科尔沁沙地固定沙丘土壤氮素空间分布特征研究

为了研究固定沙丘土壤N素空间分布特征,选择以栽植小叶锦鸡儿25年后的固定沙丘为研究对象,从迎风坡、顶坡和背风坡3个位置4个层次(0～5、5～10、10～20和20～40 cm)进行取样分析.研究结果表明:全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量均随着土层加深而呈现出减少的趋势,0～5 cm土层显著高于其他各层.表层土壤受凋落物的影响较大,从而相对于深层土壤来说积累了更多的N素.全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量在不同坡位间存在显著差异(p＜0.01):全N和NO_3~--N含量在迎风坡较高,而NH_4~+-N含量在背风坡较高.丛下全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的含量显著高于丛间(p＜0.01).土壤电导率与全N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著正相关,而pH与NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著负相关,NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N的富集降低了土壤pH值.小叶锦鸡儿的栽植对沙土改良具有重要意义.     

祁连山哈溪林区移植前后土壤氮对比研究

研究不同海拔梯度森林土壤氮的分布特征,对于合理利用森林资源、改善森林的生态功能都有重要意义。采用封顶埋管法,对祁连山东段哈溪林区不同海拔梯度和不同植被类型的土壤氮进行了研究。结果表明:(1)海拔2 650m青海云杉林土壤的初始TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最低,海拔2 950 m青海云杉林土壤的初始TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最高;各海拔梯度青海云杉林土壤经培养后,其TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均减小。(2)就不同植被类型而言,青海云杉林土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最高,草地和灌丛土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量较低,且二者差异不大。草地和灌丛土壤培养后TN和NH_4~+-N含量显著升高,NO_3~--N含量变化不大。(3)某一海拔青海云杉林土壤移植到其他海拔青海云杉林培养后,土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量变化不大;不同植被类型之间土壤相互移植培养后,土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量变化明显,不同植被类型对土壤氮的含量差异显著。     

膜孔直径对浑水膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性的影响

通过对西安粉壤土进行4种膜孔直径(6,8,10,12cm)的浑水膜孔肥液自由入渗室内试验,观测并分析了湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量、湿润体内水分分布以及NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N运移特性的变化规律。结果表明:膜孔直径对浑水膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性具有较为显著的影响。不同膜孔直径的浑水膜孔灌肥液自由入渗累积入渗量符合Philip入渗模型;湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间呈极显著的幂函数关系;在相同的入渗时间内,膜孔直径越大,湿润锋运移距离越大,单位膜孔面积累积入渗量越小,同一位置处土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量越大。入渗400min内,在膜孔中心附近区域NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量较高,湿润体内土壤NO_3~--N主要集中分布在距膜孔中心15cm范围内,而NH_4~+-N主要集中分布在距膜孔中心8cm范围内。     

杂交稻和常规稻生育后期对NO_3~——N和NH_4~+-N的营养效应

利用~(15)N示踪技术研究了杂交稻和常规稻生育后期对不同N源的营养效应。结果表明,杂交稻对抽穗前追施的NO_3~--N的利用率比常规稻高7.8％,回收率高13.2％:追施NH_4~+-N时,杂交稻的N肥利用率比常规稻高6.1％,回收率高14.5％肥源之间比较,收获期NH_4~+-N的利用率和回收率都高于NO_3~--N。肥料N在穗中的分配率,杂交稻比常规稻大15.7—20.2％,但NO_3~--N与NH_4~--N处理间无明显差异。试验结果还表明,抽穗前追施NO_3~--N比追施NH_4~--N能更明显地促进水稻对Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的吸收,刺激浮根的生长,增加稻谷产量,而且杂交稻的这些效应大于常规稻。     

两种典型温度下农村化粪池出水氮素在原地土壤中的迁移转化过程

为探究典型温度下(25℃和5℃)农村化粪池出水氮素在排污口原地土壤中的迁移转化过程,采集原地表层土壤及化粪池出水,构建室内模拟系统,分析化粪池出水经土壤渗滤前后氮素组成。结果表明,农村化粪池出水氮素以可溶性无机氮(DIN)为主,其中NH_4~+-N占70%以上;两种温度条件下化粪池出水DIN差异不显著(P0.05,n=12),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N浓度均具有极显著性差异(P0.01,n=12),25℃时硝化作用明显,导致出水NH_4~+-N低于5℃,NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N高于5℃;两种温度条件下原地土壤对化粪池出水DIN均有削减作用,其中NH_4~+-N削减量均占DIN削减量60%以上;25℃和5℃条件下,NH_4~+-N削减率分别为23.11%～47.37%和25.37%～43.47%;25℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过氨挥发、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等作用完成,而5℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过土壤NH_4~+-N吸附作用完成;25℃时土壤对NO_3~--N还存在蓄积作用。研究表明,两种温度下化粪池出水NO-_2~--N和NO_3~--N在原地土壤中可发生反硝化或异化还原作用进而得到削减。     

几种植物去除污染水体中养分效果研究

对城市尾水和人工模拟富营养化水体进行了静态培养试验.通过比较不同植物对城市尾水中氮、磷去除效果,以及它们在不同磷浓度条件下对不同形态氮素去除效果研究,目的在于筛选出适合治理富养分污染水体的植物品种.研究结果表明,空心菜(Ipomiea aquatica)、酸模(Rumex acetosa)、莎草(Cyperus glomeratus)3种植物都能很好地吸收尾水中的营养物质,且生长状况良好.经3种植物处理的城市尾水,其氮、磷浓度随水培时间的增加而降低.莎草、酸模对污水中TN的去除率达90%以上,其中莎草最高,达93.4%;空心菜对全磷的去除率最高达76.9%.NH_4~+-N在处理前期变化显著,且莎草的净化效果最好达94.4%;污水中NO_3~--N含量随着水培时间的增加而逐渐下降,但在试验后期NO_3~--N又有所增加.酸模去除NO_3~--N效果最好,达65.4%.另外3种植物对NH4+-N和NO_3~--N都具有一定的吸收作用,并且优先吸收NH_4~+-N.且从对于NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N净化效果看,莎草>酸模>空心菜.     

春季解冻期3种温带森林土壤氮素动态变化

为了研究春季土壤冻融过程对氮素周转的影响,以长白山地区3种森林土壤为研究对象,利用原位培养连续取样法,测定和分析了不同形态氮素(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和微生物量氮(MN))在春季解冻期间的含量动态变化。结果表明:土壤解冻过程中,3种森林土壤微生物量氮时间变化动态不同,且土壤微生物量氮表现出明显的垂直空间异质性,0~10 cm层土壤微生物量氮显著高于10~20 cm层。解冻期3种林型土壤NH_4~+-N时间变化动态表现一致,最大土壤NH_4~+-N释放量出现于解冻中后期。解冻期3种林型0~10 cm土壤NO_3~--N变化动态基本一致,但10~20 cm层土壤NO_3~--N含量的变化动态表现各异。解冻期间,除长白松林外,红松阔叶林与次生白桦林的0~10 cm层土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量显著高于10~20 cm层土壤。土壤解冻中前期以NH_4~+-N生成为主,而解冻中后期,NO_3~--N生成量显著增加。     

哈尼梯田生态系统地表水不同形态氮含量时空分布特征

为探讨哈尼梯田生态系统天人合一的水分和营养元素的利用模式,揭示哈尼梯田生态系统氮素时空变化规律,明确土地利用对氮浓度的影响,为哈尼梯田的水环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。以元阳县全福庄小流域为研究对象,应用Kriging空间插值法分析了该系统地表水氮素的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)除NO_3~--N浓度在夏季和冬季呈强变异外,其他N浓度在不同季节的变异系数均小于100%,表现为中等程度变异。(2)梯田中下部TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度变幅都较大,分别为0.103~0.849,0.010~0.143,0.052~0.446mg/L,森林地表水中TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度的变幅都相对较小,分别为0.108~0.471,0.003~0.102,0.058~0.164mg/L。(3)TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的块金系数均小于50%,各季节均有较强的空间自相关性。TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的变程均在1 000m以内,表明各指标各个季节分别在不同尺度范围内分布连续,存在空间自相关性。(4)通过Kriging插值法得知,不同季节TN、NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N地表水浓度从整体上为村庄梯田河流森林的分布规律。     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

洱海流域稻田综合种养对田面水氮素和水稻产量的影响

合理的综合种养模式及密度对实现洱海流域稻季氮肥减量和稻田氮素减排至关重要。通过对稻鸭、稻蟹共作模式的田间定点试验,分析了不同养殖密度与氮肥优化下两种稻季综合种养模式对田面水氮素动态变化及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:田面水TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度在施肥后上升,3～5 d后达到峰值,之后迅速下降趋于平稳,TN、NH_4~+-N后期略有小幅度上升。相对于常规处理(HT),空白处理(CK)、低密度养蟹处理(CL)、高密度养蟹处理(CH)、低密度养鸭处理(DL)、高密度养鸭处理(DH)田面水TN浓度分别降低了28.8%、14.7%、14.1%、7.3%、3.1%,NH_4~+-N浓度分别降低了27.4%、15.1%、24.7%、11.0%、24.7%,NO_3~--N浓度CK降低了30.0%,CL、CH、DL、DH分别提高了15.0%、5.0%、40.0%、25.0%;稻鸭共作能够显著降低NH_4~+-N/Nmin值,显著增加NO_3~--N/Nmin值,而稻蟹共作对NH_4~+-N/Nmin和NO_3~--N/Nmin值影响不显著;稻鸭和稻蟹共作对Nmin/TN、ON/TN值无显著影响。与HT处理相比,CL、CH、DL和CK处理水稻产量分别显著提高了11.4%、9.4%、9.2%和5.1%,而DH却降低4.1%。稻鸭、稻蟹共作模式减少了氮肥施用量,低密度养鸭/蟹处理与氮肥优化相结合更有利于保证水稻产量。     

Physiological basis of differential aluminum tolerance in rice genotypes

Abstract

Two rice genotypes, aluminum (Al)‐tolerant Co 37 and Al‐susceptible ADT 36, were evaluated for their physiological responses in the presence of Al stress in a hydroculture experiment. Two levels of Al (0 and 222 μmol/L) were supplied in the nutrient solution and the two rice genotypes were subjected to Al for two weeks. Root growth parameters, relative growth reduction in roots (RGRR), effects of calcium (Ca²⁺) nitrate metabolism, Al content in roots, and pH shift patterns were recorded. The Al treatments had a lesser effect on Co 37 in terms of reduction in root growth and root dry matter production as compared to ADT 36. While Co 37 did not show significant differences in response to various levels of Ca²⁺ added in the medium under Al stress, ADT 36 registered a dose‐dependent effect in circumventing the injurious effects of Al. Further, reduction in nitrate content and in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaf tissue in Co 37 under Al treatment was less than that in ADT 36. Moreover, Co 37 had a lower content of Al in its root tissue than did ADT 36. Co 37 was also able to shift the pH of the medium more efficiently than ADT 36, thereby minimizing the uptake of Al, and eventually reducing Al toxicity. The higher level of tolerance to Al of Co 37 seems to have emanated from an efficient nitrate metabolism and its capacity to shift the pH of the medium. It is also evident that Al toxicity in ADT 36 can be circumvented by a Ca treatment to a considerable extent. Our results offer a possible physiological basis for Al tolerance in crop plants.     

铵硝营养对高粱根系细胞膜质子泵的影响

【目的】作物选择性吸收铵态氮或硝态氮是导致根际p H发生变化的主要原因,本文探索旱地作物根系细胞膜质子泵对铵硝营养及p H的反应机制。【方法】采用水培方法,分别用NH+4-N和NO-3-N培养高粱幼苗,并控制营养液的p H。高粱生长三周以后,用葡聚糖两相法分离根系细胞膜,测定细胞膜质子泵的水解活性、酶动力学特征,利用免疫杂交方法测定质子泵蛋白浓度。【结果】培养三周后,供给铵态氮的高粱根际p H下降到3,质子泵活性最高,达到Pi 8.81μmol/(mg·min);供给硝态氮的高粱根际p H上升至7,质子泵活性最低,为Pi 3.82μmol/(mg·min)。将铵态氮处理的营养液p H人为上调到7,而将硝态氮处理下调到3后发现,铵态氮培养的高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性在p H 7时低于p H 3,但仍高于p H 3时硝态氮处理。酶动力学特征的测定结果表明,铵态氮营养(p H3)时,酶反应最大速率最高,亲和性也最高,而硝态氮营养(p H 7)时酶反应最大速率最小,亲和性也最低。质子泵活性与其蛋白浓度之间具有正相关性。【结论】无论是铵还是硝态氮处理,根际p H降低都会导致高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性升高,这说明,质子泵具有适应根际酸化而提高自身活性的基本功能。但是,在相同的p H下,铵态氮都导致高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性比硝态氮处理更高,这说明铵态氮在根系细胞中同化产生氢离子,而硝态氮的还原不产生氢离子,因此,吸收铵态氮的细胞需要进一步提高细胞膜质子泵的活性将氢离子排出体外。这很可能是高粱根系在铵态氮营养下的一种反应机制。     

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Rice Straw on Soil Aluminum Toxicity

The red soil region in China is very important to agriculture. However, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity often occurs as a result of the high soil acidity. In a long-term experiment, we analyzed soil samples to determine the effect of fertilization on soil acidity and potential Al toxicity. The results showed that after 12 years of utilization, Al toxicity occurred in the soil of the control plot. Chemical fertilizer further decreased soil pH and intensified Al toxicity. However, rice straw effectively improved soil pH and ameliorated soil Al toxicity from 0 to 50 cm deep, which may be attributed to the accumulated soil organic matter (SOM) and the decomposition of the rice straw. Corresponding to the lower Al content in soil, peanut crops grew healthier with greater yields in the rice straw plot, indicating that returning crop stalks to the field should be a feasible fertilization strategy in the region.     

外源有机酸缓解水稻幼苗根系铝毒的生理机制

以4种杂交水稻品种为材料,进行溶液培养,测定了不同Al胁迫处理下发芽期幼苗的根长、根重、根电导率以及根系线粒体中重要的活性氧清除酶POD、CAT和APX的变化,研究了水稻幼苗对外源有机酸和Al毒响应的生理机制。结果表明:1.5mmol/L Al胁迫下水稻幼苗根系受到轻微伤害,同时POD和APX活性明显增加,CAT活性变化不大;而添加有机酸后,Al胁迫得到明显缓解,其中琥珀酸的缓解效果最为明显,柠檬酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸 琥珀酸的效果表现出品种的特异性;且加入外源有机酸后,POD和APX活性呈下降趋势,CAT的活性变化相对较小。表明Al胁迫引起水稻根细胞线粒体中活性氧代谢平衡发生变化,而有机酸的加入调节了Al胁迫下根系细胞线粒体中活性氧清除酶的活性,从而缓解了发芽期水稻幼苗的Al毒。     

Influence of Urea and Ammonium Sulfate on Soil Acidity Indices in Lowland Rice Production

Urea and ammonium sulfate are principal nitrogen (N) sources for crop production. Two field experiments were conducted during three consecutive years to evaluate influence of urea and ammonium sulfate application on grain yield, soil pH, calcium (Ca) saturation, magnesium (Mg) saturation, base saturation, aluminum (Al) saturation, and acidity (H + Al) saturation in lowland rice production. Grain yield was significantly influenced by urea as well as ammonium sulfate fertilization. Soil pH linearly decreased with the application of N by ammonium sulfate and urea fertilizers. However, the magnitude of the pH decrease was greater by ammonium sulfate than by urea. The Ca and Mg saturations were decreased at the greater N rates compared to low rates of N by both the fertilizer sources. The Al and acidity saturation increased with increasing N rates by both the fertilizer sources. However, these acidity indices were increased more with the application of ammonium sulfate compared with urea. Rice grain yield had negative associations with pH, Ca saturation, Mg saturation, and base saturation and positive associations with Al and acidity saturation. This indicates that rice plant is tolerant to soil acidity.     

Stickstoffernährung und Al-Toxizität bei Buchenjungpflanzen. I: Entwicklung von Buchenjungpflanzen in Abhängigkeit von der Form der Stickstoffernährung und dem Aluminiumgehalt der Nährlösung

Nitrogen nutrition and Al toxicity with young beech plants. I: Development of young beech plants in relation to the source of nitrogen and the Al content of the nutrient solution Young beech plants were grown in aerated nutrient solutions with different Al concentrations over a period of 14 weeks. Nitrogen was supplied in either NO₃- or NH₄-form. pH-changes of the solutions were either corrected to the initial pH of 4 after two days, or not corrected over a period of two weeks. Root growth of the beech seedlings was inhibited by Al. Reduction of root length and dry matter production was more severe if the plants were fed with ammonium nitrogen compared to nitrate nitrogen. Detrimental effect of Al on root growth was also influenced by the pH of the solution. NH₄-N-nutrition led to pH decrease and therefore to increased solubility and toxicity of aluminium. On the contrary, NO₃-N-nutrition weakened Al toxicity because of pH increase at the root surface and in the AFS. This led to an inactivation of Al in the form of insoluble hydroxy aluminium polymers. Compared to NO₃-N-nutrition NH₄-N promoted shoot growth. During 14 weeks no detrimental effect of Al on shoot growth was observed.     

铝胁迫下磷对水稻苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率的关系

选用两个耐铝性差异较大的水稻品种武运粳7号(耐铝品种)和扬稻6号(铝敏感品种)作为实验材料,利用水培铝-磷交替处理试验研究了磷对水稻铝胁迫下苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率之间的关系。结果表明,从水稻铝-磷交替处理下的生物量和根系形态等指标来看,P缓解了Al对两个水稻品种的毒害作用,且对敏感品种扬稻6号的缓解作用更加明显。铝-磷交替处理下,武运粳7号的体内磷含量显著高于扬稻6号的,而根部铝含量显著低于扬稻6号,因此武运粳7号体内的P/Al显著高于扬稻6号;同时,虽然两个品种间根表及根自由空间中Al浓度没有差别,而武运粳7号根表及根自由空间中P浓度显著高于扬稻6号,表现出耐铝品种更强的质外体解铝毒能力,这可能与武运粳7号较强的磷吸收效率有关。此外,与耐铝品种武运粳7号相比,铝敏感品种扬稻6号虽然磷吸收效率低,但利用效率高,即两个水稻品种的耐铝性与水稻的磷吸收效率和利用效率不一致,这为酸性土壤水稻育种提供了理论基础,即选育适应酸性土壤的水稻基因型不仅要关注其耐铝性还要关注其磷利用效率。     

Nitric oxide reduces the stress effects of aluminum on the process of germination and early root growth of rice

The present study examined the action of nitric oxide (NO) on the germination process of rice seeds and early root growth under aluminum (Al) stress. Seeds and seedlings of two rice genotypes, with different levels of sensitivity to aluminum stress, were examined after treatment with Al and NO or only with Al. Further, the histochemical localization of Al and NO was performed on the root tissues. In both genotypes, NO was able to neutralize the inhibitory Al effects on germination. In the roots of seedlings, a reduction of Al toxicity as mediated by NO was indicated by an increased root elongation and a reduction of Al accumulation on the root surface in the Al hematoxylin complexation, irrespective of the genotype. The histolocalization of NO in roots using diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐2DA) and confocal microscopy revealed endogenous Al‐induced levels of NO. It is concluded that NO can alleviate Al stress in the seedlings of the studied rice genotypes by improving germination and early root growth and is likely to play a role in a specific stress‐signaling pathway.     

有机物料对酸性红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤旱耕地铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明,添加不等量的秸秆碳(C)后,土壤pH值显著提高,土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝的含量则明显降低,土壤有机络合态铝的含量也呈增加趋势。添加铝盐并不影响秸秆碳对降低土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝含量的作用。在本研究中,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝和土壤吸附态羟基铝均呈显著负相关,方程分别为y=-2193.9x+11545,R2=0.9798**,y=-655.34x+9748,R2=0.7837**。土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝与玉米主根长,地上部磷、钾含量均呈显著负相关,是抑制玉米吸收养分的主要限制因素,土壤吸附态羟基铝是次于交换性铝的又一活性较大的铝化合物。