鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

Short-Term Effects of Poultry Litter Application On Silage Maize Yield and Soil Chemical Properties

If properly managed, poultry litter (PL) might be a good alternative to conventional fertilizers. This paper reports on a three-year field study to compare the effects of two consecutive PL and traditional mineral fertilizer applications on silage maize (Zea mays) production and soil chemical properties. The experiment was undertaken on volcanic soil in the Central-South Region of Chile. The PL was applied at doses of 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha^?1, with and without mineral fertilizer to 50 m² plots, and the outcomes compared with those obtained with two rates of nitrogen mineral fertilizer equivalent to the mid and high PL rates. Maize yield showed a positive response to all treatments, although the mean yield obtained with the PL treatments was higher than with the mineral fertilizer in the third year, in which no fertilizers were applied. The whole plant N concentration of the PL plants was significantly higher than that of the plants that received mineral fertilizer (this was the only nutrient variable for which such differences were found), but the values were not related to the amount of PL applied. After two annual applications of PL, slight increases in soil-available inorganic N and P were observed. However, the values obtained were low, highlighting the high P fixation capacity of the soil as well as its high capacity to stabilise organic matter. No other soil variables studied were significantly affected by any of the treatments.     

长期地表覆盖及施氮对冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

通过在陕西关中平原地区连续7年的田间定位试验,分析比较了3种地表覆盖模式（常规、覆草、覆膜）下不同施氮水平（N 0、120、240 kg /hm2）对冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响,旨为半湿润易旱区旱作农业选择合理栽培组合提供依据。结果表明,2002～2009年覆草处理小麦产量平均减产1.46%, 覆膜增产7.04%,施用氮肥平均增产42.72%,而N240与N120间无显著差异。试验进行第7季后对土壤肥力有如下影响:覆草及覆膜处理下土壤活性有机碳含量较常规分别增加37.57%、21.39%,覆草亦显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量,较常规分别增加6.84%、4.40%、12.68%,而覆膜作用不显著。施氮量主要影响土壤活性有机碳、矿质氮、速效磷及pH值,施氮较不施氮依次增加6.03%、40.18%、-23.55%、-0.05个pH单位,与N120相比,N240对土壤矿质氮及pH值影响不显著。综上,在研究区一年一作条件下,覆草或覆膜处理增产潜力有限,但覆草配施适量氮肥模式具有明显增加土壤有机碳和速效钾含量的效果,亦对提高石灰性土壤养分有效性具有重要作用。     

稻草和紫云英联合还田下施氮水平对水稻产量及土壤氮素形态的影响

  【目的】  紫云英和稻草联合还田时其有机成分的分解和释放具有互补性。研究紫云英和稻草联合还田条件下水稻的适宜施氮水平，为稻田绿肥和稻草联合还田后优化养分管理提供依据。  【方法】  两年定位试验位于江汉平原稻区，在稻草全量还田基础上，设置冬季种植并翻压紫云英和冬闲两种模式。水稻季氮肥处理设不施氮 (N0) 和常规施氮量 (N 165 kg/hm2) 的50% (N50)、100% (N100) 和150% (N150) 共4个水平，以不施氮、冬闲和稻草不还田作为空白对照，共9个处理。测定水稻籽粒产量、氮含量及累积量，分析耕层土壤无机氮及有机氮组分。  【结果】  在稻草和紫云英联合还田条件下，减少常规氮肥量的50% (SMN50) 获得的稻谷产量较稻草单独还田的SN50处理高21%～23%，与联合还田或稻草单独还田下的SMN100、SMN150、SN100、SN150处理之间没有显著差异。稻草和紫云英联合还田的SMN0、SMN50、SMN100处理的稻谷氮累积量均显著高于对应的稻草单独还田处理 (SN0、SN50、SN100)，增幅分别为65%、27%和22%。水稻收获后各处理间土壤全氮、非酸解性氮含量差异不显著，酸解性氮含量有差异，在N150处理下，稻草单独还田处理 (SN150) 的土壤酸解性氮含量显著高于稻草和紫云英联合还田处理 (SMN150)；在酸解性氮组分中，SN150处理的未知酸解态氮成分的含量显著高于稻草单独还田的其他处理及所有稻草和紫云英联合还田处理。  【结论】  减少常规施氮量的50%情况下，与稻草单独还田处理相比，稻草和紫云英联合还田可显著增加稻谷氮素累积量、提高水稻产量，而保持常规施氮量和提高施氮量不能增加水稻的氮素吸收和产量；紫云英与稻草联合还田可以改善土壤氮素的有效性，显著降低高施氮量下稻草单独还田带来的酸解性氮组分中未知态氮的残留量。     

Effect of split applications of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and nitrogen composition of Chinese mustard

Abstract

We assessed the effect of split applications of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N composition of Chinese mustard. There were six treatments in which various rates of N fertilizer were applied as a basal dressing and two top dressings. The plants were harvested 40 days after seeding and the N composition of the plants determined. The soil was also sampled and the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) of 1:1 soil:water ratio extract, organic matter, nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N), Bray Pl‐extractable phosphorus (P) as well as 1N neutral ammonium acetate‐extractable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations after harvesting of the plants determined. The results show that there was no significant difference in yield from the various treatments. Total N concentration in shoots receiving the 1–2–1 fertilizer treatment was higher than that of the other treatments. However, NO₃‐N, soluble reduced N, and insoluble N concentrations in shoots as well as NO₃‐N, soluble reduced N, insoluble N, and total N concentrations of roots were not significantly different due to the treatments.     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Availability in Manure- and Sewage Sludge–Applied Soil

A field experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was established over two growing seasons where farmyard manure and sewage sludge, along with conventional fertilizer, were added to soil. We found that ammonium N was at greater concentrations in the organic amendments treatments, indicating more beneficial dynamics (i.e., it can be taken up by plants for a greater amount of time) and thus a longer lasting effect as a nutrient for the test crop. We found that nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake increased with added organic amendments. This means that when organic matter along with nutrients are added to soil, productivity may increase beyond preset targets because soil conditions greatly improve, not only chemically but also physically. Nitrates left over at the end of the growing season (residual N) were greater in the high sewage sludge and manure treatments, but not proportionally.     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮提高豫北冬小麦氮肥利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  探究有机肥氮替代不同比例化肥氮对冬小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响，为豫北冬小麦筛选适宜有机肥替代比例、提高氮素利用率以及小麦产量提升提供参考。  【方法】  在2018和2019年以小麦新品种百农207为供试材料进行大田试验，试验设置不施氮肥处理 (T1)、常规施氮肥处理 (T2) 和3种有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例 (20%、30%和40%，依次表示为T3、T4、T5)。分析比较成熟期不同处理下小麦产量、产量构成要素、各器官的氮素积累量与分配比例、氮肥利用率以及土壤肥力指标的变化。  【结果】  2018和2019年的产量结果表明，相比T2处理，有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例为20% (T3) 处理能实现小麦产量的稳产增产。2019年T3处理比T2处理小麦产量显著增加16.59%，随着有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例增加，小麦增产效应降低。2019年在T3处理下，植株氮素总积累量比T2处理显著提高25.71%，T3处理相比T2处理籽粒的氮素积累量两年分别显著提高14.45%和22.20%。2019年T3处理氮素偏生产力、氮素回收率和氮肥农学效率都显著高于T2处理。连续两年施用有机肥处理对土壤中全氮含量影响不大，但相比T1和T2处理，2018和2019年在T3处理下土壤有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著提高。通过产量与其他因素的相关分析可知，小麦产量与植株氮素总积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、小麦穗数呈极显著正相关，而穗数与土壤养分中的NH₄+-N含量和NO₃–-N含量均呈极显著正相关。  【结论】  在氮施用量为300 kg/hm2时，通过连续两年有机肥与化肥配施可改善土壤肥力水平。本试验条件下，有机肥氮替代化肥氮的比例为总施氮量 20%时，能显著增加籽粒氮素积累量，提高小麦氮素利用效率和产量，实现豫北冬小麦稳产和高产。     

长期有机无机肥配施下玉米氮素利用率和红壤碱解氮含量的阶段性变化

  【目的】  充足的氮素供应是玉米高产的保证,研究红壤上玉米氮素吸收和土壤氮素盈余对长期不同施肥措施的响应特征,旨在为红壤地区玉米持续高产和土壤氮素科学管理提供依据。  【方法】  本研究依托江西进贤双季玉米定位试验,选择不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(NPK)、两倍量化肥(DNPK)、有机肥(OM)与常量化肥+有机肥(NPKM) 5个处理,以10年为一个试验阶段,分析了35年来玉米产量、氮肥利用率、0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量以及氮素表观盈余量等的阶段性变化规律。  【结果】  施肥处理(NPKM、DNPK、OM和NPK)玉米35年平均产量较不施肥对照(CK)分别显著提高了3.36～9.07、3.31～5.64、2.46～6.72和1.91～3.70倍,氮素吸收量分别显著提高了5.20～11.93、4.33～7.02、3.66～5.90和1.80～3.64倍。在试验0～10年,各施氮处理间玉米产量无显著差异,氮素吸收量NPKM、DNPK和OM处理间无显著差异,但均显著高于NPK处理。在试验11～20年,NPKM和DNPK处理产量与氮素吸收量显著高于NPK和OM处理;在试验21～35年,NPKM处理的产量和氮素吸收量均显著高于其他处理。NPK和DNPK处理的氮肥偏生产力在0～20年期间升高,在21～35年间下降,而NPKM和OM处理的氮肥偏生产力逐渐升高,至试验31～35年时,显著高于NPK和DNPK处理。各施氮处理土壤氮素均处于盈余状态,前30年均以NPKM处理氮素盈余量最高,较DNPK与NPK处理分别显著提升了13.63%～37.48%、133.95%～208.24%,而在试验31～35年,DNPK处理氮素盈余量与NPKM处理无显著差异。0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量与氮素盈余量呈显著正相关 (P<0.05),氮素盈余量每增加 10 kg/hm2,0～10、11～20、21～30、31～35年耕层土壤碱解氮含量分别增加1.00、1.20、1.60、2.80 mg/kg。  【结论】  在试验前20年,单施化肥玉米氮素吸收量和肥料的偏生产力呈增加趋势,之后呈下降趋势。而有机无机肥配施或者单施有机肥可持续提高氮肥利用率,促进玉米增产。氮素盈余量的增加与耕层土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;随施肥年限的延长,有机无机肥配施对土壤养分含量提升效果增强。     

稻秆与紫云英联合还田提高黄泥田氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】   稻秆与紫云英为南方稻田培肥的重要有机肥源。研究福建黄泥田稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥不同比例配施对水稻产量、养分吸收利用及土壤肥力的影响,旨在为该区域中低产田改良培肥及化肥替代提供依据。   【方法】   开展连续4年的田间定位试验,在等氮投入条件下,设置稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥不同配比6个处理,稻秆与紫云英二者氮素投入总量分别占农田总氮投入的0% (RM0,CK)、20% (RM20)、40% (RM40)、60% (RM60)、80% (RM80) 与100% (RM100),分析了水稻产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤肥力因子的变化。   【结果】   稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥配施均不同程度提高了水稻产量,其中籽粒与秸秆产量均以RM20最高,4年平均分别比CK显著增产了15.4%与23.6%,但产量增幅随有机物料替代比例增加呈降低趋势。产量构成中,RM20处理有效穗增加最为明显。与CK相比,有机物料联合还田下的水稻地上部植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收量增幅分别为2.4%～15.4%、2.6%～17.4%、2.0%～22.3%。除RM100处理外,稻秆、紫云英联合还田的氮素回收率较CK提高2.0～13.5个百分点,以RM20处理最高。稻秆、紫云英联合还田还不同程度提高了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮(RM80处理除外)、有效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳含量以及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,而降低了土壤容重。   【结论】   连续进行稻秆和紫云英联合还田有效提高了黄泥田土壤肥力质量及水稻氮素利用率。综合考虑增产效应、化肥减施与肥力改善因素,在等氮投入下,稻秆、紫云英联合还田替代20%～40%化肥可促进水稻稳产增产。     

Effects of biochar and fertilizer sources on nitrogen uptake by chilli pepper plants under Mediterranean climate

This study determined N uptake by serrano chilli pepper for two years and evaluated the effects of biochar amendment or organic N (org-N) fertilizer on N use under a Mediterranean climate. A field experiment was conducted using microplots from 2016 to 2017 in California, USA. Treatments included biochar amendment rates [0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 tons (t) ha⁻¹] biochar, all with 100% inorganic N fertilizer (165 kg N ha⁻¹), and org-N fertilizer applications at 50%, 75% and 100% of the total available N supply. Pepper yield, vegetative biomass, N uptake, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), and nitrate were determined. Pepper yield was highest in the 50% org-N and lowest in the 50 t ha⁻¹ biochar treatment during the first year. There were no differences in fruit yield among the organic treatments during the second year, and all were higher than that from the control. The 100% org-N treatment had less NH₃ volatilization than all other treatments during the first year. The two-year results showed that chilli pepper plants sequestered 4.6‒6.1 kg N to produce one ton fresh pepper fruits. During the first year, the 50% org-N treatment resulted in the highest N productivity or yield with lowest projected N fertilizer application requirements as compared to other treatments although there were no differences among all treatments in the second year. Thus, a combination of inorganic and org-N fertilizers can be an effective strategy to improve soil N productivity in long-term management.     

YIELD,FRUIT QUALITY AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF ORGANICALLY AND CONVENTIONALLY GROWN MUSKMELON WITH DIFFERENT INPUTS OF NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM

The effects of varied amounts of fertilization on yield, fruit quality, and nitrogen (N) uptake of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. var reticulatus Naud) grown under both organic and conventional farming conditions were evaluated. Organic fertilizer (0.0, 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 kg m^?2) and mineral fertilizers containing the same amounts of estimated plant available nutrients [N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] were applied to organic and conventional farming plots, respectively, in both the spring and autumn seasons of 2005. In comparison to conventional farming conditions, muskmelons grown under organic farming conditions had the same yield, total soluble solids (TSS) and soluble sugar contents in both growing seasons, and fruit pulp nitrate content was significantly reduced by 12% on average in spring and 16% on average in autumn. At harvest maturity the aboveground plant N concentration was significantly higher in the conventional treatments than in the organic treatments. At the vine growth stage, the plant N concentrations were similar in all treatments in both seasons. The ratios of nitrate N to total N amount in aboveground biomass were higher in conventional and high fertilized organic treatments than in low or not fertilized organic treatments under limited N supply from the soil. Muskmelon plants absorbed mainly inorganic N, and the protein N fraction in the xylem sap was larger than the amino acid N fraction. Plants grown in the organic system had a higher proportion of organic N in their xylem sap, especially when manure input was low.     

有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响

为探讨不同有机肥替代率对小麦减肥增效及减少麦田氮磷流失的效果,在等氮有机养分替代条件下进行田间小区监测试验,设置8种不同处理,分别为空白对照(CK),常规施肥(CF),100%、50%、30%猪粪有机养分替代氮肥(M1、M2、M3)及100%、50%、30%秸秆有机养分替代氮肥(F1、F2、F3),研究有机肥替代率对小麦产量、麦田氮磷流失、肥料利用率和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,100%有机养分替代处理与常规施肥处理相比小麦产量均显著降低,但减少了麦田氮径流流失,提高了土壤肥力。麦田不同处理下总氮流失量为21.90~33.66 kg·hm^-2,与常规施肥处理相比,不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代处理总氮流失量减少了8.44%~25.94%;总磷流失量为0.60~2.00 kg·hm^-2,100%有机养分替代处理相比于常规处理总磷流失量升高了24.64%~44.93%。不同处理下小麦氮、磷肥利用率分别为17%~35%、5%~19%,其中30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代处理下氮、磷肥利用率较高,而100%猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代氮、磷肥利用率较常规施肥处理均显著降低。有机养分替代能够缓解土壤酸化,使土壤pH值维持稳定,与常规施肥处理相比,有机养分替代处理下土壤肥力有所提高。综合不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响,30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代在保证小麦高产稳产的同时,能有效降低麦田氮径流流失量,且维持较低水平磷径流流失量,是一种适宜的资源有效利用、节肥增效的有机养分替代模式。本研究结果为小麦生产中合理利用养分资源、减少化肥投入、控制麦田氮磷径流流失提供了参考。     

有机肥替代20%化肥提高黑钙土养分有效性及玉米产量

  【目的】  化肥减量并配施有机肥是减少肥料损失、提高化肥利用率的有效途径。研究在秸秆条带还田下化肥减量配施不同有机肥对东北地区黑钙土速效养分和玉米产量的影响,以实现玉米高效和可持续生产。  【方法】  于2018和2019年,连续两年在农安试验基地黑钙土上进行玉米田间试验。本试验在秸秆条状还田下,共设置4个处理,即当地常量施肥 (T1)、化肥减量20% (T2)、化肥减量20%配施鸡粪2988 kg/hm2 (T3) 和化肥减量20%配施牛粪5098 kg/hm2 (T4),T1、T3和T4处理的总氮投入量相同。在玉米拔节期和收获期,分别测定土壤pH、有机碳和速效氮磷钾含量,在收获期测产。  【结果】  与T1处理相比,T2处理连续两年玉米产量均未显著降低,土壤有机碳和速效氮磷钾含量与常量施肥处理大体接近;T3和T4处理显著增加了土壤有机碳和速效养分含量。其中,T3处理2018年土壤有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别较T1增加了15.20%、12.20%、16.70%、7.75%,2019年分别增加了13.0%、18.5%、34.2%、18.5%。玉米产量连续两年均以T4处理效果最优,2018和2019年分别较T1增产5.6%和20.8%,T3处理的增产幅度分别为3.75%和15.40%。  【结论】  在秸秆条状还田下,化肥减量配施有机肥可以增加土壤中有机碳和速效氮、磷、钾含量,可实现玉米增产增收。在黑钙土上配施鸡粪的效果优于牛粪。     

新建大棚番茄有机肥替代化肥的适宜比例及效应

  【目的】  有机肥氮替代部分化肥是实现作物高产优质、化肥增效和快速培肥土壤的重要技术途径。研究有机肥与化肥不同比例配施对新建温室中番茄产量、品质、氮肥效率和土壤理化性状的影响,以期为设施蔬菜减肥增效提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  2017和2018年在鲁西南的两个新建大棚进行了试验,供试番茄品种为‘亚特兰大’。依据当地番茄N–P₂O₅–K₂O推荐量 (1108–955–1108),设置100%化肥 (FP) 和10%、20%、30%、40%的有机肥氮替代比例 (FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40) 处理,以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),分析了番茄果实及植株氮磷钾含量,番茄NO₃–-N、维生素C (Vc)、总糖、酸度以及收获后0—30 cm土壤养分含量及容重、孔隙度等物理性状指标,并计算经济效益。  【结果】  有机肥氮替代比例在10%～30%内时,番茄产量随有机肥氮替代比例的提高而提高,以FM30处理的番茄产量最高,净收益最大,比FP处理增产4.03%,增收6.9%。FM30和FM40处理的番茄果实的硝酸盐含量比FP处理均降低了21.2%左右,FM10处理的番茄Vc、总糖含量最高,随有机肥氮替代比例增加,番茄Vc、糖酸比和总糖含量降低。FM30处理的番茄氮素利用率最高,比FP处理提高了17.7%。与FP处理相比,FM30和FM40处理的土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,土壤容重也显著降低,但土壤有机碳含量得到显著增加。  【结论】  当有机氮替代30%的化肥氮时,可以显著提高番茄产量和品质,改善土壤肥力,减少速效养分的残留。     

Conservation tillage induced changes in organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil

A multi-year experiment was conducted to compare the effects of conservation tillage (no-till and ridge-till) with conventional plow tillage on organic C, N, and resin-extractable P in an alkaline semi-arid subtropical soil (Hidalgo sandy clay loam, a fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Calciustoll) at Weslaco, TX (26°9′N 97°57′W). Tillage comparisons were established on irrigated plots in 1992 as a randomized block design with four replications. Soil samples were collected for analyses 1 month before cotton planting of the eighth year of annual cotton (planted in March) followed by corn (planted in August).

No-till resulted in significantly (p<0.01) greater soil organic C in the top 4 cm of soil, where the organic C concentration was 58% greater than in the top 4 cm of the plow-till treatment. In the 4–8 cm depth, organic C was 15% greater than the plow-till control. The differences were relatively modest, but consistent with organic C gains observed in hot climates where conservation tillage has been adopted. Higher concentrations of total soil N occurred in the same treatments, however a significant (p<0.01) reduction in N was detected below 12 cm in the ridge-till treatment. The relatively low amount of readily oxidizable C (ROC) in all tillage treatments suggests that much of the soil organic C gained is humic in nature which would be expected to improve C sequestration in this soil.

Against the background of improved soil organic C and N, bicarbonate extractable P was greater in the top 8 cm of soil. Some of the improvement, however, appeared to come from a redistribution or “mining” of P at lower soil depths. The results indicate that stratification and redistribution of nutrients were consistent with known effects of tillage modification and that slow improvements in soil fertility are being realized.     

连续三年不同有机肥替代率对小麦产量及土壤养分的影响

  【目的】  探究不同有机肥替代化肥比例对土壤养分含量、植株养分吸收量、肥料利用率以及作物产量的影响，为实现作物高产稳产、土壤培肥提供科学施肥方案。  【方法】  2018—2020年，以新春38号小麦为供试作物，在新疆石河子大学农学院连续进行了3年定点大田试验，试验土壤为灰漠土。试验设置不施肥 (CK)，常规施化肥 (CF) 和以有机肥分别替代化肥氮磷投入量的6%、12%、18%、24%，共6个处理。有机肥全部基施，追施氮磷养分量不变，小麦收获后秸秆全部还田。于2020年，在6个小麦生育期取植株样，分析氮、磷含量和干物质积累量，在收获期测定产量和产量构成因素。同时取0—20 cm土壤样品，分析速效氮、磷和有机质含量。  【结果】  连续3年施用不同量有机肥后，土壤速效氮、磷、钾养分和有机质含量均随有机肥替代比例的增加而增加，有机肥替代率18%和24%处理的土壤速效养分和有机质含量在灌浆期和收获期显著高于对照和CF。小麦扬花期、灌浆期和收获期的干物质积累量和养分积累量均随有机肥替代率提高而增加，有机肥替代率18%和24%处理显著高于CF处理。氮磷肥料利用率、偏生产力和农学利用效率同样有所提高，有机肥替代率18%处理和24%处理高于其他处理。有机肥替代率6%、12%和24%处理的小麦穗数、千粒重、产量与CF相比差异不显著，而有机肥替代率18%显著高于CF。  【结论】  连续使用有机肥替代部分化肥可增加小麦生育后期土壤中速效养分含量，提高肥料利用率，最终实现稳产甚至显著增产。有机肥替代化肥的比例不能过低，本试验条件下，有机氮磷替代率为18%～24%时，可在实现作物高产稳产的同时，增加土壤速效养分含量、提高肥料利用率，但小麦产量受有机肥替代比例的影响较小。从肥料低投入高回报的角度，推荐有机肥替代18%的化肥氮磷养分较为可行。     

Relative efficacy of organic manures on rice production in lateritic soil

Abstract. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the relative efficacy of organic manures in improving the productivity and pest tolerance of rice growing in a lateritic soil. The effects of three commercial manures: processed city waste (PCW), vermicompost (VC) and oil cake pellets (OCP), were assessed in comparison to farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer all at the same total N applied. Of the organic manures tested, FYM produced the maximum straw and grain yields. Differences in yield among the organic manure treatments were mainly attributed to variation in the amounts of available N, P, K and micronutrients. Effect of manures on soil physical condition was not studied. The uptake of N, P and K by rice plants with FYM was significantly greater than all other commercial manures and inorganic fertilizer. The tolerance of rice plants to attack by pathogens and pests, measured in terms of grain yield was highest in the treatment with FYM. Among the commercial manures PCW showed the greatest promise and emerged as a potential alternative to FYM.     

Impact of effective microorganisms and other biofertilizers on soil microbial characteristics,organic‐matter decomposition,and plant growth

Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of commercially distributed biofertilizers (effective microorganisms [EM], BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B) on soil microbial‐biomass content and activity, net N mineralization in soil, and growth of Lolium perenne. According to the manufacturers, the products tested are based on microbial inoculants or organic growth stimulants, and are supposed to influence soil microbial properties and improve soil conditions, organic‐matter decomposition, and plant growth. In the incubation experiment (40 d, 20.6°C, 50% maximum water‐holding capacity), EM was repeatedly applied to soil together with different organic amendments (nonamended, chopped straw, and lupine seed meal). Under the experimental conditions of this study, no or only marginal effects of EM on organic C, total N, and mineral N in soil could be observed. In soil treatments without any organic amendment, EM suspension slightly enhanced microbial activity measured as soil CO₂ evolution. In soil with easily degradable plant residues (lupine seed meal), EM suspension had a suppressive effect on microbial biomass. However, comparisons with sterilized EM and molasses as the main additive in EM suspension showed that any effect of EM could be explained as a pure substrate effect without the influence of added living organisms. In the pot experiment with Lolium perenne (air‐conditioned greenhouse cabin, 87 d, 16.8°C, 130 klxh d^–1 light quantity), the products EM, BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B were tested in soil with growing plants. The products were repeatedly applied for a period of 42 d. Within this study, no effects of the different biofertilizers on mineral N in soil were detectable. There were clear suppressive effects of all tested biofertilizers on microbial‐biomass content and activity. Comparisons with sterilized suspensions showed that the effects were not due to living microorganisms in the suspensions, but could be traced back to substrate‐induced processes.     

Effects of Different Organic Materials on Crop Production under a Rice–Corn Cropping Sequence

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important index of soil quality because of its relationship with crop yield. The application of organic matter to soil is a significant method for increasing SOM. Different organic materials have varying effects in increasing SOM. This study investigates the effects of combining different sources of organic matter (i.e., compost, leguminous green manure, and peat) with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N accumulation in corn and rice plants. This study examines seven treatments, including a no-fertilization check and a conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. Shoots of corn and rice were sampled at the tasseling (panicle initiation for rice) and maturity stages. The biomass yield was measured and the total N was analyzed. At the maturity stage, the soil samples were collected to determine the chemical properties. The results showed that a small percentage of the N in the compost and peat, after their application, was available to the crop during the growth season; the production of biomass and N absorption among rice and corn plants was minimal compared to that treated with chemical N fertilizer. The application of compost and peat resulted in SOM accumulation, particularly with peat. However, the application of compost combined with chemical fertilizer not only produced sufficient nutrients for crop growth but also resulted in an accumulation of SOM, which is vital for enhancing the soil quality. Most of the N in green manure (GM) was mineralized shortly after application, causing excessive growth of rice and corn plants during the early stage, but reducing their reproductive growth and grain yield.