除臭菌株对NH_3和H_2S释放及物质转化的影响

将通过高温和氨水逐级驯化筛选的除臭菌株用于牛粪堆肥,研究其对NH3和H2S释放量及物质转化的影响。其中菌株B1与A1除臭效果最好,NH3总释放量较对照分别降低68.59%和61.00%,NH4＋-N仅增加4.47%和7.19%,NO3-N略有提高,而有机氮分别增加28.99%和27.42%,说明除臭菌株能将无机态氮转化为有机氮,使全氮含量提高19.81%和18.80%,有效地减少了氮素损失;H2S总释放量较对照分别降低89.69%和86.88%,硫酸盐增加40.77%和36.49%,说明菌株可有效促进H2S向硫酸盐转化,减少H2S挥发,使全硫含量提高29.05%和22.64%。相关分析显示NH3释放量与H2S释放量、pH呈极显著正相关,与全氮、有机氮和硫酸盐呈负相关;H2S释放量与pH呈显著正相关,而与全硫和硫酸盐呈负相关。添加与未添加除臭菌株的NH3和H2S释放量经方差分析差异达到显著水平,表明添加除臭菌株可有效地控制牛粪堆肥NH3和H2S释放,保留氮素和硫素养分。     

猪粪堆肥过程中NH_3和H_2S的释放及除臭微生物的筛选研究

为了治理粪便臭气污染,测定了猪粪好氧堆肥过程中NH_3和H_2S的释放量以及堆肥温度、pH值、含水率、水溶性铵态氮等指标。结果表明,NH_3在前20天释放量占总释放量的84．6％、H_2S在前13天释放量占总释放量的100％。因此,在堆肥初期的前20天是控制臭气的最佳时期。并从畜禽粪便、垃圾、土壤和堆肥中分离、纯化了一些微生物,经过初筛得到能利用NH_3的微生物41株,经过复筛得到脱除H_2S较好的细菌一株,与对照相比其去除率达85．7％,经鉴定该菌是松鼠葡萄球菌。     

猪粪堆肥过程中NH3和H2S的释放及除臭微生物的筛选研究

为了治理粪便臭气污染，测定了猪粪好氧堆肥过程中NH₃和H₂S的释放量以及堆肥温度、pH值、含水率、水溶性铵态氮等指标。结果表明，NH₃在前20天释放量占总释放量的84.6%、H₂S在前13天释放量占总释放量的100%。因此，在堆肥初期的前20天是控制臭气的最佳时期。并从畜禽粪便、垃圾、土壤和堆肥中分离、纯化了一些微生物，经过初筛得到能利用NH₃的微生物41株，经过复筛得到脱除H₂S较好的细菌一株，与对照相比其去除率达85.7%，经鉴定该菌是松鼠葡萄球菌。     

固氮添加剂降低厨余垃圾堆肥中NH3和H2S排放

为了降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中 NH3和 H2S 恶臭气体的排放,该研究通过向堆肥物料中添加H3PO4+Mg(OH)2、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeCl3和β环糊精4种不同的氮素控制材料,同时以不添加控制材料的处理作为对照,研究控制材料添加对NH3和H2S排放的影响。结果表明控制材料的添加降低了堆肥体系的pH值,明显降低了堆肥物料的损失率;从电导率（electric conductivity）和发芽率指数（germination index）来看,5个处理的堆肥产品均达到腐熟的要求;4种控制材料的添加均不同程度减少了NH3和H2S的排放,但是减排机理不尽相同。总体来看FeCl3对NH3和H2S的控制效果最好,与对照相比,NH3和H2S的累积排放量分别降低了64.2%和52.0%。该研究结果为厨余垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质控制材料的筛选提供参考。     

不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放的影响

近年来中国的城镇化率越来越高,生活垃圾产量也随之剧增,作为生活垃圾中的宝贵资源,厨余垃圾的堆肥化处理得到广泛关注。为了减少厨余垃圾在堆肥化利用过程中的臭气排放,该研究以纯厨余垃圾堆肥作为CK1,以添加15%玉米秸秆的厨余垃圾堆肥CK2,并在CK2的基础上选择吸附剂（活性炭+沸石,膨润土）、表面活性剂（β-环糊精,鼠李糖脂）、堆肥菌剂（城市固体垃圾专用菌（SUKAZYE-MW）,酵母菌）这3类材料作为添加剂,每种添加剂设置3个不同的添加量,以NH3和H2S作为监测物质,在实验室内使用广口瓶进行模拟堆肥,研究了不同添加量的各种添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中臭气减排效果的影响。研究结果表明,添加秸秆后可以减少NH3排放7%～23%,减少H2S排放38%～50%;在CK2的基础上添加2%的活性炭+沸石氨气控制效果最佳,与对照处理相比可分别使NH3的排放量再减少84%和79%,但2种吸附材料对H2S减排效果不佳;2种表面活性剂对NH3的减排效果均不明显,但添加1%的β-环糊精可以在CK2的基础上使H2S排放减少35%;与CK2相比添加0.4%的城市固体垃圾专用菌可以使NH3减排72%、H2S减排33%。该研究结果为厨余垃圾堆肥过程中臭气减排材料的选择提供了参考。     

改进型生物过滤器对H_2S和NH_3混合气体去除效果的研究

生物过滤器去除恶臭气体的影响因素包括进气的容积负荷、填料湿度、填料层高度、填料中微生物种群和数量及填料层成分的变化,为进一步了解生物过滤器的去除效果,共设计4个处理组,分别编号为A、B、C和D,用猪粪堆肥、珍珠塔、活性蚯蚓粪和锯末按不同比例组成生物过滤器填料,并添加除臭优势菌种和蚯蚓处理H2S和NH3。结果表明,生物过滤器填料中微生物数量丰富,细菌和真菌在最高的C组分别达到（2.23～3.26）×1010cfu·g-1和（2.00～3.08）×105cfu·g-1。在生物过滤器填料中各种形态氮和硫的分布不均匀,NH4＋-N与S2--S由下向上递减,而NO3--N起初是下部高于上部,但随着运行时间的延长,上部的NO3--N逐渐高于下部。在该生物除臭系统中,用活性蚯蚓粪、堆肥和锯末混合填料（C）处理效果最好,是很好的生物过滤器填料,有存活的蚯蚓,其余3个处理均没有存活的蚯蚓。     

畜禽养殖舍生物土壤滤体除臭装置

为研究土壤生物滤体除臭装置对于畜禽养殖场散发出的恶臭气体的去除效果,该文概述了生物土壤滤体除臭装置性能指标、结构和工作原理。确定了关键部件结构参数和运行参数,并通过在气体分布基质层中增加布气网管方式提高臭气滤除效果。采用的活性土壤滤层配方为:草腐土75%,珍珠岩20%,黑炭5%,滤层高度1000mm,滤料表面负荷15.5～22.0m3/(m2.h),滤料湿度控制范围(52±3)%。试验结果表明,主要恶臭物质NH3、CH4和CO2去除率大于95%;CO和氮氧化物(以NO2计)去除率大于85%,与畜禽臭气共同扩散的总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和总悬浮物(TSP)去除率大于95%,系统排出气体的臭气浓度分别为7.5～8.0,符合达标排放要求。     

碳氮比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

为确定鸡粪堆肥最优碳氮比（C/N比），该研究以新鲜鸡粪为堆肥原料，添加玉米秸秆调节初始C/N比为14、18和22进行好氧堆肥，研究不同C/N比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放（NH3和H2S）的影响。结果表明：C/N比为14的处理堆肥产品未腐熟，C/N比为18和22的处理均达到腐熟。C/N比为18的处理NH3累积排放量和总氮（TN）损失率最高；C/N比为18～22时，C/N比越高，NH3累积排放量和TN损失率越低。C/N比为14的处理H2S累积排放量和总硫（TS）损失率最高；C/N比为18和22的两个处理，H2S累积排放量显著降低，且无显著差异。此外，C/N比为18处理的微生物群落多样性在整个堆肥过程中显著高于C/N比为14和22处理。堆肥的理化指标、臭气排放与微生物群落之间的相关性分析表明，高温、高pH和缺氧环境会增加Firmicutes丰度，进而促进NH3和H2S的排放，相反地，低温、低pH和氧气充足的环境更有利于Actinobacteria增殖，有利于减少NH3和H2S的排放。综合考虑堆肥产品腐熟度和臭气减排效果，建议低C/N比鸡粪堆肥的初始C/N比为18～22。当秸秆资源不足时，建议初始C/N比为18；秸秆资源充足时，建议初始C/N比为22。     

猪粪堆肥臭气产生与调控的研究

通过两次室外中型堆肥试验，研究在相同水分条件(68.8%)，不同调理剂、不同碳氮比(C/N)、不同通气方式以及不同添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中臭气产生与控制的影响。研究表明：猪粪堆肥中，臭气的主要形式是氨气，主要产生在堆肥的升温及高温期。降低堆肥的pH值、增加微生物对NH⁺₄-N的固定等是控制臭气的有效措施；过磷酸钙添加量为1.5%时，可以降低堆肥的pH值，使NH₃浓度减小，促进NH⁺₄-N向其它形式的氮转变，且不影响堆肥的腐熟；除臭剂试验组堆肥过程中臭味小，堆肥结束后的物理性状最好，不影响猪粪堆肥进程，可在生产中推广。     

生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥排放臭气效果的中试

为研究生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥发酵处理过程产生臭气以及挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的可行性,开展了死猪和猪粪混合堆肥试验,分析了死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度特性和VOCs组分特征,对生物过滤法去除臭气中VOCs的工艺关键参数-停留时间进行优化试验。死猪堆肥过程中排放VOCs种类达37种,其中主要致臭组分为三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫;以腐熟猪粪堆肥作为滤料(添加3%活性污泥),在停留时间为30~100 s的条件下,生物过滤法对死猪堆肥排放臭气去除率达90%以上;停留时间60~100 s的条件下对VOCs中主要致臭组分的去除效率达82.2%~100%,生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度和VOCs的优化停留时间为60 s。研究结果能为死猪堆肥发酵过程排放臭气的处理和控制技术进一步研发提供科学依据。     

Contribution of phospholipid pyrrolization to the color reversion produced during deodorization of poorly degummed vegetable oils

The Ehrlich reaction was optimized to determine the formation of pyrrolized phospholipids in edible oils in an attempt to understand the color reversion produced during the deodorization of poorly degummed edible oils. The procedure consisted of the treatment of the oil with p-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in tetrahydrofuran/2-propanol at a controlled acidity and temperature and the spectrophotometric determination of adducts produced. The extinction coefficient of Ehrlich adducts was calculated by using 1-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]propan-1-ol (1) as a standard and was 15 300 M(-)(1) cm(-)(1). The response was linear and reproducible within the range of 0.334-48.6 microM of compound 1. When the assay was applied to a soybean oil treated with 100-1000 ppm of phosphatidylethanolamine and submitted to deodorization, the formation of pyrrolized phospholipids was observed at the same time that the disappearance of the phospholipid and the oil darkening were produced. The main changes were observed during the first steps of the deodorization process, when the oil was heated between 80 and 160 degrees C. During the initial heating of the oil until achieving 200 degrees C, oil darkening, phosphatidylethanolamine disappearance, and pyrrolized phospholipid formation were correlated, therefore suggesting a contribution of phospholipid pyrrolization to the oil darkening produced.     

新风过滤和排风除臭装置条件下楼房猪舍夏季环境监测

楼房猪场可节约占地面积,楼房猪舍常增设新风过滤装置和排风除臭墙用以改善舍内环境和减少废气排放。为了解此类楼房猪舍夏季环境控制情况,选择北京郊区某楼房猪舍的三个楼层作为监测对象,底层（1层）、中间层（3层）和顶层（5层）新风过滤装置洁净度分别为优、差和良,中间层和顶层风机开启6台,底层风机开启5台,通过监测猪舍的温度、湿度和二氧化碳浓度（质量分数）、风机处静压差等环境参数,分析楼房猪舍不同楼层通风量、温度、温度分布均匀度及环境舒适度。结果显示,底层、中间层和顶层风机处静压差分别为69.7、110.1和98.7 Pa;高静压差导致猪舍实际通风量和风机能效比降低,猪舍实际通风量中间层（205 313 m3/h）和顶层（233 611 m3/h）显著低于底层（247 903 m3/h）（P<0.05）,风机能效比中间层（15.3 m3/(h·W)）和顶层（17.4 m3/(h·W)）显著低于底层（22.5 m3/(h·W)）（P<0.05）;底层舍内温度（24.2 ℃）显著低于中间层（24.6 ℃）和顶层（24.7 ℃）（P<0.05）,舍内不同位置同期最大温差（0.4 ℃）显著低于中间层（1.1 ℃）和顶层（0.6 ℃）（P<0.05）,综合温湿度和风速计算母猪等效温度指数（Equivalent Temperature Index for Sows,ETIS）,底层最小,中间层最大。该研究可为楼房猪舍提高通风效率、优化楼房猪舍夏季环境控制方案提供理论依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications