍。所积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

土壤磷素吸持饱和度(DPS)评价土壤磷素流失风险研究

随着磷肥施用量增加,土壤磷素累积,由此所引起的土壤磷素流失越来越成为水体磷素的重要来源。本研究采集湖北省主要类型土壤,土壤风干过2 mm筛后,加入不同量的K2HPO4(0,30,40,60,100,160,200,240,300,400 mg P/kg土)进行室内培养,测定土壤M-3P、CaCl2-P和Fe、Al含量,计算土壤磷吸持饱和度(DPS),利用Split-line模型,预测不同土壤类型磷素流失风险。结果表明:土壤M-3P与Fe、Al含量间关系符合y=y0+axb方程(P0.05);土壤DPS与CaCl2-P含量关系,存在一个明显的突变点,即土壤磷素流失环境临界值,超过该值时,CaCl2-P含量急剧增加,但不同土壤类型其临界值差异较大,潮土、红壤和水稻土土壤磷素流失DPS临界值分别为18.8、12.9和13.3%,相对应的CaCl2-P含量分别为2.21、0.92、0.60 mg kg-1,根据以上临界值判断,红壤、水稻土极易发生流失。从区域角度考虑,土壤磷素流失DPS临界值为18.80%,该值能够给当地农业生产过程中的土壤磷素区域环境管理提供指导。     

长期不同施肥对潮土磷素吸附特征的影响

土壤磷素是限制潮土生产力提高的重要营养元素。研究不同施肥处理磷素的吸附特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系,可以为提高潮土磷素有效性和合理施肥提供科学依据。本研究基于封丘长期定位施肥试验,选用七种处理：不施肥（CK）、氮钾施肥（NK）、氮磷施肥（NP）、磷钾施肥（PK）、氮磷钾施肥（NPK）、1/2有机肥+1/2氮磷钾（1/2OM）和有机肥（OM）,通过测定土壤理化性质和磷素吸附量,利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合了吸附曲线,并结合方程计算了最大吸附量（Qm）、亲和力常数（K）、最大缓冲能力（MBC）、吸附饱和强度（DPS）、Freundlich吸附常数（a）和吸附指数（b）;运用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）探讨了影响土壤磷素吸附特征变化的主要因素。结果表明：随着平衡溶液磷浓度的增加,不同施肥处理的磷素吸附量均表现出先快速增加,后缓慢增加的趋势。与CK和NK处理相比,NP、PK和NPK处理的磷素吸附能力增强,Qm和MBC分别增加了15.62%~23.60%和2.94%~23.46%;而1/2OM和OM处理的磷素吸附能力下降,K和MBC分别降低了39.60%~49.57%和36.09%~56.15%。相关分析和RDA结果表明：有机质（SOM）、pH、游离氧化铝（Ald）和C/P是影响潮土磷素吸附特征的主要因素。此外,1/2OM处理的DPS值相较于OM处理降低了30.92%。长期有机无机肥料配施可以增加有机质含量,降低磷素吸附能力,且相较于单施有机肥可以减少磷素流失风险。     

长期轮作施肥棕壤磷素对磷盈亏的响应

【目的】 研究长期轮作施肥条件下棕壤磷素盈亏状况及其与土壤磷素的关系,为棕壤科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 玉米?玉米?大豆轮作长期施肥定位试验始于1979年,设不施磷肥 (CK)、施氮磷肥 (NP)、施氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、低量有机肥配施氮磷肥 (M1NP)、低量有机肥配施氮磷钾肥 (M1NPK)、高量有机肥配施氮磷肥 (M2NP) 和高量有机肥配施氮磷钾肥 (M2NPK),共7个处理。测定1979—2015年不同施肥处理土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量,计算了土壤磷的盈亏状况,分析了全磷和有效磷与累积磷盈亏之间的关系。 【结果】 CK处理土壤磷素水平处于亏缺状态,平均土壤年亏缺磷为9.0 kg/hm2;磷肥处理 (NP和NPK) 和有机肥配施磷肥处理 (M1NP、M1NPK、M2NP和M2NPK) 土壤磷素均处于盈余状态,且M2NP和M2NPK盈余较多。所有施肥处理的有效磷增量与土壤累积磷盈亏均呈极显著相关关系 (P < 0.01),CK处理土壤每亏缺磷100 kg/hm 2,Olsen-P下降0.84 mg/kg;磷肥及有机肥磷肥配施处理每盈余磷100 kg/hm2,Olsen-P上升范围为1.97～7.23 mg/kg。除CK外,所有施肥处理土壤全磷增量与累积磷盈亏均呈极显著相关关系 (P < 0.01)。土壤每盈余磷素100 kg/hm 2,各施肥处理全磷增加范围为0.03～0.04 g/kg。 【结论】 磷肥投入是影响棕壤全磷和有效磷水平的关键因素。长期轮作不施磷肥,棕壤磷素亏缺;长期轮作施用化学磷肥 (年均投入P₂O₅ 70 kg/hm2) 和磷肥有机肥配施 (年均投入P₂O₅ 126～182 kg/hm2),棕壤磷素有盈余,增施高量有机肥的盈余量高于增施低量有机肥,高于单施磷肥。磷肥配施有机肥提升棕壤有效磷的速率高于单施磷肥。      

红壤旱地长期试验肥力演变及玉米效应研究

采用长期定位试验研究方法,探讨高原旱地红壤施N、NP、NM、NPM和NPK对红壤肥力演变、养分供给能力及玉米的效应。结果表明,N处理8年玉米绝收;NP处理前期比施N增产,长期施用不稳产,至23年绝收;NPM处理玉米产量由试验前10年的4628 kg/hm2,增加到后10年的6875 kg/hm2,增产2247 kg/hm2;在NP基础上施K2O 112.5 kg/hm2的NP+K处理,比施NP增产2264 kg/hm2。说明配施增产效果明显,但长期只施NP会导致其它元素失衡不能稳产。有机肥和NP配施,显著增加土壤有机质含量,红壤28年不施有机肥,有机质含量不下降,年施有机肥30000 kg/hm2,不施化学钾肥,也能维持钾素平衡。长期不施化学钾或有机肥导致钾素枯竭。红壤磷素自然供给能力极低,仅为3.6～15.7%,施磷显著增加速效磷含量,施磷或有机肥提高磷素自然供给能力。NP处理11年不施钾,钾素自然供给能力由35%～68%降低为11.09%～23.2%。     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

Changes in phosphorus fractions,sorption and release in Udic Mollisols under different ecosystems

A 20-year field trial was conducted to study the effects of ecological factors and fertilization on phosphorus characteristics of fertile Udic Mollisols under three ecosystems: (1) bare land ecosystem with no vegetation or fertilizers (BE), (2) natural ecosystem with native grasses but no fertilizers (NE) and (3) agroecosystem with a rotation of wheat–soybean–corn. The agroecosystem had received N and P fertilizers during 1985–1993 and had received no fertilizers (CK), N and P fertilizers (NP) or N and P fertilizers along with pig manure (NPM) during 1994–2005. While there was no P input or removal in the BE and NE, the CK had a net P loss of 174 kg ha⁻¹, whereas the NP had a net gain of 96 kg/ha and the NPM 504 kg ha⁻¹. Increasing net P input increased both Olsen P and total P in the 0–20-cm soil. The amounts of NaHCO₃-extractable (Ca₂–P) and NH₄Ac-extractable P fractions (Ca₈–P) were in an order of NPM > NP > CK > NE > BE. The H₂SO₄-extractable fraction (Ca₁₀–P) was lowest in the BE and highest in the NPM but was similar in the other treatments. The CK had the least, and the NPM had the highest amounts of NH₄F-extractable (Al–P) and NaOH–Na₂CO₃-extractable fractions (Fe–P). Among the inorganic P, the percentage of Ca₂–P, Ca₈–P and Al–P increased, whereas that of Fe–P, occluded P and Ca₁₀–P decreased with increasing P input into the system. Soil P adsorption was in an order of CK > NE > NP > BE > NPM, whereas P release was in an order of NPM ≫ NP > CK > NE > BE. The study concluded that soil P can be sustained under the natural ecosystem while annual applications of chemical fertilizers and animal manure increased both labile and non-labile P pools in the agroecosystem.     

长期施肥对黑垆土无机磷形态的影响研究

对黄土高原旱地黑垆土进行25年长期定位肥料试验,对土壤无机P形态、数量和对作物的有效性进行了研究。结果表明,石灰性土壤无机P的组成以Ca10-P占绝对优势,约占无机P总量的57.7%,其次是闭蓄态P(O-P),占17.9%,而Al-P、Fe-P、Ca8-P分别占5.9%、5.7%、10.1%,最少的为Ca2-P,只有2.8%。所有施肥处理中,各形态无机P均以土粪 NP含量最高;Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P以N处理最低,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P以CK处理最低;长期施肥对无机P各组分相对含量也有影响,耗P处理主要是Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的降低,而施P处理是Ca10-P的降解和Ca2-P的积累。与1990年比较,CK处理均有下降;N处理除O-P、Ca10-P有增加外,其他各组分含量均下降;而NP、秸杆. NP、土粪、土粪. NP处理均呈增加趋势。不同处理对土壤有效P和缓效态P均有不同程度的影响,而与无效态P关系不大。同时做了各形态无机P与作物产量的相关性分析,在各级无机P与产量的相关性中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P都达到了极显著水平,其中以Ca8-P与产量的相关性最高,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P也都达到了显著水平。     

Distribution of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Two Phosphorus-Deficient Soils as Affected by Crop Species and Nitrogen Applications

It is desirable to know the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractions in soil so that plants may use P efficiently. Here we report the dynamics of inorganic and organic P in P-deficient black and rice soil cropped by soybean, white lupin, and maize supplied with nitrogen (N) inputs by N fixation and urea fertilizer. Inorganic P fractions of the three cropped soils could be ranked as O-P (organic phosphorus) > Al-P (aluminum phosphorus) > Fe-P (iron phosphorus) > Ca₁₀-P (calcium-10 phosphorus) > Ca₈-P (calcium-8 phosphorus) > Ca₂-P (calcium-2 phosphorus), irrespective of soil type. The potential of various inorganic P fractions to plant nutrition differed between soybean and white lupin. The percentage of total P present as inorganic P was affected by crop, soil type, and N source. In black soil, the change of organic P fraction induced by N fixation was larger than by urea application. The moderately labile organic P (MLOP) concentration was not affected significantly by soil type and crop species, and it was probably the main P source to the inorganic P fraction because the correlation between the two pools was high (r = 0.945; P < 0.05). Crop species differed in their uptake of inorganic and organic P from soil. Though P fraction concentrations varied between black soil and rice soil, their response to crop species and N source was similar. The amounts of P removed from soil were affected by N source. The right choice of crop species and the application a suitable N source may increase crop yield and P uptake by plant in P-deficient soils.     

Predicting environmental soil phosphorus limits for dissolved reactive phosphorus loss

The dependence of runoff dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loss on soil test P or rapid estimations of degree of P saturation (DPS) often varies with soil types. It is not clear whether the soil‐specific nature of runoff DRP versus DPS is due to the different sorption characteristics of individual soils or the inability of these rapid DPS estimates to accurately reflect the actual soil P saturation status. This study aimed to assess environmental measures of soil P that could serve as reliable predictors of runoff DRP concentration by using soils collected from Ontario, Canada, that cover a range of chemical and physical properties. A P sorption study was conducted using the Langmuir equation  to describe amount of P sorbed or desorbed by the soil (Q_s, mg/kg) versus equilibrium P concentration (C, mg/L) in solution, where Q_max is P sorption maximum (mg/kg), k represents P sorption strength (L/mg), and Q₀ (mg/kg) is the P sorbed to soil prior to analysis. Runoff DRP concentration increased linearly with increasing DPS_sorp (i.e. the ratio of (Q₀ + Q_D)/Q_max) following a common slope value amongst soil types, while the P buffering capacity (PBC₀) at C = C₀ yielded a common change point, below which runoff DRP concentration decreased greatly with increasing PBC₀ compared to that above the change point, where C₀ and Q_D represent the equilibrium P concentration and amount of P desorbed, respectively. Both DPS_sorp and PBC₀ showed great promises as indicators of runoff DRP concentration.     

长期不同施肥处理水稻土磷素在剖面的分布与移动

稻麦轮作黄泥土施肥试验始于1980年,共布置不施肥、纯化肥、有机肥(猪粪或菜籽饼)、化肥加有机肥、氮肥加秸秆、氮肥加有机肥加秸秆等14种处理。2003年11月麦季取土壤样品分析结果表明:(1)与无肥处理相比,施磷处理和有机肥处理耕层土壤全磷(TP)含量皆有显著增加,并且表现出向下迁移的迹象,有机肥配施NPK化肥处理土壤磷的迁移可达30 cm深度,其余施磷处理均至25 cm。(2)大部分施磷处理在表层0~25 cm内无机磷(I-P)总量发生显著性变化,Ca2-P由于其溶解性强可迁移到30 cm以下,Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P(闭蓄态磷)的迁移可达25 cm,Ca8-P至20 cm;Ca10-P含量只在有化肥P输入的6个处理的0~15 cm耕层土壤中有显著性增加。(3)土壤有机磷(O-P)含量的变化小于无机磷的变化,只有无机磷配施有机肥的3个处理和仅施PK化肥的处理,其耕层土壤有机磷发生显著性增加。     

Changes of Soil Phosphorus Fractionation According to pH in Red Soils of China: An Incubation Experiment

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main problems limiting crop growth in red soils of southern China. The primary objective of this study was to examine P availability as a function of soil acidity. Soils were sampled from a long-term fertilization experiment and are referred as low-P (No P fertilization) and high-P (120 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1). Both low-P and high-P treatments were incubated adjusting soil pH to seven levels from 3.0 to 6.5 for 10, 20, 30 and 45 days. The pH, DIP, and Olsen-P were determined after each incubation period, and inorganic P fractions were measured at the end of incubation. For both low-P and high-P treatments, DIP decreased with rising pH value and increased with decreasing soil pH. Olsen-P, Ca-P (Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, and Ca₁₀-P) and Al-P increased significantly with soil pH in low-P treatment. In high-P, Olsen-P increased with pH between 3.4 and 5.0 and was stable at higher pH. Moreover, Ca-P and Al-P increased significantly but Fe-P decreased with soil pH increase. The redundancy analysis showed that Ca-P, Al-P, and pH had positive effects on Olsen-P, but Occluded-P showed a negative correlation with Olsen-P in both soils. Our results confirmed that soil P availability was influenced by pH and that the changes in DIP and Olsen-P were linked to changes of inorganic fractions from occluded to Ca- and Al-bound forms. Managing soil acidity is a key issue regarding the availability of P in red soils of China and our results suggest that at least a pH of 5.0 should be targeted.     

不同土地利用下黑土磷素肥力特征的研究

通过对海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内3种土地利用下共5个处理(裸地、草地、无肥耕地、施化肥耕地、施化肥和有机肥耕地)的典型黑土中的磷素进行了测定,结果表明经过20年长期定位试验后,3种土地利用方式下的土壤中草地全磷含量比裸地高17.5%,速效磷含量比裸地高22.9%;无肥耕地土壤全磷含量比裸地高7.9%,速效磷含量比裸地高80.1%。施化肥耕地全磷含量比无肥耕地高17.1%,速效磷含量是无肥耕地的3.3倍;施化肥和有机肥耕地全磷含量比施化肥耕地高46.3%,速效磷含量是施化肥耕地的3.3倍。土壤无机磷分级结果表明,不同土地利用下土壤中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量差异显著,而O-P、Ca10-P含量无明显变化,其中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P的含量,草地与裸地相比分别提高了30%、38%、17%、6.2%;无肥耕地与裸地相比提高了110%、75%、7.7%、-25%,与草地相比提高了62%、27%、-7.8%、-29%。施化肥耕地与无肥耕地相比,土壤中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P的含量分别提高了13%、153%、124%、92%;施化肥和有机肥耕地与施化肥耕地相比分别提高了341%、357%、136%、69%。对土壤磷的吸附性能测定结果表明,3种土地利用下土壤对磷的吸附能力为:无肥耕地>草地>裸地;耕地的3个处理中施化肥和有机肥可明显提高土壤对磷的吸附能力。