Exploring optimal soil mulching to enhance maize yield and water use efficiency in dryland areas in China

Water and nutrient availability significantly limits global crop production, especially for dryland agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. To explore the optimal soil mulching options for the Loess Plateau in China, a 3-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of various soil mulching practices on soil temperature and the water use and grain yield of spring maize. The treatments included traditional flat farming (CK), narrow plastic film mulch (NM), wide plastic film mulch (WM) and narrow plastic film mulch?+?maize straw mulch between rows (MS). The results showed that MS treatment increased consistently soil temperature during the initial stages of maize growth, and more importantly, it reduced diurnal temperature variation. MS also increased in soil water storage by 10.1%, leading to the highest water use efficiency (WUE?=?30.9?kg?ha^?1?mm^?1) over CK on 3 year average. MS significantly increased maize yield and net income of farmers by up to 20%, compared to CK. In conclusion, optimisation of soil mulching strategies significantly enhanced crop yield and water productivity in dryland agriculture in China. Our study provides important guidance for exploring better soil management practice for dryland agriculture in the other regions of the world.     

地表覆盖方式对辣椒水分利用效率、果实品质及氮素分布的影响

研究了地表覆盖方式对辣椒 (Capsicum anmuum L.)水分利用效率、品质、叶片硝酸还原酶活性及植株和土壤中氮素分布的影响。结果表明,覆盖可增加辣椒整个生育期土壤水分含量。覆盖地膜和覆盖秸秆+地膜比其他地表处理方式能显著增加辣椒的产量和经济收入,提高产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率。覆盖可显著降低耕作层（0—20 ㎝）土壤硝态氮含量,且随着土层深度的增加,硝态氮含量显著降低,但对各土壤铵态氮含量无显著影响。对品质而言,覆盖地膜处理辣椒果实pH、维生素C含量显著高于其它处理,且其电导率、阳离子交换量和硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理。覆盖可增强叶片硝酸还原酶活性,降低叶片中的全氮含量,显著降低每百千克产量氮肥吸收量。从提高辣椒的品质、环境安全、肥料利用和经济效益各因素考虑,生产中辅以科学的水分管理,覆盖地膜和覆盖秸秆+地膜是可行的地表覆盖方式。     

不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田水热状况及产量的影响

为提高我国北方旱地作物的水分利用效率,探索可降解类型地膜的应用前景,在山西省农科院东阳试验基地,于2015年和2016年连续定点定位设置普通地膜、渗水地膜、生物降解地膜、光降解地膜4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式,以不铺膜为对照,研究不同类型地膜覆盖模式对农田水热效应和玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明:4种覆膜处理下的土壤温度在生育前期土表处分别较不铺膜处理高3.1~5.9℃;渗水地膜和生物降解地膜处理的水分利用效率显著高于其他处理(P0.05),光降解地膜和普通地膜处理次之,不铺膜对照处理最低,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理的水分利用效率分别较对照高11.0、5.9、12.8、5.4 kg/(mm·hm~2)。产量方面,与对照相比较,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理2015年的增产率分别为20.3%、0.1%、15.4%、8.8%;2016年的增产率分别达到44.8%、36.1%、53.6%、31.6%,表现为生物降解地膜渗水地膜普通地膜光降解地膜。地膜增温保墒作用下,处理之间的增产效果与水分利用效率变化协同,其中生物降解地膜能够显著提高玉米的水分利用效率及产量,在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中,同时达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果。     

宁南旱区沟垄覆盖改善土壤水热状况提高马铃薯产量

垄覆塑料地膜沟内覆盖集雨种植模式可影响土壤水热状况,促进作物生长,提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为探讨旱作条件下沟垄二元覆盖的土壤水热效应对马铃薯产量的影响效果,于2015年在宁南旱区设置垄覆地膜沟内覆盖不同材料(普通塑料地膜、玉米秸秆、生物降解膜、麻纤维地膜及液态地膜),以垄覆地膜沟不覆盖为对照,研究沟垄二元覆盖模式对土壤水分、耕层土壤温度、马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:垄覆地膜沟覆地膜处理在马铃薯前期、中期土壤蓄水量较对照显著增加(P0.05),垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理在马铃薯生育后期土壤蓄水量最高(P0.05)。垄覆地膜沟覆地膜处理增温效果明显,马铃薯全生育期0~25 cm土壤温度较对照显著增加(P0.05),而垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理较对照显著降低(P0.05)。在马铃薯整个生育期,垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理植株株高和茎粗均明显高于对照处理(P0.05),在马铃薯生育后期垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理的地上部生物量显著高于对照处理(P0.05)。沟垄二元覆盖模式下马铃薯增产效果以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理最为显著,较对照增产56.1%(P0.05),且水分利用效率最高(81.1kg/(hm2·mm))。总之,垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理对改善土壤水热状况,提高马铃薯水分利用效率和产量的效果显著,建议在宁南旱区进行推广应用。     

稻草高茬-紫云英联合还田改善土壤肥力提高作物产量

研究旨在探讨稻草留高茬套种绿肥、稻草-绿肥联合还田下的生产及土壤肥力特征,为南方稻区综合利用稻草和绿肥提供理论及技术支撑。2012—2016年设置定位试验,研究高茬稻草-绿肥联合还田下的绿肥和水稻产量、土壤碳氮库活性及其他养分特征。试验包括5个处理:冬闲+稻草不还田(CK),冬闲+稻草全量还田(RS),冬种紫云英+稻草不还田(MV),冬种紫云英+稻草低茬全量还田(MV+LRS),冬种紫云英+稻草高茬全量还田(MV+HRS),各处理施用等量化肥。结果表明:稻草-绿肥联合还田提高绿肥产草量及其含氮量,与MV相比,分别增加了13.1%和6.8%(MV+LRS)、32.2%和5.2%(MV+HRS);增加水稻产量,以MV+HRS处理最高,4 a平均产量较RS、MV增加556.8和412.8 kg/hm2。2013和2015年,MV+HRS处理水稻产量高于MV+LRS。稻草-绿肥联合还田培肥地力效果明显,土壤有机质、全氮含量均比CK、RS和MV增加;且联合还田下有效养分提升更为全面。与稻草和绿肥单独应用相比,稻草-绿肥联合还田还能提升土壤微生物量氮及可溶性有机碳氮含量。可见,稻草-绿肥联合还田能够改善绿肥生长、提高水稻产量、提升土壤肥力;其中,高茬稻草与绿肥联合还田下的紫云英和水稻产量最高,土壤肥力也优于低茬处理,是综合利用稻草和绿肥资源的较好方式。     

柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响

为了探讨北方农牧交错带不同保墒措施下旱地玉米的土壤水分特征及其对产量的影响,以甘农118为试验材料,监测了单膜(SFP)、双膜(DFP)、柠条秸秆沟埋(CPDP)和裸地(CK)4种不同处理下0~100 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化,测定了玉米产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:SFP和DFP处理明显改善0~40 cm土层土壤体积含水率,较CK处理保墒效果提高35.65%~47.91%,但随着玉米生育期的推进,由于玉米生长耗水和土壤蒸发作用,建植后土壤体积含水率均接近或低于萎蔫系数(7.20%)。连续2 a种植玉米4种处理土壤贮水量均有不同程度的减少,CPDP和CK处理土壤贮水量分别减少了68.42和68.07 mm,其次为SFP(53.49 mm),DFP减少最小(48.98 mm),说明研究区内玉米生长需要消耗大量土壤水分。SFP和DFP能够增加玉米对降雨和土壤水的利用,不同年份产量水分利用效率较CK处理分别提高12.55%~35.71%和25.11%~54.70%。SFP和DFP耗水量、产量和水分利用效率均无显著差异(P0.05),因此建议在研究区种植玉米时可以采取SFP措施,而CPDP耗水量较高、产量和水分利用效率相对较低,不宜采取此种保墒措施。     

垄沟集雨种植下不同降解地膜沟覆盖对农田马铃薯产量和土壤水热的影响

为筛选适宜于西北旱作区沟垄集雨系统下马铃薯生长和产量提高的降解地膜类型,于2015—2016年设置两年田间试验,以平作不覆盖为对照(CK),研究生物地膜(DS)、麻纤维地膜(DM)和液态地膜(DY)的降解特征、土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯生长、产量的影响。结果表明,两年试验期内不同类型降解地膜的降解失重率整体表现为DY>DM>DS,DY完全降解,DM和DS两年平均降解失重率达72.3%和38.3%。两年生育期平均土壤蓄水量各处理表现为DS>DM>DY≈CK,DM和DS在生育关键期(播后70 d)有效增加0~160 cm层土壤蓄水量,2015年较CK分别增加29.0%和15.6%,2016年分别增加17.8%和11.6%;而DY与CK无显著差异。与CK相比,DY在播后30~50 d土壤保温效应显著,DM 在播后0~70 d土壤增温效果尤为显著;在播后110 d各处理土壤增温效应差异不显著。土壤水分、温度与马铃薯总产量Pearson相关分析表明,播后30 d土壤水分、温度对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,且播后70~90 d土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤温度。与CK相比,DM、DS和DY的马铃薯产量2015年分别显著增加20.3%、17.4%和9.2%,2016年分别显著增加18.1%、17.0%和12.2%;DS、DM的水分利用效率2015年分别显著增加24.1%和24.5%,2016年分别显著增加23.1%和15.2%。两年马铃薯纯收益均以DM最高,较CK分别显著增加47.8%和32.4%。综上,沟垄集雨种植下可降解地膜沟覆盖能显著改善旱地土壤水热环境,提高马铃薯产量、水分利用效率和纯收益,以沟覆盖麻纤维地膜处理效果最佳。本研究结果为降解地膜覆盖种植应用于西北旱作区马铃薯农业生产提供了理论依据和技术参考。     

Tilth index: an approach to optimize tillage in rice–wheat system

This study was conducted to determine a tilth index from tillage induced soil physical properties and grain yield to optimize tillage in rice–wheat system. The experiment was conducted in a silty clay loam (Aquic hapludoll) associated with a shallow water table fluctuating between 0.02 and 0.96 m from the surface. Tillage treatments for rice were puddling by four passes of rotary puddler (PR), reduced puddling (ReP), conventional puddling (CP) and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) in four replications. Tillage treatments for wheat were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) superimposed over the plots of rice tillage treatments. Measurements were made of puddling index and specific volume (only in the rice season), bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, plasticity index, porosity and organic carbon in the rice and wheat seasons. Rice yield in the PR plots was highest and statistically equal to that in the ReP plots but wheat yield was highest in the DSWP plots under ZT condition and was statistically equal to that in the ReP plots.Tilth index (TI) was determined in two ways: one by the model suggested by Singh et al. [Trans. ASAE 35 (6) (1992) 1777] and the second by a proposed regression model. The proposed regression model utilizes soil physical properties having significant influence on crop yield. As per the Singh et al. model, wheat yield increased linearly with increasing TI from 0.75 to 0.89 but rice yield decreased with increasing TI from 0.67 to 0.81. Both TI and its relation with rice yield were contrary to their observations. The proposed regression model showed a value of TI in the range of 0.74–0.87 for rice soils and 0.86–1.0 for wheat soils as indicators of TI for optimum yields of rice and wheat. A high TI corresponds to low tillage both for rice and wheat. The optimum yield with minimum tillage operations coincided with TI obtained in ReP plots of rice and in ZT plots of wheat under ReP conditions. Results thus show that the quality of soil puddle obtained by half the efforts in PR and CP was sufficient for optimum yields of rice. Similarly, wheat sowing by zero-till drill in such a reduced puddling plots of rice was sufficient for optimum yields of wheat in Tarai soils associated with shallow water tables. The proposed regression model is simple and compatible to use in the existing crop growth models, such as in DSSAT 3.5, with suitable alterations.     

不同覆盖方式对新复垦区土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响

随着城市化进程的加速发展,我国净耕地面积持续减少,合理开发利用潜在土地资源,对于保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对新复垦区土壤水热及作物生长的影响,通过2018年和2019年连续两年田间试验,研究了传统耕作(CK)、地膜覆盖(FM)、秸秆深埋(BS)和秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖(F+S) 4种处理对土壤水分、温度和春玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明:2018年,F+S、BS、FM处理玉米生育期内0～20cm及20～40 cm土层平均土壤含水率分别较CK增加24.4%、16.5%、12.6%及9.1%、3.2%、3.7%。2018年玉米苗期, 0～100 cm土壤蓄水量表现为FMF+SCKBS,明显表现为有覆膜处理(F+S和FM)的土壤蓄水量高于不覆膜处理(BS和CK)。2019年玉米苗期,土壤蓄水量则表现为F+SBSFMCK。与CK相比,春玉米全生育期不同覆盖耕作处理条件下各土层(5～25 cm)土壤温度均有所提高,具体表现为F+SFMBSCK,各处理土壤温度随土层深度表现为降低趋势。以表层5 cm土壤温度增幅最大,覆盖耕作处理的增温效应在全生育期表现为前期明显而后期弱化。各处理株高变化趋势一致,在播种后70d左右达到峰值,随后出现小幅度下降并最终保持稳定。试验期,株高和叶面积均表现为地表有覆膜的处理高于未覆膜处理(P0.05)。2018年, F+S、BS和FM处理玉米产量均显著高于CK(P0.05),2018年和2019年,各处理产量分别较CK增加17.0%、13.5%、6.6%和30.5%、23.9%、3.8%。产量构成逐步回归分析结果表明,穗长对产量的影响最大,产量与穗行数和百粒重呈正相关关系。秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖处理(F+S)可以综合发挥二者优势,有效调节土壤水热状况,改善土壤环境,促进作物生长发育,从而获得较高的产量,可作为新复垦区春玉米适宜的种植管理方式。     

覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯阶段耗水量特征和产量的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯田土壤耗水、耗水规律、水分利用效率、产量及产量形成的影响,在陇中半干旱农区设置了玉米秸秆带状双行覆盖(SSM2)、玉米秸秆带状单行覆盖(SSM1)、玉米秸秆全覆盖(SFM)、地膜春覆盖(PMS)和地膜秋覆盖(PMA)5种覆盖方式,以传统露地平作为对照(CK)。结果表明:2年试验中,玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖处理土壤贮水消耗量较CK分别增加13.5,14.8 mm。玉米秸秆带状覆盖能显著提高降水对马铃薯耗水贡献率,不同降雨年型内均以SSM2处理贡献率最高,2年分别为95.6%和94.3%。于CK相比,覆盖处理均降低了生育前期(播种-块茎形成期)耗水量,地膜覆盖显著增加了生育中期(块茎形成期-淀粉积累期)耗水量,玉米秸秆带状覆盖显著增加了生育后期(淀粉积累期-收获期)的耗水量。玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖分别能使马铃薯干薯产量增加27.9%和24.2%,干薯水分利用效率提高23.1%和19.3%。综上可知,玉米秸秆带状覆盖处理能显著增加马铃薯生育时期内农田土壤贮水消耗量,并改善马铃薯生育前期和生育后期耗水,减少旱地马铃薯农田无效耗水,能显著提高马铃薯干薯产量和水分利用效率。     

不同地表覆盖方式对松花菜土壤温度、产量和水分利用的影响

为探索不同地表覆盖方式下半干旱地区露地高原夏菜的栽培效果,以松花菜(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)为研究对象,设露地无覆盖(CK1)、地膜覆盖(CK2)、地膜+秸秆行间覆盖(T1)、秸秆行间覆盖(T2)和秸秆全覆盖(T3)5个处理,研究不同地表覆盖方式对松花菜土壤温度、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖与露地无覆盖相比,显著促进了松花菜株高、茎粗和叶面积的增加,但总体与地膜覆盖无显著差异;秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理抑制了松花菜植株的营养生长。与露地无覆盖相比,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖具有明显的增温效果,且最大增温幅度出现在春茬试验莲座期10 cm土层和秋茬试验苗期5 cm土层,秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理都不同程度地存在增温和降温双重效应。与地膜覆盖相比,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理对土壤温度的调控均能达到地膜覆盖的效果,且在秋茬试验中,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理在苗期5 cm和10 cm土层温度分别升高2.5℃和1.8℃,更有利于松花菜幼苗的生长发育,秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理在两茬试验各生育期、各土层均表现为降温效应,且秸秆全覆盖处理降温效果最明显。与露地无覆盖、地膜覆盖相比,春茬试验,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理生物产量分别提高32.3%、2.7%,经济产量分别提高68.9%、4.7%,分别节水29.0%、7.3%,水分利用效率分别提高137.8%、13.1%;秋茬试验,生物产量分别提高4.7%、2.4%,经济产量分别提高27.6%、8.4%,分别节水23.8%、11.1%,水分利用效率分别提高67.2%、21.9%。综上,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理具有良好的调温保墒作用,增产增效显著,较地膜覆盖种植在榆中地区更具优越性。     

不同覆膜方式对杨树林下土壤物理性状及呼吸速率的影响

在大田条件下,研究了白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖对欧美I-107杨林下土壤0—40cm土层的温度、含水量、容重、孔隙度和土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,在两种覆膜方式中,白膜覆盖的增温效应优于黑膜覆盖,而对土壤含水量的影响无显著差异。0—20cm土层白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖处理均显著提高了土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度,而土壤容重却明显降低,分别比对照降低15.44%和9.56%;此外,白膜覆盖的土壤呼吸速率与对照差异不显著,而黑膜覆盖显著低于对照。20—40cm土层与0—20cm土层表现出基本一致的变化规律,但两种覆膜方式与对照之间的差异均变小,表明随着土层的加深,覆膜的影响作用减弱。说明白膜和黑膜覆盖均可明显改善表层土壤的物理性状,但黑膜覆盖明显抑制了土壤呼吸。在两种覆膜方式中,白膜覆盖的作用效果明显优于黑膜覆盖。     

Performance of soil and water conservation practices in the erosion evolution process,runoff dynamics and surface roughness

Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m², respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes.     

不同覆盖方式对中度盐渍土壤的改良增产效应研究

地膜与秸秆覆盖是干旱半干旱地区防治土壤次生盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率的重要措施。为探索不同地面覆盖方式在盐渍土壤的应用效应及机理,在内蒙古河套灌区中度含盐土壤进行田间试验,试验共设7个处理:玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量9 000 kg·hm-2(F0.9)、玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量6 000 kg·hm-2(F0.6)、玉米整秆覆盖(YZ)、葵花整秆覆盖(KZ)、新地膜覆盖(DM)、地膜二次使用免耕(MG)、未覆盖(CK),研究不同地面覆盖方式对中度盐渍化向日葵农田的土壤水盐运动、向日葵产量和种植经济效益等影响,分析不同覆盖措施的改良增产效应。结果表明:在0~5 cm土层,处理F0.9、YZ、DM的含盐量收获后较播前降低,土壤表层脱盐,而MG、F0.6、KZ、CK土壤表层积盐。0~20 cm土层,土壤含盐量收获后与播前相比,处理F0.9、DM土壤耕层脱盐,而F0.6、YZ、MG、KZ、CK在土壤耕层积盐。各覆盖处理主要影响0~20 cm的土壤含盐量,随着土壤深度的增加,覆盖层因素对土壤含盐量的影响趋于一致。耕层土壤含盐量相比较,F0.9的含盐量最低,抑盐效果最好,DM与F0.6抑盐效果相近,不同秸秆覆盖处理间,F0.9、F0.6强于YZ、KZ,地膜覆盖之间,DM强于MG。在0~5 cm土层及0~20 cm土层,DM的生育期平均土壤含水率高于秸秆覆盖处理,粉碎秸秆覆盖(F0.9、F0.6)的生育期平均土壤含水率高于整秆秸秆覆盖(YZ、KZ)。处理DM、F0.9较CK显著提高了向日葵生育期内0~100 cm土壤储水量均值,F0.9、DM处理显著降低了0~100 cm土壤储水量变异系数,在生育期内保持了较稳定的土壤墒情。各覆盖处理均较CK显著增产,各处理产量效应是:DMF0.9YZF0.6MGKZCK。覆盖措施通过改善农田小环境提高了作物水分利用效率,DM、F0.9、YZ处理的作物水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。处理DM、MG、YZ、F0.9、F0.6的产投比显著高于CK,增收效果明显,DM和MG的纯收入及产投比显著高于秸秆覆盖处理。对于中度盐渍化耕地,新地膜覆盖DM是最有效的覆盖方式,秸秆覆盖处理中,F0.9为最优覆盖方式,与其他覆盖处理相比较,KZ处理的保墒、抑盐、增产等效果较差,因此向日葵秸秆不适合用作地面覆盖材料。结果可为覆盖技术在内蒙古河套灌区农业生产中的应用提供理论与技术支持。     

地膜秸秆复合覆盖改善龟裂碱土水盐特性提高油葵产量

为了提高盐碱地降水利用率,抑制化学(脱硫石膏)改良碱土过程中土壤盐分表聚及板结问题,该文以宁夏平罗县西大滩盐碱地试验站为例,设置了地膜秸秆复合覆盖(plastic and straw dual mulching,PSM)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,PM)、秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)和无覆盖常规种植(no mulching,CK)4个处理,探讨改良龟裂碱土过程中不同覆盖措施下旱地油葵的土壤水盐结构特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明,PSM处理有效提高了30~100 cm土层土壤贮水、持水能力,推迟油葵消耗相对深层60~100 cm土壤水分的时间;在30~90 cm土层,其水分活跃性显著高于其他处理;比单一覆盖抑盐效果佳,土壤盐分缓冲性增强,盐分表聚程度显著降低;同时能显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。PSM处理提高了油葵苗期存活率和产量,其较PM、SM处理和CK分别增产35.45%,120.15%,87.80%(P0.05);PSM处理较PM、SM处理和CK的降水利用效率分别提高了14.71%、86.45%和59.05%(P0.05),其水分利用效率分别比SM和CK提高了10.80%和32.71%。综上,地膜秸秆复合覆盖(PSM)可增强土壤保墒抑盐能力,改善作物根区土壤水盐环境,提高天然降水的生产潜力;促进碱土改良初期的保苗增产,提高经济效益。     

半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水和产量的影响

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水特征和产量的影响,测定了全膜覆土穴播(PMS)、全膜覆盖穴播(PM)和露地穴播(CK)3种不同处理的糜子发育动态、0—200cm土壤水分季节变化、糜子地上生物量动态、产量和耗水量。2a的试验结果表明,地膜覆盖后糜子营养生长期缩短,生殖生长时期延长,但全生育期缩短;PMS处理的糜子的生育期较CK缩短12～13d,较PM延长10～11d。地膜覆盖使糜子拔节前0—200cm土层的土壤含水量增加,随糜子生育进程的推进,3种处理的耗水量依次为:PM>PMS>CK。在抽穗前,PM的地上生物量最大,其次为PMS,CK最小;在收获期,PMS的生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于PM。PM和PMS的产量较CK分别在2009和2010年提高了83.53%和64.56%,115.51%和84.47%;与PM处理相比,PMS的糜子产量在2009年和2010年提高了17.42%,18.18%,但两个处理的土壤耗水量在2a均无显著差异。因此,通过覆盖降低棵间蒸发是提高旱地糜子产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的主要途径。通过覆盖方式的选择来调控糜子的发育进程和耗水过程,对提高糜子产量和WUE也有重要意义。     

Soil microbial biomass as affected by non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation in rice

The long-term field experiments were initiated in 2001 on five sites in Zhejiang province of China to monitor the impacts of non-flooded plastic mulching management on rice soil microbial biomass for sustainable agro-ecosystem. The three treatments were plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and the traditional flooding management (TF). Microbial biomass C accounted for 0.3–2.4% of the soil total organic C, microbial biomass N for 0.79–4.3% of the soil total N, and microbial biomass P for 0.1–1.6% of the soil total P. Three years of non-flooded plastic film mulching reduced microbial biomass C and N and increased microbial biomass P in rice soil.     

Influence of continuous plastic film mulching on yield, water use efficiency and soil properties of rice fields under non-flooding condition

Five field experiments were conducted to study the effects of continuous plastic film mulching on rice yield, water use efficiency and soil properties on different soils with great environmental variabilities in Zhejiang Province, China, under non-flooding condition. The experiment started in 2001 at five sites and ended in 2003 with one rice crop annually. Three treatments included plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and traditional flooding management (TF). Soil samples were collected after the third year of the experimentation and were analyzed for soil properties. PM increased soil temperature, accelerated decomposition of organic carbon and root growth, there was a slight but statistically insignificant trend of decline in soil bulk density. PM produced the similar rice grain yield as TF at two sites, significantly higher grain yield (5.8% and 20.0% higher) at other two sites, but significantly lower (34.3% lower) yield at one site where no irrigation water was applied and rainfall was the sole water source for rice growth. PM increased water use efficiency by 69.6–106.0% and irrigation water use efficiency by 273.7–519.6%. Compared to TF, PM decreased soil organic matter content by 8.3–24.5%, soil total N by 5.2–22.0%, and available K by 9.6–50.4% at all sites. PM treatment also reduced soil available N by 8.5–26.5% at four sites. Soil total P content in PM treatments reduced by 13.5–27.8% at three sites, and increased by 6.6–8.2% at other two sites. However, PM increased soil available P by 20.9–64.7% at all sites. Systematic cluster analysis indicated the PM treatment distinctively clustered from the other treatment. These results suggested PM could gain higher yield under appropriate water condition and PM may change soil nutrient cycle.     

北方滨海盐碱地冬季咸水结冰灌溉对菊芋生长及离子分布的影响

为探讨冬季咸水结冰灌溉对河北省滨海平原区盐碱土的土壤盐分变化以及对菊芋生长的影响,在冬季利用地下苦咸水对河北海兴盐碱地进行咸水结冰灌溉试验,设冬灌覆膜处理,其中包括膜上挖孔直接播种处理（T1）和揭膜播种再覆膜处理（T2）,以无冬灌＋覆膜处理作为第一对照（CK1）,不冰灌和不覆膜的小区作为第二对照（CK2）。结果表明,冬季灌溉咸水结冰、春季咸水冰融化入渗后土壤各层次脱盐效果明显,播种期T1和T2处理的0～5cm、5～20cm表层土壤含盐量较CK1和CK2分别降低了41.9%、65.0%、46.5%、67.7%、29.9%、47.1%,40.8%和55.3%,在菊芋播种期耕层土壤含盐量降低到0.6%左右,T1和T2单位产量分别较CK1和CK2高54%、115%、97%和175%,T1和T2处理下Na＋和Cl-含量较CK1和CK2显著降低,而K＋含量和K＋/Na＋较CK1和CK2显著增高。通过冬季咸水结冰灌溉和覆膜措施可以确保土壤盐分下降,从而降低了盐分对菊芋生长的毒害作用,使菊芋产量得到显著提高。     

覆膜与生物炭对青藏高原马铃薯水分利用效率和产量的影响

生物炭具有比表面积大,吸附力强等特点,该研究尝试在地膜覆盖基础上引入生物炭技术,利用生物炭的保水保肥效应以及固碳培肥效果,解决地膜覆膜带来的土壤地力下降及后期减产问题。2019年通过设置施炭(B)、覆膜(M)、施炭+覆膜(M+B)和对照(CK)共4个处理的大田试验,探究覆膜和生物炭对青海省东部农业区马铃薯生长、耗水特征和产量的影响。结果表明:块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期是植株干物质量增加的主要时期,覆膜在块茎膨大期即有显著的促进效果,生物炭仅在淀粉积累后期和成熟期促进效果显著。施炭和覆膜均能显著提高收获期植株总干物质量,施炭比覆膜的根冠比显著提高。马铃薯苗期耗水量最高,在块茎膨大期以前日均耗水量在3 mm/d以上。覆膜显著增加了作物总耗水量和土壤储水消耗量,总耗水量比对照多出35mm,施炭和覆膜均显著提高了水分利用效率。施炭和覆膜均能显著提高马铃薯块茎产量(P0.05),覆膜显著增加了大薯的数量和产量。无论施炭与否,覆膜均显著增产,而施炭仅在不覆膜下显著增产,覆膜增产效应是施炭的2.2倍。覆膜能显著提高马铃薯净收益,但施炭降低了净收益,主要是由于生物炭的成本较高。该研究为青藏高原东部农区马铃薯高产栽培提供科学依据。