华北太行山前平原农田氨挥发损失

我国氮肥用量约占全世界氮肥总用量的三分之一[1],但当季利用率仅为30%～35%左右[2].据报道,石灰性土壤中氨挥发是氮素损失的主要途径之一[3-4],其损失量相当于氮素总损失量的20%～71%[2,5-7 ].进入大气中的氨引起自然土壤和水体的氮素含量升高,产生富营养化[8],导致植物种类更替和部分物种灭绝[9].     

长江三角洲地区不同种植年限保护菜地土壤质量初探

保护地蔬菜栽培中氮肥的大量施用引起土壤氮素累积现象非常严重[1-3 ],并出现盐分累积和次生盐渍化的发生[4-5 ];而且保护地蔬菜栽培多年后还造成土壤pH降低,施肥量越大,pH降低幅度越大[6].伴随着土壤理化性状变化,保护地土壤微生物区系也发生了明显的变化,细菌数量显著下降,真菌数量增加,微生物活性降低[7-8].     

长期不同培肥黑土磷酸酶活性动态变化及其影响因素

由于自然环境恶化和不合理的农业经营方式,导致黑土质量下降[1-2].长期以来从土壤理化性质方面对黑土质量下降原因的研究较多,而从土壤生物学活性角度研究的较少.土壤酶可使有机养分有效化,是土壤生态系统代谢过程中的重要动力.磷酸酶是土壤中最活跃的酶类之一,是表征土壤生物学活性的重要酶,在土壤磷循环中起重要作用[3-4].目前国内外对土壤磷酸酶研究主要是不同措施之间磷酸酶活性的比较,且多限于研究某一个时期磷酸酶活性,很少详细研究磷酸酶活性的动态变化.有关黑土磷酸酶活性研究相对较少且主要集中在短期不同培肥方式上.但长期施肥条件下磷酸酶活性动态变化及与土壤理化指标相关性研究未见报道.为此,本试验研究了长期不同培肥条件下不同生长季黑土磷酸酶活性变化规律及可能的机理,为进一步评价磷酸酶在黑土物质转化和能量流动中的作用提供理论依据.     

含硝酸根化肥对黄瓜叶片脱落酸含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响

硝酸根(NO-3)是化肥中常见的阴离子,也是设施土壤中积累的主要离子成分[1 - 2].硝酸盐过多不仅降低农产品品质[3],危害人类身体健康[4],还影响生态环境[5 - 6].尽管硝酸盐过多时对蔬菜作物生长发育的影响已有许多研究[7],但很少涉及作物的内源激素及叶绿体.在内源激素中,对植物逆境最敏感的是ABA[8].为此,本试验以我国北方日光温室主栽作物黄瓜为研究对象,探讨含NO-3化肥的不同施用量对其叶片ABA含量及叶绿体的影响,进一步揭示NO-3 对作物的危害机理,以期为农业生产中含NO-3化肥的合理施用提供理论依据.     

茶多酚对产脲酶菌生长和脲酶分泌的影响

尿素施入土壤后受土壤脲酶作用易导致氨的挥发和氮素损失[1,2].脲酶抑制剂能够抑制脲酶活性,减缓尿素水解,是提高尿素肥效的重要途径之一.因而脲酶抑制剂的寻找和应用倍受关注[3,4].国内外已开发出品种繁多的脲酶抑制剂,但多数脲酶抑制剂还存在应用效果不稳定和对环境污染问题,制约了其应用[5].     

微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定土壤中速效磷

土壤中速效磷是衡量土壤肥力状况的重要指标之一[1],但是土壤中磷非点源污染往往是水体中磷的重要来源,水体富营养化的因素之一[2-3].所以准确测定土壤中速效磷含量对于合理配方施肥、预防水体富营养化具有重要意义.由于微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定土壤中速效磷,具有灵敏度高、分析速率快、样品用量少、维持费用低等特点[4],为此,本研究对常规方法进行了改进,其前处理与Olsen-P方法基本相同,但不加无磷活性炭,测定过程中不进行显色反应,而将过滤后的浸提液直接上机测定.     

土壤和植物中元素含量的Zipf法则描述

土壤中含有人类已经发现的大多数化学元素,构成了植物矿质营养的主要来源.植物体内元素的种类也高达70余种,其含量从10-16到10-1,差异巨大.如果把土壤的化学组成和植物体内必须营养元素组成加以比较,可以看出两者之间存在相当大的差别.其中一些元素在土壤中的含量很高,但植物的需求量很低,如Si、Al、Fe等;而另一些元素在土壤中含量很低,但却是植物需求量较多的元素,如N、P、S;正是这些差异构成了土壤化学组成和植物营养之间关系的基础[1].元素的原子序数即核电荷数决定了元素的内在性质,一般的土壤和植物分析结果也表现出原子序数越大的重金属元素,其在土壤和植物中的含量也越低.Zipf法则由于具有普适性的特点,已被广泛地应用于离散型分布的研究[2],为了解土壤与植物中元素含量与元素原子序数之间存在的关系,利用Zipf法则对土壤与植物体内元素含量与原子序数之间的关系进行了研究.     

不同水稻品种对稻田甲烷排放量的影响

水稻在稻田甲烷排放过程中起着非常重要的作用.有90%的稻田甲烷是通过水稻的通气组织排放到大气中的[1,2].土壤类型、灌溉措施、施有机肥等农业措施是影响稻田甲烷排放量的主要因素[3～11].甲烷排放量的差异在水稻品种之间非常显著[10,12～15],但对其机理尚不很明确[16].Mariko等[17]报道,水稻植株的分蘖数与甲烷排放量呈正相关;     

黄土高原旱地长期轮作与施肥土壤微生物量磷的变化

土壤微生物量是土壤中植物有效养分的储备库,在土壤肥力和植物营养中具有重要作用[1].我国北方石灰性土壤微生物量磷为P 12.4～15.5μg/g[2],南方红壤的微生物量磷为P 12.2～31.5μg/g[3].Brookes[4]根据土壤微生物量的周转速率计算英国土壤年周转通量,发现微生物量磷周转足以提供草地所需要的磷素,即使在含量比较低的耕地土壤,微生物量磷也能够提供70%左右作物生长发育所需要的磷.可见,微生物量磷是植物非常重要的磷素营养来源.     

微量元素对丹参生长发育及有效成分的影响

微量元素与中药活性分子在人体内起着相互协同、互相渗透,互相制约的作用,并参与体内各种生化反应,促进机体自身调节; 中药有效成分可能是其中的某种或某几种有机成分或微量元素,更可能是它们之间形成的配合物[1],如中药补血药材中的铁、锰、锌、铜的含量较高[2].中药的生长环境对中药生长及所含微量元素含量有着直接的影响.微量元素可作为植物体内某些有机合成反应的催化剂或参与植物有效成分的结构功能而影响植物化学成分的形成和积累,从而最终影响药材的药理活性[3].中药的采收期直接影响其产量和品质,其生长年龄对所含微量元素有重要的影响,因此可以通过对中药的不同生长期微量元素含量的不同而选择适宜的采收期,以提高中药的临床药效[4].我国北方石灰性土壤和沿海的盐泽土以及南方的部分土壤因微量元素缺乏而成为当地农业生产的限制因素之一,施用微量元素肥料不但能克服土壤中微量元素的含量不足,而且能提高土壤氮磷等养分的有效性[5].     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers

Soil carbon stocks are commonly quantified at fixed depths as the product of soil bulk density, depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration. However, this method systematically overestimates OC stocks in treatments with greater bulk densities such as minimum tillage, exaggerating their benefits. Its use has compromised estimates of OC change where bulk densities differed between treatments or over time periods. We argue that its use should be discontinued and a considerable body of past research re‐evaluated. Accurate OC estimations must be based on quantification in equivalent soil masses (ESMs). The objective of this publication is to encourage accurate quantification of changes in OC stocks and other soil properties using ESM procedures by developing a simple procedure to quantify OC in multiple soil layers. We explain errors inherent in fixed depth procedures and show how these errors are eliminated using ESM methods. We describe a new ESM procedure for calculating OC stocks in multiple soil layers and show that it can be implemented without bulk density sampling, which reduces sampling time and facilitates evaluations at greater depths, where bulk density sampling is difficult. A spreadsheet has been developed to facilitate calculations. A sample adjustment procedure is described to facilitate OC quantification in a single equivalent soil mass layer from the surface, when multiple‐layer quantification is not necessary.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方