Erosional impacts on soil properties and corn yield on Alfisols in central Ohio

Accelerated soil erosion can impact upon agronomic productivity by reducing topsoil depth (TSD), decreasing plant available water capacity and creating nutrient imbalance in soil and within plant. Research information on soil‐specific cause – effect relationship is needed to develop management strategies for restoring productivity of eroded soils. Therefore, two field experiments were established on Alfisols in central Ohio to quantify erosion‐induced changes in soil properties and assess their effects on corn growth and yield. Experiment 1 involved studying the effects of past erosion on soil properties and corn yield on field runoff plots where soil was severely eroded and comparing it with that on adjacent slightly eroded soil. In addition, soil properties and corn grain yield in runoff plots were compared on side‐slopes with that on toe‐slopes or depositional sites. Experiment 2 involved relating corn growth and yield to topsoil depth on a sloping land. With recommended rates of fertilizer application, corn grain yield did not differ among erosional phases. Fertilizer application masked the adverse effects of erosion on corn yield. Corn grain yield on depositional sites was about 50 per cent more than that on side‐slope position. Corn plants on the side‐slope positions exhibited symptoms of nutrient deficiency, and the ear leaves contained significantly lower concentrations of P and Mg and higher concentrations of Mn and K than those grown on depositional sites. Corn grain yield in experiment 2 was positively correlated with the TSD. Soil in the depositional site contained significantly more sand and silt and less clay than that on the side‐slope position. There were also differences in soil properties among erosional phases. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was 19\7 g kg⁻¹ in slightly eroded compared with 15\1 g kg⁻¹ in severely eroded sites. Aggregate stability and the mean weight diameter (MWD) were also significantly more in slightly eroded than severely eroded soils. Adverse effects of severe erosion on soil quality were related to reduction in soil water retention, and decrease in soil concentration of N and P, and increase in those of K, Ca and Mg. Severe erosion increased leaf nutrient contents of K, Mn and Fe and decreased those of Ca and Mg. Corn grain yield was positively correlated with aggregation, silt and soil N contents. It was also negatively correlated with leaf content of Fe. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of crop-slope interaction on slope runoff and erosion in the Loess Plateau

Crops are the most important ground cover on slope farmland and have a significant impact on the soil erosion. But soil erosion on slope farmland is also affected by many other factors, such as topography and rainfall. In order to explore the effect of crop growth on soil erosion on different slope gradient of slope farmland, and analyze the interaction of crop growth and slope gradient on soil erosion, this study used artificial simulated rainfall to observe the runoff rates and soil loss amounts under different slope gradients for maize, soybeans, and winter wheat in different growth stages. Results showed that crops and slope gradient both significantly affected production and development of slope runoff. Compared with bare land, mean runoff rate on slopes was reduced by 24%, 32%, and 94% respectively, and sediment yield was decreased by 44%, 55%, and 99% respectively on maize, soybean, and winter wheat fields. Inhibitory effects of crops on slope runoff rate and sediment yield were enhanced with crop growth and decreased with increasing slope gradient. Crop growth and coverage could offset the impact of increasing slope gradient on runoff and sediment to some extent and reduced water and soil loss on slopes. Sediment yield was produced largely when the slope gradient was greater than 10 degrees on maize and soybean fields, but soil erosion was effectively inhibited when the slope gradient was less than 15 degrees on winter wheat fields. Crop planting can effectively reduce the impact of slope gradient on soil erosion, especially during the flourishing period of crop growth.     

Effects of soil crust and crop on runoff and erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil crust formed after rainfall has a strong influence on soil erosion, water use, and crop growth on sloping farmland. To study the effect of soil crust on sloping farmland on runoff amount and erosion sediment yield, the soil crust on sloping farmland has been studied in this paper for plantings of corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat. Using an outdoor rainfall simulator, the influence of soil crust on runoff rate and sediment yield on sloping farmland covered by crops has been observed. The results revealed that soil crust thickness was increased after rainfall and soil crust coverage showed little change after rainfall. Soil crust had a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield on sloping farmland. Slopes with soil crust showed higher runoff rate and less soil loss than slopes without soil crust. On slopes planted with four crops (corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat), runoff rates on slopes with soil crust were respectively 20%, 25%, 25%, and 21% higher than on slopes without soil crust; sediment yield on slopes with soil crust was respectively 15%, 14%, 14%, and 8% lower than on slopes without soil crust. Crops enlarged the runoff difference between the two kinds of slope and decreased the sediment yield difference between them. Crop growth enhanced these differences in runoff and sediment yield between slopes with and without soil crust.     

麦草覆盖与地膜覆盖对旱地可持续利用的影响

基于旱地农业可持续发展的思想,在黄土高原地区对麦草和地膜覆盖保墒的两种方法进行了对比试验。结果认为,采用地膜覆盖,虽在短期内有较好的保墒能力和明显的增产效果,但逐年有使土壤水肥降低和产量减少的趋势,在坡地会加剧水土流失而且残膜影响较大。采用麦草覆盖保墒,使土壤中的有机质含量逐年增加,提高了土壤的蓄水能力,增加了土壤肥力,有利于形成旱地农业可持续发展的良性循环     

郑家沟土地作物生产力的估算及其应用

以地貌及其所主导的水热条件、肥力状况和土地利用现状为依据，将郑家沟流域的农耕地分为１０个类型，并在此基础上建立了作物生产力估算模型。对估算结果的分析表明：土壤因素和农业经营管理水平是制约作物生产力提高的主要因素，发展农业的主要措施是坚决退耕２５°以上陡坡地，治理水土流失，改善生产条件，合理调整农作物布局。马铃薯生产力最高，对水分、土壤反应不敏感，应在旱地相对稳定其面积；玉米表现出最大的水分增产潜力，应布局在水地和水分条件较好的川台地和坝地上；大豆的肥力增产潜力最大，应解决土壤含磷不高的问题。     

黄土高原旱地小麦施肥对产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上,研究了黄土高原旱地不同施肥对小麦产量、土壤养分和水分的变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,单施有机肥(M)增产效果较好,产量达5265.0 kg/hm2;有机肥和化肥配施(NPM)小麦产量最高,达5898.8 kg/hm2。NPM配施小麦总吸氮量最大,比单施氮肥(N)增加了131.4 kg/hm2;NPM配施的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率分别为67.0%、49.16 kg/kg、36.97 kg/kg、73.11kg/kg;在不同施肥体系中其变化趋势基本一致,均为:NNPNMNPM,处理间差异显著。土壤养分含量变化看出,单施氮肥土壤全氮、碱解氮与不施肥(CK)的差异不显著;有机肥可显著提高土壤速效钾的含量;NPM配施土壤耗水量最大为558.3 mm,水分利用率最高为31.5 kg/(hm2.mm),随着耗水量增加的同时,土壤出现干燥化趋势。     

土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用及其评价趋势展望

土壤侵蚀是导致坡耕地耕层质量退化和土壤生产力不稳定的关键驱动因素。该文从水蚀区坡耕地侵蚀控制和生产功能角度,在解析地块尺度土壤侵蚀、水土保持、农业活动对坡耕地耕层生态过程作用特征的基础上,系统分析了土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用、影响效应及作用途径。认为:1)坡耕地耕层质量变化由降雨侵蚀、耕作活动交互作用的生态过程决定,2种作用的时间、空间尺度不同;耕层土壤参数在坡耕地农业生产中作用分为保水、保土、保肥和增产潜力,由地块尺度农作物-耕层耦合效应决定土壤生产能力、坡耕地水土流失特征及耕层侵蚀性退化方向及程度。2)土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用表现为土壤性质恶化、土壤质量劣化、土地生产力衰退3个方面,耕层土壤物理性质变异程度大于化学性质变异,径流作用导致的土地生产力衰退大于土壤流失作用。3)坡耕地耕层质量评价指标体系应兼顾侵蚀下降、产量提升2个目标,地块尺度诊断指标有效土层厚度、耕层厚度、土壤容重、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、土壤渗透性可作为合理耕层评价最小数据集;坡耕地合理耕层适宜性分为5级,其诊断指标分级标准宜与土壤侵蚀分级和耕地地力分级衔接。4)坡耕地合理耕层评价未来应密切关注耕层质量诊断指标最小数据集、坡耕地合理耕层阈值/适宜值分级标准、坡耕地水土流失阻控标准拟定3个主要方向。研究可为深入认识坡耕地侵蚀性退化机制,辨识坡耕地合理耕层调控途径以及坡耕地合理耕层构建技术参数提供依据。     

减氮覆膜对黄土旱塬小麦产量构成及水肥利用效率的影响

为明确减氮测控定量施肥技术结合地膜覆盖措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦产量构成及水肥利用效率的影响,为旱地冬小麦减施氮肥及提高产量提供理论依据,于2013—2018年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,设置农户施肥种植模式、减氮测控施肥、减氮测控施肥+垄膜沟播和减氮测控施肥+平膜穴播4种处理,分析了在减氮覆膜条件下连续5年冬小麦产量构成情况、土壤水分和氮、磷、钾肥利用效率。结果表明:(1)减氮测控施肥较农户模式在减少氮肥施用量46.9%,平衡施用磷钾肥的情况下,冬小麦年均籽粒产量、生物产量和公顷穗数分别增加4.4%,4.0%和4.3%,氮肥收获指数和偏生产力分别提高4.3%和120.3%,同时促进了冬小麦地上部分对磷素和钾素的吸收量;(2)在减氮测控施肥基础上进行覆膜种植,地膜覆盖使水分利用效率和生育期耗水量分别增加13.8%~23.9%和7.1%~10.1%,氮肥收获指数提高1.7%~3.5%,偏生产力提高21.7%~41.4%,生理效率降低8.7%~16.8%,磷肥和钾肥的偏生产力分别提高22.4%~39.2%和19.3%~37.1%。地膜覆盖良好的水肥调节作用使垄膜沟播和平膜穴播的籽粒产量、生物产量、公顷穗数和千粒重较不覆膜分别增加21.0%,39.2%,18.2%,4.7%和23.5%,40.3%,27.6%,7.0%。因此,为了实现小麦增产和肥料增效,减氮测控定量施肥技术与地膜覆盖措施相结合的种植方式可以在黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区进行推广应用。     

干热河谷生态修复模式及其效应——以中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站为例

 金沙江干热河谷水土流失严重,滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害强烈,生态环境十分脆弱。以中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站为研究区,根据立地条件和植物生物学特性,提出了荒坡地乔灌草恢复性生态修复模式和坡耕地农、林、牧开发性生态修复模式,并对生态修复效应进行了监测和调查。结果表明:通过生态修复,林草地地表径流量降为裸地的14.9%,泥沙流失量降为裸地的6.4%;修复灌草地稳渗率为0.58mm/min,裸地稳渗率为修复灌草地的62%,退化灌草丛地为修复灌草地的84%;植物品种由10余种发展到30多种,土壤种子库密度由300余粒/m2增加到1217～1450粒/m2,动物种类增加10多种;坡耕地产量从750～1500kg/hm2增加到4500～6000kg/hm2,人均年经济收入从200元增加到800～1000元。     

Influence of slope and exposition on water balance of loess soils

Laboratory and field measurements as well as deterministic simulation models were used to determine the water components of loess derived soils with different expositions and slopes in the hilly region South of Hannover, Germany. Studies were investigated from 1987-1990 on three positions of a loess slope with 8 % inclination, 200 m length and northern exposition. Crop rotation was sugar beet, winter wheat, sugar beet. Results show that the soil water budget is strongly related to slope position, relief and plant available water in the rootzone. It was found that drainage at the bottom of a slope is often higher than on top of the slope. On slopes with northern exposition groundwater recharge increases with inclination whereas actual evapotranspiration decreases. For slopes with southern exposition the opposite reaction can be expected. The thickness of loess deposits and the root depth determine the plant available water; a sensitivity study demonstrates how groundwater recharge decreases with the amount of plant available water. This reaction is independent of the exposition of the slope. Field and simulation studies show that runoff occurs under sugar beet whenever soil is bare or sparsely covered, rainfall intensity is high and topsoil is sealed. Moreover, in loess derived soils interflow may occur on sites with stagnic horizons. Sensitivity analyses show that this process probably takes place whenever saturated hydraulic conductivity of this horizon is less than 10cm/d.     

基于CSLE模型的贵州省水土流失规律分析

应用第一次全国水利普查水土保持专项数据,分析了喀斯特地区实际土地利用单元地块空间统计特征及相应侵蚀规律。结果表明:喀斯特地区土地利用类型以林地、耕地为主,共占调查总面积的86.2%。由于地形破碎,地势陡峭,土地表现出破碎化特征,地块面积、坡长、坡度均值分别为3.45hm~2,45.3 m,21.7°。坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响大于坡长,陡坡耕作是导致耕地土壤侵蚀严重的主要原因,68.6%的耕地位于陡坡,其侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的65.6%。贵州省土壤侵蚀程度由西向东递减,以黔西南地区侵蚀最为严重。工程措施能够有效防治土壤侵蚀,减沙效益在75%以上,但随坡度增大而减小,林草地减沙效益优于工程措施。在区域水土保持规划时,应重点考虑土壤侵蚀强烈地区,减少陡坡耕作,推广还林还草。     

旱地小麦群体生理变量对氮素供应量的响应

试验研究不同N肥处理对旱作小麦群体结构参数、光合生理特性、产量及水分利用效率的调控效应结果表明,在一定N肥范围内小麦群体结构、分蘖数、光合速率、水分利用效率和产量均随施N肥量的增加而改善,但当N肥用量超过一定量时反而不利于群体结构和功能的改善。旱作农业生产中水肥间有明显耦合关系,肥料对作物增产作用依赖于土壤水分的优劣。     

典型黑土区农业小流域不同坡向和坡位的土壤水分变化特征

土壤水分变化受地形地貌、土壤质地、土地利用方式等多种因素的影响.为了分析东北典型黑土区土壤水分变化规律,以该区农业小流域为研究对象,采用野外实验的方法,从坡向和坡位出发,系统分析土壤水分在不同坡向和坡位的变化特征.结果表明：1）半阴坡平均土壤含水量低于阳坡和半阳坡;各坡向土壤水分剖面变化趋势不同,坡向仅对0 ～ 35 cm深度范围内土壤含水量变化有显著影响.2）3坡向（阳坡、半阳坡和半阴坡）土壤含水量均为下坡位＞上坡位＞中坡位,各坡向不同坡位土壤含水量剖面变化呈现不同趋势,坡位对测量范围内的阳坡和半阴坡,以及25 ～ 100 cm范围内的半阳坡土壤水分变化有显著影响,但对半阳坡0～ 25 cm土壤水分影响不显著.研究结果可对该地区小流域农作物合理配置及农田土壤水分管理提供科学依据.     

The long-term effect of tillage on soil displacement of hilly areas used for growing wheat in Greece

Abstract. Tillage displaces large amounts of soil from upper slopes and deposits soil in lower landscape positions, greatly affecting productivity in these areas. The long-term effect of tillage on soil erosion was studied in four field sites growing mainly rainfed wheat. The soil loss from landscape positions with slopes, ranging from 3 to 28%, was estimated by: (a) comparing data of horizon thickness described at the same position at different times; and (b) using soil movement tracers added to the soil. Existing empirical relationships were used for estimating soil loss by tillage and runoff water, and loss in wheat biomass production. The experimental data showed soil losses of 0.4 to 1.4 cm yr^–1 depending on slope gradient, plough depth, and tillage direction. In two of the sites, soil depth has been reduced by 24–30 cm in a period of 63 years. The mean soil displacement of the plough layer (30 cm thick), measured by soil movement tracers, ranged from 31 to 95 cm yr^–1 depending mainly on slope gradient, corresponding to a rate of soil loss of 0.3 cm to 1.4 cm yr^–1. Soil eroded from the upper slopes was deposited on the lower slopes increasing soil thickness by 0.4 cm to 1.4 cm yr^–1. The application of empirical relationships, estimating soil loss by tillage and water runoff, showed that soil erosion at the field sites can be mainly attributed to tillage. The loss in wheat biomass production due to erosion was estimated at 26% on upper slopes for a period of 63 years, while a 14.5% increase in wheat production was estimated due to deposition of soil material in the lower landscape.     

Soil fertility affected by land use history,relief position,and parent material under a tropical climate in NW-Vietnam

In Vietnam as much as half of the total land area is already degraded by soil erosion and nutrient depletion. In particular, degradation due to deforestation is increasingly affecting mountainous areas in north-western Vietnam. The necessity to safeguard the farmers' livelihoods requires sustainable resource management, which firstly requires a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of resources. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify the dominant soil types and their vulnerability using elicitation of local soil knowledge, (2) characterise the physical and chemical properties of the soils and (3) link them to the relief position and land use in order to (4) initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations deduced from objectives (1) to (3). These objectives were achieved also by the elicitation of local knowledge. The final aim of the study was to initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations for sustainable land use scenarios. The Chieng Khoi commune in Son La province of northern Vietnam was chosen as representative for other erosion-prone Southeast Asian sloping areas. In a participatory approach, combining local and scientific knowledge, sixteen sites were selected, representative for distinct relief positions, parent material (sand stone and silt stone), land use history, and erosion hazard. Chemical (e.g. content of organic matter, nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and plant available phosphorous) and physical properties (e.g. air capacity, plant available water) were used to estimate soil fertility. The predominant reference soil groups in the study area are Alisols and Luvisols, with a high diversity in respect to soil fertility. These soils are locally named ‘red soil’ and ‘black soil’, respectively. Although the main physical processes are erosion and selective sedimentation, farmers tend to underestimate their impact and causes, whereas soil quality was well-evaluated. Soils with high fertility were found on less eroded upper parts of hills and at sites, where agricultural use started only recently. Once degraded by cultivation practices, soils derived from sandstone did not recover even after more than 50 years of fallow. As a result of unsustainable land use, soils on middle and lower slopes are often affected by severe soil erosion, whereas foot slope soils suffer from accumulation of eroded infertile subsoil material as well as stagnic conditions. This study showed that unsustainable land use at upslope landscape positions has a severe impact on downslope areas. The elicitation of local knowledge facilitated the identification of such hot spots, allowing the implementation of spatially targeted conservation measures.     

龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳迁移的影响

坡耕地土壤再分布对土壤有机碳(SOC,soil organic carbon)迁移的作用机制研究已成为土壤侵蚀学研究的热点,然而目前极少有研究关注地震后生态脆弱的龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及其导致的土壤有机碳再分布规律。该研究选择龙门山地震带内(都江堰市)一块陡坡耕地和一个梯田系列,采用137Cs法和野外调查,对比分析强震导致田埂垮塌和未受损情况下坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间变化特征和有机碳运移变化机理。结果表明,该区黄棕壤有效137Cs背景值为1 473 Bq/m2;坡度较小的坡式梯田内部上坡表现为侵蚀,下坡表现为沉积,同时,上部梯田的侵蚀速率高于下部梯田,但整个梯田系列净侵蚀量非常小,这表明梯田之间由于缺乏田埂的保护,水力也起着侵蚀、搬运上坡梯田土壤的作用,但是整个坡式梯田系列可以起到较好的保土作用,同时,坡式梯田内部主要以耕作侵蚀为主,是造成梯田上部坡位土壤流失严重的主要原因;陡坡耕地的地形为复合坡,由于田埂垮塌导致其土壤侵蚀速率显著高于坡式梯田系列,在整个坡面上,除了坡顶土壤侵蚀速率高之外,下坡坡度变大(曲率较大)的部位土壤侵蚀速率也非常高,同时,土壤沉积也发生在2个坡位(中下坡坡度较缓的部位和坡脚部位);在梯田系列和陡坡耕地上,SOC与土壤137Cs的空间变化规律较为一致。研究结果表明,在龙门山地震带,质量较好的石埂梯田仍然发挥着较好的土壤保持效果,同时,耕作侵蚀是该区坡耕地上一种重要的土壤侵蚀形式,在制定相应的土壤保持措施时,必须充分考虑耕作侵蚀的作用,才能有效地控制土壤侵蚀,此外,该研究结果还表明采用137Cs核素示踪技术可以比较科学地解释该区域的土壤侵蚀速率和SOC的空间变异规律。     

优化缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例提高冬小麦产量和氮肥利用效率

为探究匹配冬小麦氮素需求规律的最佳缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例,优化施肥结构,达到氮肥高效利用与经济效益“双赢”的目标,该研究以冬小麦为研究对象,通过2 a(2019—2020年和2020—2021年)田间试验,设置7个施肥处理：仅施尿素(U)、仅施缓释氮肥(S)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:3配施(SU1)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:1配施(SU2)、缓释氮肥与尿素3:1配施(SU3)、不施氮肥(N0)和不施肥(CK),研究缓释氮肥配施比例对冬小麦干物质积累和转运、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦干物质快速生长期和最大累积速率随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而增加,缓释氮肥与尿素配施的冬小麦干物质平均累积速率比普通尿素提高1.90%～19.91%。缓释氮肥与尿素配施可在改善花前干物质转运量的同时提高花后生产量,花后干物质生产量对籽粒贡献率达53.18%～71.83%。产量随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而显著提高,SU3处理2 a产量分别为7 243和8 021 kg/hm²,较S和U处理分别提高了7.25%和16.07%,其经济效益较S和U处理提高了15.18%和25.67%。与仅施尿素相...     

基于红边参数的水浇地与旱地春小麦各生育期叶绿素最佳估测模型比较研究

通过分析水浇地与不同类型旱地春小麦红边参数变化规律,利用与春小麦叶绿素含量相关性最好的红边位置,分别建立水浇地与旱地春小麦叶绿素含量最佳估测模型。结果表明:春小麦的红边位置表现出水浇地阴坡旱地半阴/阳坡旱地阳坡旱地的特点。起身期到扬花期,各地类春小麦红边位置均偏向长波方向,扬花至乳熟期,又偏向短波。水浇地与阴坡旱地春小麦的红边在起身期和乳熟期存在"单峰"现象,而在其他各期均为"双峰";半阴/阳坡旱地在抽穗和扬花期"双峰"明显,在起身、拔节和乳熟期表现出"单峰"现象;阳坡地在各生育期均为"单峰"现象。整个生育期,水浇地春小麦的红边面积最大,阳坡地的最小。起身期至乳熟期,水浇地与旱地春小麦叶绿素含量线性模型的拟合R2和检验R2均大于0.81,RMSE均小于1.70,说明可以利用红边位置预测各地春小麦叶绿素含量。     

长期施肥下褐土生产力的演变及其影响因素

【目的】 土壤生产力提升和稳定是农业可持续发展的基础。研究过去30年间常规施肥条件下,褐土生产力的变化,厘清影响褐土生产力水平的主要因素,为褐土的培肥改良和生产力提升提供理论依据。 【方法】 基于全国28个长期定位试验点的褐土定位试验,分析了29年 (1988—2016) 不施肥和常规施肥两个处理的土壤肥力指标,并运用主成分分析方法分析了地力和施肥因素对产量的影响。 【结果】 1) 不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量均为先降低后缓慢升高,均值分别为3175和4056 kg/hm2;常规施肥处理小麦产量逐渐升高,玉米产量趋于平稳,均值分别为6124和7432 kg/hm2;小麦和玉米的增产量先升高后降低,均值分别为2901和3429 kg/hm2。施肥提高了作物产量的可持续性指数 (SYI),小麦和玉米SYI值分别为0.57和0.54,分别提高了54.82%和52.49%;降低了变异系数 (CV),小麦和玉米分别降低了44.70%和40.77%。2) 褐土区小麦季和玉米季地力贡献率分别为53.0%和54.2%,变异系数分别为41.2%和37.6%。肥料总量的农学效率,小麦先升高后降低,均值为6.36 kg/kg,玉米先降低后趋于平稳,均值为13.89 kg/kg。氮肥农学效率随施肥年数增加而降低。3) 主成分分析结果表明,影响小麦产量的5个主成分的累积贡献率为71.729%,影响玉米产量的4个主成分的累积贡献率为67.948%,对于两种作物,有机肥用量的影响最大,其次是土壤全氮和有机质含量。 【结论】 褐土区土壤生产力受有机肥用量和土壤全氮、有机质含量的影响最大,因此褐土区生产力的提高与地力的提升和肥料的科学施用密切相关。地力提升可以采取秸秆还田、施用有机肥等措施;肥料施用需要适当提高磷肥的比例,降低氮肥的比例,同时适当提高有机肥的比例。      

夏闲期降水对黄土旱塬冬小麦水氮利用效率的影响

黄土旱塬冬小麦生长所需的水分主要来源于大气降水,分析夏闲期降水对土壤水分的补给对于发展田间水分管理措施和补充灌溉技术具有重要意义。该文利用不同的水肥耦合处理试验,研究了不同水肥耦合处理下夏闲期降水对土壤水分补给量以及对翌年作物耗水量、水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量的影响。结果表明,夏闲期降水量对土壤水分的补给量有极显著的影响(P0.01);冬小麦生育期不同的水肥耦合处理对夏闲期土壤水分补给有显著的影响(P0.05)。收获期土壤水分亏缺度在43.68%~52.63%之间时土壤水分的补给系数较高(51.84%~67.42%),且二者存在良好的幂函数关系;翌年冬小麦生育期耗水量的贡献率、水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量均与土壤水分补给系数呈幂函数关系,且在土壤水分补给系数为25%~40%时冬小麦水分利用效率、产量、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量分别达到最大值。研究可为旱塬农田水分管理提供参考。