有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物产量的影响

针对土壤盐碱障碍因子普遍存在于新围垦滩涂农田并严重抑制作物生长的问题,设置了有机肥(鸡粪堆肥)、薄膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖及有机肥+薄膜覆盖、有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施,研究其对土壤水盐的调控作用与对作物生长的促进效应。结果表明:各调控均有利于滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐环境的改善、作物的生长,并整体表现出组合措施优于单项措施、秸秆覆盖优于薄膜覆盖的趋势。其中,有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施为调控措施中的优化处理,表现在土壤含水量高、土壤电导率与pH值低,作物产量高,增产率达100%以上。单施有机肥虽能增加土壤含水量、降低土壤pH值,但其土壤电导率升高了11.56%,产生了一定的次生盐渍化风险,与覆盖措施的组合能有效控制土壤盐分的表聚,使其显著低于对照,从而保证了有机肥的持续使用。该研究表明,有机肥与覆盖传统农艺措施的有效组合可较好地调控滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐,促进作物增产,该研究为苏北滩涂新垦农田盐碱障碍因子的消减及作物增产提供了一种新途径,也为当地有机肥及秸秆资源的可持续利用提供了依据。     

秸秆还田对农田生态系统及作物生长的影响

秸秆还用是利用秸秆的一种有效方式．大量试验表明，秸秆还田会对土壤产生多种作用：能改善土壤物理性状，降低土壤容重，增加孔隙度；能增加土壤微生物数量，增强生物和多数酶的活性；增加土壤有机质积累和养分含量；能改变土壤腐殖质组成及特性；影响作物生长发育，促进作物产量提高．其中，秸秆覆盖还田还具有蓄水保墒，调节地温和保持水土，抑制田间杂草等功能．总之，秸秆还田对农田具有良好的生态效应。     

黄土区地面覆盖的主要类型及其保水效应

该文简要论述了地面覆盖技术的主要类型及其保水增温效应。结果我国黄土高原地区的水热条件，阐述了覆盖栽培技术的应用情况，以及今后该区区覆盖技术推广应用的前景。提出土壤覆盖、秸秆覆盖和塑料薄膜覆盖在黄土区具有广泛应用前景的覆盖技术类型。     

不同调控措施对轻中度盐碱土壤的改良增产效应

针对黄淮海平原轻中度盐碱障碍土壤,通过连续3a的定位田间试验,进行了不同调控措施对盐碱障碍土壤的改良增产效应试验研究。研究结果表明,在小麦-玉米轮作制度下,秸秆覆盖、土壤结构调理剂、秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂等调控措施均能够有效降低耕层土壤盐分,增加作物产量和提高经济效益,其中秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂的增产效应最为显著,秸秆覆盖的增产效应次之。秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂都能够显著增加耕层土壤有机质含量,较当地常规管理分别提高8.33%和9.27%。秸秆覆盖促进了土壤养分的积累,尤其是土壤全氮,碱解氮和速效钾含量显著增加。综合考虑土壤脱盐、作物增产、调控经济效益和土壤养分变化等复合效应,秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂为黄淮海平原轻中度盐碱障碍土壤的较佳调控措施,秸秆覆盖为次优措施。     

免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响

通过20012004年的田间试验研究了免耕秸秆覆盖旱作农田的土壤水分效应。结果表明,免耕秸秆覆盖对表层土壤水分含量影响较大,在作物播种期可以减少表层水分蒸发,显著增加表层土壤含水量,但随着生育进程的推进,秸秆覆盖的抑蒸效果逐渐减弱。免耕秸秆覆盖对各个时期0200 cm土壤剖面上水分总量的影响不大,但年际间变化较大。采用免耕秸秆覆盖可以提高小麦-豌豆轮作系统作物产量以及水分利用效率、促进农田生态系统的良性循环,持续提高土壤肥力。     

秸秆还田下土壤有机质激发效应研究进展

土壤有机质是农田肥力的基础与核心，对作物产量、农业环境，甚至地球碳循环意义重大。作物秸秆作为农田土壤有机碳库的重要外部补充，其还田过程对土壤有机碳周转和碳库平衡具有显著影响。激发效应是一种因新鲜有机质输入而导致土壤本底有机质矿化速率发生改变的现象。秸秆还田导致的土壤有机质分解激发，不仅涉及到秸秆资源化高效利用，还直接关系到农田土壤碳库的平衡及其功能，因此备受科学界关注。尽管对外源有机质输入引起的土壤有机质激发效应的理论研究已取得了较大进展，但如何结合最新的理论结果到秸秆还田固碳减排的生产实践中仍面临着较大的挑战，这主要归结于对农田土壤有机质分解激发效应的发生特点和规律，及其背后的土壤、气候、管理等相关的驱动因子和过程还未完全明确。据此，本文首先对土壤有机质分解激发效应发生的理论研究进展（包括：共代谢理论、氮矿化理论、化学计量比和微生物残体再利用）进行了系统综述。其次，结合已有的研究证据和理论假设进一步概述了秸秆还田过程中影响激发强度和方向的潜在驱动因素，如：秸秆类型和数量、还田方式、水肥管理、土壤属性、气候因子等。最后，从秸秆还田的高效性、农田碳库的可持续和农业环境的友好性出发，对秸秆还田土壤有机质分解激发的潜在研究方向进行了展望，并就秸秆还田改善土壤碳库的优化措施提出了建议。     

东北大豆农田保护性耕作水热效应的Meta分析

摘要：基于公开发表文章中有关东北地区保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤温度和湿度数据，以传统耕作（CT）为对照，免耕（NT）、少耕（RT）、秸秆覆盖（SM）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTSM）为处理，应用Meta分析方法定量评估保护性耕作措施对东北大豆农田土壤水热状况的影响程度。结果表明：与CT相比，保护性耕作总体上使东北大豆农田0-170cm土层的土壤体积含水量增加了9.2%，使浅层土壤（0-30cm）温度降低了8.2%；不同气候条件下4种保护性耕作措施均能提高土壤湿度；秸秆覆盖可以提高大豆整个生育时期土壤含水量，且在营养生长期对土壤水热的影响最大，土壤温度随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加；保护性耕作措施降低土壤温度的幅度随着土壤黏粒减少而降低，提高土壤湿度的幅度随土壤深度增加而降低；免耕秸秆覆盖在不同土壤深度的蓄水保墒效果最明显，在0-20cm土层提高了32.9%的土壤湿度。综上，保护性耕作措施较传统耕作具有增湿降温效应，气温、降水、生育时期、秸秆覆盖量、土壤类型及土壤深度均对保护性耕作下大豆农田的土壤水热状况产生影响。     

秸秆还田研究进展

秸秆还田是培肥土壤和解决田间燃烧所产生的环境问题的重要方式,本文系统介绍了国内外秸秆还田的方式、时机、还田量、腐解特征和碳氮比的影响,阐述了秸秆还田及其技术对土壤物理性质、土壤养分、土壤微生物及作物生育和产量等方面的效应,着重概述了盐碱土秸秆还田研究的相关进展,并对今后研究方向进行了展望。文章提出在松嫩平原现有的土壤、气候条件下,秸秆还田需要配套合理的改良技术,与其他物理、化学、生物措施相结合,因地制宜,才能取得较好的效果。     

冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响

为了揭示季节性冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响,分析对比了裸地和5种不同玉米秸秆覆盖厚度(5、10、15、20和30 cm)地块的土壤剖面含水率和土壤温度等值线变化特征,采用数理统计分析方法对土壤剖面水热变化进行了统计学分析。结果表明:在季节性冻融期,裸地最大冻结深度为52 cm,土壤剖面水热变化较为剧烈,0~40 cm属于水热变化活跃层,覆盖厚度为5和10 cm时的土壤剖面水热变化活跃层分别为0~20和0~10 cm。秸秆覆盖厚度为15 cm时可平抑土壤剖面水热的变化,并能达到良好的保温效果。秸秆覆盖厚度为5 cm时,在土壤冻融作用和秸秆覆盖的双重效应下,耕作层土壤水分较其他地块高,储水保墒效果显著。当秸秆覆盖厚度大于15 cm时,土壤保墒保温效果不随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增强。从预防冻害和蓄水保墒角度出发,最佳秸秆覆盖厚度为10~15 cm。研究成果对于季节性冻土地区冬春季节农田秸秆覆盖的科学实施具有重要的指导意义。     

保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响

保护性耕作能够有效减少农田土壤风蚀.通过室内风洞模拟试验,研究秸秆覆盖、留茬和垄作3种保护性耕作措施对黄土高原北部农田土壤风蚀的影响.结果表明:1)秸秆覆盖和留茬能有效降低土壤风蚀速率,秸秆覆盖量为4 210 kg/hm2时土壤风蚀速率最小,与对照相比减少62.8%;垄作在低风速下能够降低土壤风蚀率,垄向与风向垂直时降...     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.