中国湖泊底泥的重金属污染评价研究

本文根据相关研究,搜集了中国不同区域湖泊底泥重金属含量及其某些湖泊底泥中重金属含量背景值,对数据进行处理和分析,统计了中国湖泊底泥中重金属含量的范围,分析了不同湖泊底泥重金属的浓度情况,对几个重点湖泊底泥重金属污染程度进行了评价,提出了防治湖泊底泥重金属污染的措施。     

An Evaluation of Fresh Water Sediments Contamination: The Lachine Canal Sediments Case,Montréal,Canade. Part II: Heavy Metal Particulate Speciation Study

Over the last century, discharge of industrial effluents and municipal wastewater have contaminated the Lachine Canal sediments. This study investigated the associations between heavy metals and natural sediment constituents. X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy and geochemical analysis revealed that the sediments consisted mainly of silt and clay size fractions composed of: feldspar, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, calcite and dolomite as well as minor amounts of Fe minerals. Organic matter and amorphous metal oxides were also identified. Each of these constituents bound heavy metals at varying degrees as assessed by a sequential chemical extraction (SCE) protocol. The associations with each geochemical phase were (in order of decreasing significance): 1) residual phase, 2) oxide phase, 3) carbonate phase, 4) organic phase and 5) exchangeable phase. According to the cation exchange capacity (CEC), carbonate and oxide content measurements, the heavy metals occupied a minor fraction of the total capacity of the sediments to retain metals by these mechanisms. The SCE results revealed that the partition patterns varied with pH. The phases associated to the carbonate and the exchangeable phases were the most sensitive to a change in pH with the residual phase being almost unchanged. The Zn and Cd were sensitive to release when the conditions drifted to acidic conditions. The partition patterns for various grain size fractions (<53 µm, 53–75 µm, 75–175 µm and <175 µm) revealed that no particular fraction accumulated a certain heavy metal. Finally, from protocols, techniques and results interpretation in this study, various engineering applications such as the technical choice of clean-up scenarios, screening of remediation techniques and the development of remediation quality criteria were proposed within the framework of the management of contaminated sediments.     

The Spatial Distribution of Characterised Fly-Ash Particles and Trace Metals in Lake Sediments and Catchment Mosses: Ireland

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) from the sediments of 48 Irish lakes were enumerated and characterised according to fuel type. The concentration of metals was determined in the surface sediments and in selected mosses from the catchments of these lakes. Generally the metal concentrations in both the surface sediments and mosses were consistent with background levels found in the remote parts of Europe. Where higher metal concentrations occurred these could often be accounted for by local geochemical sources. SCP levels in the sediments of the selected lakes along the east coast were of sufficient magnitude to suggest a transboundary influence notwithstanding local sources. SCP characterisation also suggests the influence of emissions in Northern Ireland on deposition, particularly in the north-west of Ireland. There was reasonable correlation between the concentration of oil particles in the surface sediments and vanadium, but not with nickel, in mosses. SCP concentrations were not correlated with measured physical characteristics of the lakes. The level of deposition indicated is not likely to have a significant impact on human health over and above the damaging effects of urban dwelling but the adverse impact of this deposition on acid-sensitive surface waters in Ireland has been recorded.     

滨岸排污口对潮滩沉积物中重金属的影响研究

通过对排污口附近及对照点的潮滩沉积物中重金属Zn ,Cu ,Cr和Pb的含量分析发现:各采样点沉积物中的重金属含量均高于环境背景值,平均含量约为环境背景值的2～3倍,排污口附近潮滩沉积物中重金属的含量明显高于对照点潮滩沉积物中的含量;各采样点的柱状沉积物中重金属的含量随深度的变化呈现出一定的变化规律;在垃圾填埋场附近高中低潮滩由于距离排污口的远近不同,表层沉积物中重金属的含量依次降低;对各采样点沉积物中重金属含量的相关性分析发现各点沉积物中累积的重金属的来源有所不同:在排污口附近潮滩的沉积物中重金属主要来源于排污口排放的污水,而对照点朝阳农场潮滩沉积物中重金属主要来源于自然的本底输入或海水外源输入     

Heavy-Metal Concentrations in Sediments Collected from ICRISAT Lake,Patancheru, India

To determine and characterize the initial background concentrations of heavy metals, a total of 50 sediment samples were collected from the largest lake at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Patancheru, India. The finely ground sediment samples were digested using a microwave-assisted digestion method and analyzed for 15 heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals varied greatly with metal and sediment sample, but in general the concentrations were low. Our results suggest that the sediments from this lake (15 ha in area) at the ICRISAT center do not appear contaminated with the heavy metals evaluated, and they indeed reflect normal background concentrations of these metals released through the natural process of weathering.     

Use of Enrichment,and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd,Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland

In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.     

Criteria of the technogenic nature of heavy metals and metalloids in soils: A review of publications

Both routine statistical methods (the compliance of the heavy metal content with the exponent or ruling out abnormally high values of heavy metal concentrations in the Gaussian distribution) and new geostatistics based approaches are used as the criteria of the technogenic nature of heavy metals. Methods are being developed that take into consideration the marker element content (Al) in soil profiles. The geochemical criteria of the technogenic character are based on the statistical relationship between the content of the particular heavy metal (or metalloid) and its principal mineral phase carrier in the background soils, as well as on the disturbance of this relationship upon soil pollution. The chemical criteria are based on the different solubility of natural and technogenic heavy metals by reagents. A procedure of the quantitative assessment of the origin of technogenic lead depending on its isotopic composition is developed. The magnetic criteria of the technogenic nature of heavy metals are based on their association with technogenic magnetite.     

森林土壤重金属的分布和迁移: 一种高密度采样方法的应用

The vertical distribution and migration of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in two forest soil profiles near an industrial emission source were investigated using a high resolution sampling method together with reference element Ti. One-meter soil profile was sectioned horizontally at 2 cm intervals in the first 40 cm, 5 cm intervals in the next 40 cm, and 10 cm intervals in the last 20 cm. The migration distance and rate of heavy metals in the soil profiles were calculated according to their relative concentrations in the profiles, as calibrated by the reference element Ti. The enrichment of heavy metals appeared in the uppermost layer of the forest soil, and the soil heavy metal concentrations decreased down the profile until reaching their background values. The calculated average migration rates of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 0.70, 0.33, 0.37, and 0.76 cm year^-1, respectively, which were comparable to other methods. A simulation model was proposed, which could well describe the distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in natural forest soils.     

贵州喀斯特山区锑冶炼厂对农业土壤污染特征的影响及风险评价

以贵州省晴隆县大厂镇喀斯特山区废弃锑冶炼厂周围的农田土壤为研究对象,研究了距离冶炼厂烟囱不同距离12个表层土壤样点和5个典型土壤剖面中重金属含量。结果表明表层土壤主要污染元素为Sb、Zn、Pb、Hg、As和Cu,分别是贵州省土壤背景值的58.58、11.96、7.99、7.45、6.70和1.60倍;土壤剖面中8种主要重金属元素垂直变化规律各异,不同层次重金属含量（(Pb除外）)均表现为：距离冶炼厂烟囱越近含量越高,平均含量由高到低依次为：Mn>As>Sb>Cu>Cr>Pb>Hg>Cd,均明显高于全国土壤背景值的平均水平。其中,As、Cr、Mn和Hg平均含量差异较大,与对照相比,主要污染元素为Sb、Hg和As,Hg和As分别为国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准的4.7倍、4.4倍;其次是Cd和Cu,分别为国家Ⅱ级标准的3.0倍、2.7倍。相关分析和聚类分析表明,土壤主要受重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Sb和As复合污染。采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法对该地区农田土壤进行了环境风险评价,各层次Cr、Cd、Cu和As含量均超标,污染严重,综合污染指数在1.21 ~ 14.83之间,以重度污染为主;耕作层污染程度由高到低顺序为：大厂村（(冶炼厂）)>中心街村>碧康组>田坝组,均属于重度污染,表层污染土壤（(0 ~ 20 cm）)种植农作物存在一定的风险。     

荣成天鹅湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征研究

通过对表层沉积物中重金属及粒度的分析,研究了荣成天鹅湖重金属的含量水平及分布特征,并对沉积物的环境质量进行了初步评价。结果表明,天鹅湖重金属的总体水平较低,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量均低于国家海洋沉积物I类质量标准,其中Cr和Pb存在轻度污染。Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量范围分别为0～0.84、1.75～116.11、1.50～29.06、17.36～27.25、2.00～34.98mg.kg-1和11.48～92.61mg.kg-1,平均含量排序为Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu、Ni〉Cd。天鹅湖重金属的富集状况与沉积物的粒度以及人类活动密切相关,大部分元素的高值区出现在颗粒较细的湖中央以及污染严重的西北部,东南部含量较低。相关分析表明,各重金属之间的相关性较好,其中Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe间呈高度的正相关,空间分布规律相似;重金属与有机质、粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与砂粒呈极显著负相关。根据加拿大制定的沉积物评价标准,天鹅湖沉积物中Cr具有较大的生态危害性。     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染的时空变化特征及潜在生态风险评价

2008年3月至7月连续对巢湖8个采样点的表层沉积物中Zn、Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni和Cu6种重金属含量进行分析,据此探讨巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染程度及时空分布特征,评价巢湖重金属污染的潜在生态风险并筛选出主要生态风险因子。结果表明：3月至7月期间,全湖范围内表层沉积物中重金属含量逐渐降低,河流入湖区的污染程度高于其他区域,Zn、Cu、Pb的污染程度高于其他重金属,表层12cm沉积物中的重金属含量随深度增加污染情况呈加重趋势;从潜在生态风险角度分析,巢湖表层沉积物总体只具有轻微潜在生态风险,生态风险指数排名前两位的区域是南淝河入湖区和十五里河入湖区,3月至7月期间重金属潜在生态风险级别逐渐降低,巢湖生态安全主要风险因子为Hg,其次是Pb和Cu。     

Assessment of soil contamination by the content of heavy metals in the soil profile

A new soil-ecological definition of the maximal permissible concentration (MPC) of heavy metals in soils is suggested that regulates the sampling in contaminated territories. Instead of the shallow pits usually used for collecting surface samples for soil-hygienic and other investigations, it is proposed to fulfill a detailed analysis along the entire soil profile including not only the determination of the heavy element content in certain horizons but also the soil density in these horizons. For the polyelemental contamination Zc (according to the Saet equation) based on the background (clarke) excess, the established Zc values ranging from 1 to 128, may reach absurd values of 800–900 upon taking into consideration only one surface layer. At the same time, the use of the weighted average content of the metals in the soil profile adjusts the Zc values for the existing natural conditions. Upon aerial impact, the consideration of the heavy metal contents along the soil profile instead of their contents in the surface horizon only leads to a decrease in the indices of the soil contamination degree. Upon the hydrogenic impact, the transition from the heavy metal contents in the surface horizon to their contents in the soil profile gives higher values of the soil contamination.     

Natürlicher gehalt und anthropogene anreicherung von Schwermetallen in den Sedimenten von Elbe, Eider, Trave und Schwentine

The sediments of four rivers in Northern Germany were analysed for heavy metals. 371 sediment samples were taken from 24 investigation sites of the rivers Elbe, Eider, Trave and Schwentine and from North Sea tidal flat areas. Within each investigation site strong positive relationships exist between the heavy metal contents and the contents of the fine size fractions < 2 μm and < 20 μm of the sediments. To compare the metal contents in the sediments from different areas, differences in grain size were eliminated by computing the metal contents for a clay content of 25% by means of regression equations.The fluvial sediments at a few inland investigation sites, as well as the tidal flat sediments are not detectably polluted with heavy metals. Their metal contents could be used as background values for computing enrichment factors of polluted fluvial deposits.Sediments from the river Elbe in and upstream of the port of Hamburg, and from some parts of the rivers Eider and Trave near industrial and densely populated districts, are highly enriched with heavy metals. The highest enrichment factors are for Hg 85, Cd 56, Pb 37, Cu 34, Zn 29, As 19, Cr 6, Ni 4 and Co 3 times the background values.The ecological importance of the heavy metal contents in the sediments is discussed.     

Gastropod Assemblages as Indicators of Sediment Metal Contamination in Mangroves of Dumai, Sumatra, Indonesia

Impacts of heavy metal concentrations in sediments on the gastropod community structure were assessed in the coastal waters of Dumai, Sumatra, Indonesia. The objective of this study was to relate the levels of heavy metal pollution with the changes of gastropod community structure in the study area. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe in surface sediments collected from five sampling stations were analyzed and correlated with the abundance, species richness, and diversity of gastropod populations. Sediments at stations with more anthropogenic activities accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals and consequently displayed lower abundances, lower species richness and diversity; while stations with lower heavy metal concentrations in sediments showed the opposite pattern in gastropod community metrics. The above findings are complemented by significant negative correlations p?<?0.05–0.01) between concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni in the sediments and gastropod abundance and species richness. Among the metals analyzed, Cu and Zn had strongest negative correlations with the gastropod diversity which suggests that these metals may be the most detrimental to gastropod populations in the mangrove area of Dumai coastal waters.     

Relationships of Heavy Metals in Natural Lake Waters with Physico-chemical Characteristics of Waters and Different Chemical Fractions of Metals in Sediments

The relationships between heavy metal concentrations and physico-chemical properties of natural lake waters and also with chemical fractions of these metals in lake sediments were investigated in seven natural lakes of Kumaun region of Uttarakhand Province of India during 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in waters of different lakes ranged from 0.29–2.39, 10.3–38.3, 431–1407, 1.0–6.6, 5.3–12.1, 12.6–166.3, 0.7–2.7 and 3.9–27.1 μg l^?1 and in sediments 14.3–21.5, 90.1–197.5, 5,265–6,428, 17.7–45.9, 13.4–32.0, 40.0–149.2, 11.1–14.6 and 88.9–167.4 μg g^?1, respectively. The concentrations of all metals except Fe in waters were found well below the notified toxic limits. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were positively correlated with pH, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and alkalinity of waters, but negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb in waters were positively correlated with water soluble + exchangeable fraction of these metals in lake sediments. The concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in waters were positively correlated with carbonate bound fraction of these metals in lake sediments. Except for Ni, Zn and Cd, the concentrations of rest of the heavy metals in waters were positively correlated with organically bound fraction of these metals in lake sediments. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn in waters were positively correlated with reducible fraction of these metals in lake sediments. Except for Cd, the concentrations of rest of the metals in waters were positively correlated with residual fraction and total content of these heavy metals in lake sediments.     

Long-term dispersal of heavy metals in a catchment affected by historic lead and zinc mining

Purpose

The Matylda catchment, in southern Poland, was polluted by the discharge of mine waters from a lead and zinc mine that inundated parts of a valley floor and caused the accumulation of metal-polluted sediments. After a partial reclamation of the mine site in the early 1980s, polluted sediments continue to accumulate on downstream floodplains and in fishponds. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the changes in metal dispersal during 100?years of mining and during the 40-year post-mining period and to propose a strategy for pollution mitigation in the area.

Materials and methods

Analyses of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg and Fe concentrations, speciation of heavy metals and mineralogical analyses were undertaken on overbank sediment cores and in stream sediments. Concentrations of the same elements and macro-ions soluble in stream waters were also determined.

Results and discussion

Concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in the sediment profiles vary between 40,000 and 55,000, 300 and 600 and 30,000 and 50,000?mg?kg^-1, respectively. Changes of metal concentrations and the stratigraphy of sediments from the floodplains, stream channels and fishponds suggest rapid changes of metal loads migrating downstream during both the mining and post-mining periods. Since the time of mine closure, fine-grained, mine-derived sediments (ca. 12?cm thick) have been the main source of pollution of post-mining sediments and surface waters. Closure of the mine was followed by a relatively short period of rapid redistribution of sediment-associated heavy metals in the stream channel. Since the 1980s, the floodplain and fishponds have received a constant supply of metals. It contrasts with the slow sediment accretion rate and a rapid decrease of metal concentrations in floodplain pools due to dilution by decomposed leaf litter. A fivefold increase of Cd content in waters over the 4.6?km reach of the Matylda stream indicates continuous leaching of this element from the contaminated valley floor.

Conclusions

Unsuccessful mine site rehabilitation is due to leaching of mine-originated sediments dispersed over the valley bottom. However, the rate of metal remobilization over the last 40?years is low because of the small thickness and widespread anoxic conditions that prevail within both recent and mine-originated sediments and the alkaline pH of stream water, which reduces metal mobility. Distribution of the contaminated layer over a large area of the valley bottom precludes cost-efficient catchment rehabilitation.     

广州市流花湖沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评估

近年来重金属污染日益加重,对人类及水生态系统健康产生较大危害。本研究选择广州市典型城市湖泊——流花湖,利用地累积指数(Igeo)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)对沉积物中12种重金属的污染水平、垂向分布特征及其潜在生态风险进行评价,并通过多元统计分析对金属元素的来源进行解析。结果表明:①湖泊沉积物重金属含量(Mn、V除外)均显著高于区域土壤背景值,自下而上呈现先增加后减少的趋势;②地累积指数评价结果显示Cd、Zn、Sb、Cu、Pb和As这6种重金属污染较严重,其中Cd偏重度污染的状态(Igeo=3.89);③不同重金属元素污染水平有较大差异,Cd、Cu、Zn、Sb、Pb、As、Ni、Cr、Tl、Co的单个重金属污染指数(Cif)均为中等污染水平以上,而生态风险系数(Eif)表现为Cd(Eif=818.6)极严重等级,Sb(Eif=82.64)重度风险等级,其他10种重金属Eif均为轻度风险等级;④该湖RI指数变化幅度剧烈(105.85相似文献   

Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments

Anomalies in the concentrations of heavy metals in estuarine sediments may not be reliably detected based on the measured concentration values or the ratios of metal concentrations to those of a reference element because of natural variations in both. However, the departure of a measurement from a regression line between metal and reference element concentrations may serve as a criterion for detecting an anomaly. The procedure has been applied to a suite of 34 sediments from a Florida estuary.     

a new high-pressure squeezing technique for pore fluid extraction from terrestrial soils

A core consisting of minerogenic peat and organic-rich mineral sediments was collected at an altitude of 4275 m in the Ovejuyo valley, 100 km NE of La Paz in Bolivia. Age dating with 210Pb showed that the core represents approximately three centuries of sediment accumulation. None of the peats are ombrotrophic. Despite this, the Cd/Al, Cu/Al, Zn/Al, and Pb/Al ratios are all significantly higher in the surface layers, particularly in the top 6 cm: natural, abiological geochemical processes, therefore, cannot account for these elevated heavy metal/Al ratios. There are two possible explanations for the metal enrichments, relative to Al, in the surface layers: bioaccumulation by living plants, and anthropogenic atmospheric metal deposition. While the living plant layer may be responsible for the Cd, Cu, and Zn enrichments, this is an unlikely explanation for the Pb profile. In contrast to the other metals, the concentration of Pb in the first sample (dating from 1985-1994) is less than that of the second sample (dating from 1970-1985). The Pb/Al profile is consistent with the well documented, rapid increase in atmospheric Pb emissions during the present century (which accelerated following the introduction of leaded gasoline), and the decline in Pb pollution during the past 20 years (as a result of the introduction of unleaded gasoline). Thus, the Ovejuyo Valley mire has provided one of the first records of atmospheric Pb pollution in South America.     

四川成都经济区土壤腐殖质重金属元素含量特征研究

通过对四川成都经济区16件土壤样品腐殖质组成及其各组分中重金属元素含量的分析表明,胡敏素是土壤腐殖质的主要组成部分,富里酸和胡敏酸次之。土壤腐殖质中重金属元素含量占土壤全量20%～44%,是土壤重金属污染元素主要存在方式。重金属元素在腐殖质不同组分中的含量具有很大的差异,Cr主要赋存在胡敏素中,Cd、As、Cu、Zn等元素主要赋存在富里酸中。各重金属元素在腐殖酸中含量较高,富里酸中的含量均大于胡敏酸,其机理是富里酸对重金属元素的络合是腐殖酸与重金属相互作用的主要方式。