躺滴法测量干湿循环条件下土壤固-液接触角的滞后特性

接触角滞后是使土壤的土水特征曲线产生滞后现象的主要因素之一,而土水特征曲线的滞后特性是土壤干湿循环的显著特征。该文采用混合制样法制备不同接触角的土样,通过躺滴法对干湿循环过程中土体的固-液接触角随时间的变化关系进行测量,结果表明:随着土样表面固滴的蒸发,其固-液接触角是不断减小的,且初始接触角越大,固滴完全蒸发所用的时间越长,黏土接触角随时间变化关系曲线呈线性,而砂土的则表现出一定的非线性。不论土体的初始接触角多大,临近固滴蒸发结束,接触角都会变为0,且整个蒸发过程中固-液-气三相接触线不发生移动,固-液接触面积保持不变。试验结果证实了土壤脱湿过程把固-液接触角假设为0是合理的,并且可以断定接触角滞后特性也可能是非饱和土土水特征曲线在反复干湿循环下滞回圈不断减小的原因之一。     

干湿循环对土壤斥水性的影响

处于地表的各类土壤总是处于不断的干湿循环过程,土壤性质也会因此而发生改变。本文通过试验对干湿循环过程中斥水性土壤的"斥水–亲水"特性展开研究,试验结果表明:干湿循环对斥水性土壤的接触角及斥水性有重要影响。在干湿循环过程中,增湿时的初始状态不同则其初始接触角会发生变化,土壤斥水性对初始状态的敏感性随着黏粒含量的增加而增大。干湿循环开始时,土壤越干则初始接触角越大。当黏土和黏壤土试样含水量减小时,增湿或脱湿过程中滴水穿透时间(waterdroppenetrationtime,WDPT)先增加后减小,在某一时刻达到峰值,试样含水量相同时,脱湿过程所对应的WDPT要明显小于增湿过程,两种类型的土样在干湿循环中均没有临界含水量。随着含水量的降低,壤质砂土的WDPT是不断增加的,且干湿循环过程中斥水性砂土并没有出现峰值,存在明显的临界含水量。     

干湿循环下云南非饱和红土土—水特性研究

以云南红土为研究对象,以脱湿、吸湿引起的干湿循环作为控制条件,考虑初始干密度(1.20,1.25,1.30g/cm3)、初始含水率(30.0%,33.0%,36.0%)、预固结压力(0,50,100,200kPa)、过筛粒径(0.5,1.0,2.0mm)等影响因素,通过压力板仪法,研究干湿循环下云南非饱和红土的土—水作用特性。结果表明:干湿循环过程中,不同影响因素下红土的基质吸力随含水率的增大而减小,其土—水特征曲线呈直线型或"倒J"形,其脱湿变化过程可以分为快速脱湿、缓慢脱湿、稳定脱湿3个阶段,对应的吸湿变化过程也可以分为快速吸湿、缓慢吸湿、稳定吸湿3个阶段。相同基质吸力下,随初始干密度、初始含水率、预固结压力的增大,红土的含水率增大;随粒径的增大,红土的含水率减小。初始干密度、预固结压力、粒径(0.5mm除外)影响下的红土的土—水特征曲线可采用幂函数关系进行拟合,不同初始含水率、粒径0.5mm时的土—水特征曲线可采用线性函数关系进行拟合。红土脱湿过程的含水率高于吸湿过程的含水率,脱湿—吸湿过程中的土—水特征曲线存在滞后现象,其实质在于干湿循环作用下红土具有孔隙效应、瓶颈效应、角度效应的综合结果。     

烷基聚葡糖苷液滴在黄瓜叶面的润湿状态及动态铺展行为

为了探究烷基聚葡糖苷(alkyl polyglycosid,APG)在黄瓜叶面的动态润湿行为及其动态接触角变化规律,采用表面张力与接触角测量仪测量了一次去离子水和9种质量百分数APG水溶液(14.35%~85.78%)的表面张力、液滴叶面接触角与动态接触角、前进角与后退角、铺展直径等动态润湿参数。依据Tanner法则对接触角滞后现象、铺展驱动力成因进行分析和推测,并应用幂次法则拟合了铺展直径与幂值和时间的关系曲线。结果表明,9种APG水溶液的表面张力介于27.96~29.73 m N/m小幅范围内,而接触角却在11.35°~34.20°较大范围内变化;接触角滞后性(Δθ=46.89°)较大,反映出一次去离子水在活体植物黄瓜叶面的接触角变化符合粗糙表面上接触角滞后现象的基本规律;各质量百分数APG溶液的动态接触角在前1 s内急速下降,在之后1~10 s平稳减小并渐趋于稳定;APG在黄瓜叶面的铺展直径与时间的关系均较好地符合幂次法则,据此推测动态表面张力是黄瓜叶面(界面)占据绝对优势的铺展驱动力。     

非饱和土双应力变量广义土水特征曲线模型验证

利用基于轴平移技术的Geo-Expert高级型应力相关土-水特征曲线压力板仪研究不同覆土压力(0、40、100、200 k Pa)对南阳膨胀土土水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC)的影响;并对提出的考虑土体变形及多孔隙分布形态的双应力变量广义SWCC表征方程进行如下试验验证:1)不同覆土压力下微多孔隙分布形态的南阳膨胀土侧限固结试验及脱湿试验SWCC验证;2)零净法向应力状态双孔隙尺度硅藻土双峰SWCC试验验证;3)不同净围压状态下单孔隙尺度韩国残积土SWCC试验验证;4)多应力路径下法国Bapaume黄土,不同初始干密度下日本Edosaki砂土在脱湿-吸湿过程SWCC试验验证;并比较分析新方程与van Genuchten方程及Fredlund等方程的差异性。结果表明:1)覆土压力会显著改变膨胀土结构及孔隙通道,进而改变SWCC边界效应区、过渡区形态;也改变了双重孔隙尺度土壤的进气值;第1个波峰SWCC进气值均在1 k Pa左右;相比于零覆土压力试样,40、100、200 k Pa覆土压力试样第2个波峰SWCC进气值分别高4.74、17.58、67.23 k Pa;2)未考虑净法向应力影响的单应力状态多峰SWCC、考虑侧限双应力状态多峰SWCC、各向同性净法向应力单峰SWCC、不同脱湿-吸湿路径SWCC及不同初始干密度的SWCC试验拟合曲线均表明,双应力广义SWCC具有包容复杂影响因素的能力;3)新方程能够利用至少3个土-水数据即可拟合出具有较高的精度的整条SWCC。研究为定量描述土壤的持水、渗透及强度特性提供参考。     

不同斥水剂作用下土壤斥水度测定及其变化规律

为获得不同斥水剂作用下土壤斥水度的变化规律,分别采用十二烷基硫酸钠、硅烷偶联剂KH-550与二氯二甲基硅烷改性砂土和十八烷基伯胺改性黏土,获得了不同斥水程度的改性土壤,并采用滴水穿透时间法、酒精溶液入渗法和接触角测定法获得了改性后土壤的斥水度及其随时间变化规律。结果表明:1)二氯二甲基硅烷改性砂土表现为极度斥水等级,且斥水性长期稳定,可作为制备斥水砂土的优选;硅烷偶联剂改性砂土的斥水性初期不明显,随着时间增长明显增强,最终可达极度斥水等级;但此类改性砂土易结块,均匀性及分散性较差,不推荐作为制备斥水砂土的优选;十二烷基硫酸钠改性砂土的斥水性不明显,且改性方法复杂耗时,不宜用来制备斥水砂土。2)当十八胺含量分别为0.2%、0.3%和0.6%时,改性黏土分别可达中等、严重和极度斥水等级,斥水性长期稳定,可作为制备斥水黏土的优选。3)将十八胺含量为0.5%的改性黏土掺入天然砂土混合制得的改性混合土,亦有不同程度的斥水性。当改性黏土含量为1%~3%时,改性混合土尚无明显斥水性;当改性黏土含量为3%~10%时,改性混合土斥水等级为中度;当改性黏土含量为10%~50%时,改性混合土斥水等级可达到严重。该成果可为深入研究土壤斥水性及其工程应用提供参考。     

微观尺度下黄土多级湿陷性研究

[目的]验证黄土多级湿陷性以及探究微观尺度下黄土的湿陷变形方式,为黄土的湿陷变形机理研究提供科学依据。[方法]分别设计、实施了室内循环加水湿陷试验和相同样品增湿前后微观结构观察试验,并分别对湿陷数据与扫描电镜影像进行分析和对比。[结果]湿陷数据表明,在黄土达到一次湿陷稳定以及去水稳定后,在装置内再次加水会导致试样再次发生明显形变,而黄土的微观结构在湿陷过程中发生了溶解、移动、重组三种变形方式。[结论]黄土结构这种破坏—重组—破坏的动态循环过程是黄土能够发生多级湿陷的内在原因。     

测量土壤颗粒密度的体积置换法

土壤颗粒密度测量在土壤和水的关系研究和实践中有重要意义。该文提出一种采用体积置换测量土壤颗粒密度的方法。该方法可以从2种途径进行测定。第1种途径是湿土测量法。第2种途径是干土测量法。湿土测量法:将任意质量和含水量的湿润土样装入容积已知的恒容容器后,称量得到其质量,再将恒容容器中注满水,置换出容器和土壤充气孔隙中气体的体积,再称量得到容器中土颗粒与水的总质量,进而计算得到补水置换体积。然后将土样充分烘干测量得到土颗粒的质量,计算原始土样中土壤水的体积与质量,进而计算得到土颗粒体积,由此测得土粒密度。干土测量法:将土样充分烘干测定土颗粒质量,再将烘干土样置于恒容容器中并注满水,测量并计算得到补水所置换的容器和土壤孔隙的体积,由此确定出土颗粒体积,进而由土颗粒体积和土颗粒质量计算得到土粒密度。采用4种土壤:陕西杨凌的黏黄土、北京的粉壤土、吉林的黑土和江西的黏红土,配制成5种不同土壤含水率(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)。用上述体积置换法的2种途径,分别测定了每种土壤的土粒密度,并将测得的结果与常规比重瓶法、容量瓶法的测量结果进行比较。试验结果表明,所采用的4种土壤,持续烘干72 h(105℃),湿土法测量得到的土粒密度分别为2.6576、2.6301、2.6411和2.6687 g/cm3,采用干土法测得土粒密度分别为2.6557、2.6320、2.6423和2.6660 g/cm3。4种土壤烘干8 h(105℃)可能使测量得到的土壤颗粒密度偏小1%~2%。土壤颗粒密度测量误差随着烘干时间的延长而逐渐减小。干土法和湿土法测量土壤颗粒密度的散点都聚集在1∶1线上,表明2种方法测量得到的结果基本相同,测量结果比较的最大相对误差小于0.5%,说明体积置换法2种途径可以达到同等测量效果。所提出的方法测量精准度高,操作过程优于常规比重瓶法和容量瓶法。     

微生物砂浆防护粉土坡面的强度与抗侵蚀性影响因素分析

微生物砂浆表面防护处理是处理粉土边坡扬尘与水流侵蚀问题的新技术。采用微生物砂浆层对粉土表面进行防护处理试验,通过微型贯入试验、水稳定性试验以及模拟降雨冲刷试验,分析了微生物砂浆防护层厚度、CaCl_2和尿素混合胶结溶液浓度、喷洒处理遍数等参数变化对微生物砂浆表面防护层的强度、水稳定性和土壤剥蚀率等性能的影响规律。结果表明,微型贯入仪可用于微生物砂浆表面防护层的强度测定,防护层的强度、水稳定性随胶结溶液浓度和喷洒处理遍数的增长而提高,最小有效厚度为5 mm。采用浓度为0.50 mol/L胶结溶液喷洒4遍,厚5 mm的防护层能够达到贯入阻力310 kPa,防护强度比77.5,崩解率2.3%,浸水强度损失率5.4%,具备较高的强度和较好的抗崩解性与强度水稳定性。粉土边坡在微生物砂浆防护前后,土壤剥蚀率能够从大于29.6降至6.8 g/(m~2·s)以下。该研究表明,微生物砂浆层用于粉土表面防护具有较好的抗冲刷性;微生物诱导结晶的方解石形成包裹砂颗粒的胶结微结构,能够使表面防护砂浆层具备良好的抗水流侵蚀性。     

东部沿海有咸区黏性原状土膜性能的试验研究

为验证黏性土的膜性能,进行了原状土的固结渗透试验。原状土样采自唐山市滨海有咸区地下65m处。对原状土样的粒度组成、孔隙特征及黏土矿物含量进行了测试,并将原状土样压入环刀,饱和固结后,用10g/L的盐水进行稳压渗透,定期监测出水流量及出水溶液的Cl-和Na+浓度。渗透试验结束,测试入流液及原状土表面溶液的浓度。试验结果显示,渗出液中N+和Cl-浓度同步缓慢增长,达到初始入渗溶液的浓度后仍呈增长趋势,试验结束时入渗液的浓度达初始值的1.1倍,原状土表面溶液浓度达初始值的1.5倍。这种浓差极化现象说明原状土具有一定的膜性能,但试验条件下原状土不能起到对盐分的截留作用。     

Effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter on the water repellency of model sandy soils

Soil water repellency affects the hydrological functions of soil systems. Water repellency is associated with the content and the composition of soil organic matter. In the present study, we examined the effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter contents, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content on water repellency using model sandy soils. Stearic acid and guar gum were used as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds, respectively. Water repellency was estimated using the sessile drop method. Hydrophobic organic matter content was found to be the dominant factor affecting soil water repellency. Hydrophilic organic matter was found to increase the contact angle to some extent without the presence of hydrophobic organic matter. With the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter, the effects of the hydrophilic organic matter content on contact angle were found to be dependent on the hydrophobic organic matter content of the soil. This relationship was explained by the differences in the surface free energies of different organic matter and mineral surfaces. The contact angle increased with increasing hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio when the hydrophilic organic matter content was constant. When the hydrophobic organic matter content was constant, contact angles were roughly comparable, irrespective of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio. The contact angles were not comparable at each total organic matter content. Accordingly, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content in soil may not provide satisfactory information about soil water repellency.     

Universality of a surface tension—contact‐angle relation for hydrophobic soils of different texture

Wettability of soil affects a wide variety of processes in soils like infiltration, percolation, preferential flow, and surface runoff. Even though efforts have been made to determine contact angles and surface tension or energy of smooth surfaces, the determination on granular materials like soil particles remains unsolved. One objective of this study was to test the consistency of contact angles (CA) measured with the newly modified and easy‐to‐apply Wilhelmy plate method by using solid particles and liquids with defined variations of surface tension. A second objective was to derive basic physical surface properties for the irregularly shaped and chemically heterogeneous soil particles. Advancing contact angles were determined by using model soils varying in texture from clay to coarse sand to check the impact of grain size on the CA measurements. Varying the solid‐surface tension with dichlorodimethlylsilane treatments provided for pure‐water wetting stages ranging from wettable to extremely hydrophobic. The surface tensions of the liquids were varied from 72 mN m^–1 to 25 mN m^–1 by using water or water‐ethanol mixtures. The surface tensions of the model soils were determined with the zero degree–contact angle method following Zisman's critical–surface tension concept. Results show that the measured CA varied continuously with the variations of the surface tension of the liquid and the solid phase, respectively. A general interpretation of the results is possible by using the concept of the Equation of State Approach.     

化学非光滑表面和几何粗糙表面的润湿性

研究了弥散Al₂O₃粒子的尼龙1010基复合涂层和喷涂T8钢—浸渍聚有机硅氧烷的复合涂层两类化学非光滑表面及聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、尼龙6、尼龙1010、T8钢、45钢和Al₂O₃粗糙表面的润湿性。导出了弥散球形粒子型化学非光滑表面上液体接触角与其组成相固有接触角关系的方程,该方程与尼龙1010—Al₂O₃粒子复合涂层表面接触角试验结果吻合良好。在尼龙1010基体中加入适量Al₂O₃粒子后,液体接触角未发生明显变化;T8钢喷涂层浸渍聚有机硅氧烷后,表面憎水性明显增强;材料的固有接触角越远离90°,表面粗糙性对接触角的影响越明显。     

面向结构参数的滚珠丝杠副动态接触角建模

为研究滚珠丝杠副结构参数对接触角的影响,基于Hertz理论和滚道控制理论,综合考虑滚珠、螺母和丝杠滚道的结构参数,以间隙、公称直径、滚珠直径、螺旋升角及滚珠数量作为变量,建立滚珠丝杠动态接触角模型,得到面向结构参数的接触角非线性方程组,给出采用Newton-Raphson法进行迭代求解的流程。基于动态接触角模型进行讨论和实例分析,研究不同工况下的结构参数对滚珠丝杠副动态接触角的影响规律。结果表明:工作中的滚珠丝杠副丝杠侧的内接触角始终大于螺母侧外接触角;滚珠与滚道间隙量增大0.1 mm,内、外接触角增大约7°;公称直径增加则外接触角减小、内接触角增大;滚珠直径和滚珠数量的增大会导致外接触角减小、内接触角先减小后增大;螺旋升角对接触角影响很小,内、外接触角变化幅值均不到0.006°。该研究为滚珠丝杠副结构尺寸优化、动态特性分析、提高设计精度提供了参考。     

Time dependence of contact angle and its relation to repellency persistence in hydrophobized sand

Soil water repellency is a transient soil property varying with soil–water contact time. The purpose of the present study was to determine the time dependence of the sessile drop contact angle and its relation to repellency persistence estimated using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test with hydrophobized sand. The contact angle decreased exponentially and almost reached apparent equilibrium after 20 min of soil–water contact time. Time dependence of the contact angle can mainly be attributed to the adsorption of water molecules onto low-energy hydrophobic organic matter surfaces. Contact angles initially greater than 90° decreased to less than 90° within about 40 s. However, the WDPT of these samples was longer than 3600 s. The WDPT responded to the initial contact angle, but not to the contact angle decreased with soil–water contact time. This was considered to be caused by differences in the surface free energy between the surface and the lower layers. Repellency persistence, or the WDPT, can be considered to be the time taken to increase the surface free energy to overcome water repellency, not only on the surface in contact with the droplet, but also in the adjacent layers below the surface.     

基于微观球体颗粒模型的土水特征曲线研究

When variations occur in the water content or dry bulk density of soil,the contact angle hysteresis will affect the soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC).The occurrence of the contact angle hysteresis can be divided into slipping and pinning.It is difficult to determine the effect of pinning existence on SWCC by tests.In this study,the effect of contact angle hysteresis on SWCC was analyzed either in the case of no variations in soil dry bulk density with changes in soil water content or no variations in soil water content with changes in soil dry bulk density.In both cases,soil particles were simplified to the spherical particle model.Based on the geometrically mechanic relationship between the particles and connecting liquid bridges,a physical model for predicting the SWCC was derived from the spherical particle model.Adjusting parameters made the model applicable to various soils,that is,the cohesive soil was considered as micron-sized spherical particles.Through the simulations on SWCC test data of sand,silt,clay,and swelling soil,it was confirmed that the physical model possessed good reliability and practicability.Finally,the analysis of rationality of contact angle was performed based on the basic assumptions of the model.     

上舍流域两种林地土壤结构与抗蚀性

[目的]为了解土壤侵蚀的机理,探究土壤抗蚀性与土地利用类型、土壤结构的关系。[方法]以安徽省岳西县毛尖山乡上舍村典型小流域马尾松林(Pinus massoniana Lamb)和桑树林(Morus alba L)为研究对象,在0—40cm土壤深度范围内,按照10cm间隔分层取样,室内测定土壤孔径、比表面积、崩解指数、不同径别(0.5,0.5~1.0,1.0~2.0和2.0~2.5mm)根系长度特征。[结果]土壤抗蚀性强弱表现为马尾松林大于桑树林。表层0—10cm范围内,桑树林地土壤根系小于马尾松土壤根系,土壤的抗蚀性随着土层深度的增加而减小;桑树林和马尾松林土壤根系主要分布在0—30cm层次内,而且1mm的根系长度由表层向深层递减,土壤平均孔径随着深度的增加而减小,而比表面积随着深度的增加而增大;在0—40cm深度马尾松各层次孔径分布呈分层现象,而桑树林各层次土壤孔径分布差异不大。土壤孔隙度和土壤孔径越大,土壤抗蚀性越强,而土壤颗粒比表面积越大土壤抗蚀性越小;通过SPSS分析得到桑树林地土壤抗蚀性与土壤根系质量在0.01水平上显著相关,马尾松土壤平均孔径与土壤根系质量在0.05水平上显著相关。[结论]降雨时,由于马尾松林地地表覆盖均匀,坡面产生壤中流下渗,土壤20cm以下分化明显,不易透水,导致下坡壤中流蓄满流出地表带出土壤颗粒。而桑树林地原为耕地无地表覆盖,人为翻种活动频繁,导致土壤层次性质相似,表层土壤颗粒流失严重。     

Effects of contact angle on fingered flow during non-ponding infiltration into dry sand layers

Abstract

Gravity-driven fingered flow may readily occur in dry sand layers with small capillary force at the same order of magnitude as gravitational force. Capillary force is related to the contact angle. The present study examined the effects of contact angle on fingered flow development, finger size and fingertip velocity during non-ponding infiltration into dry sand layers. For contact angles of 48–87°, an induction zone always formed in the sand layer, and only one finger developed from the induction zone. Fingertip width reached a minimum value when the contact angle was approximately 70°, and the width and velocity of fingertips were negatively correlated. This finding suggests that a contact angle of approximately 70° has a physical significance for fingered flow to determine fingertip velocity and width. In addition, when the contact angle was 91°, the supplied water did not spontaneously penetrate the sand surface; instead, water drops built up on the surface and two fingers directly formed from the surface. This indicates that 90° is indeed the critical contact angle for water repellency and affects fingered flow development during non-ponding infiltration.