Eucalyptus growth and phosphorus nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and phosphorus fertilization

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction interferes in soil nutrient transport and root growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate eucalypt growth and phosphorus (P) nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and P rates. The treatments were composed of a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (soil bulk densities levels versus P fertilization rates) for two weathered tropical soils, a clayey Ferralsol (F_Clayey) and a sandy Ferralsol (F_Sandy). The soil bulk densities assessed were 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30 g cm^?3 for F_Clayey, and 1.35, 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 for F_Sandy. The P rates were 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg^?1 for F_Clayey, and 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 for F_Sandy. Soil compaction reduced root growth, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P recovery efficiency; and increased average root diameter. Phosphorus fertilization increased root length density, root surface area, dry matter, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P uptake efficiency; and decreased P recovery efficiency. It was concluded that P fertilization is not effective to offset the deleterious effects of soil compaction on eucalypt growth and nutrition.

Abbreviations: F_Clayey: clayey Ferralsol; F_Sandy: sandy Ferralsol; R_Dens: root length density; R_Diam: root diameter; R_Surf: root surface area; R_DM: root dry matter; S_DM: shoot dry matter; WP_DM: whole-plant dry matter; R_P: root P content; S_P: shoot P content; WP_P: whole-plant P content; PU_tE: P utilization efficiency; PU_pE: P uptake efficiency; PRE: P recovery efficiency.     

Phosphorus and silicon effects on growth,yield, and phosphorus forms in potato plants

Silicon (Si) can increase phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by increasing P availability in the soil and altering P metabolism in the plant, thus resulting in improved yield under low soil P conditions. The objective was to evaluate the effect of P (10, 50, 100, and 200?mg dm^?3) and Si (0, 50, and 200?mg dm^?3) interrelationship on P and Si uptake by plants, forms of P in leaves and tubers, plant growth, and tuber yield of potato plants. Silicon supply increased organic and inorganic P in the leaves. At low soil P rates, Si also increased organic P in the tubers. However, alterations in the P metabolism of potato plants with Si supply did not promote significant changes in dry matter (DM) production and tuber yield. Phosphate fertilization increased growth and yield of plants. Silicon uptake by the plants were also increased by phosphate fertilization with soil Si supply.     

Improved phosphorus efficiency of three new wheat genotypes from CIMMYT in comparison with an older Mexican variety

In a field trial in Northwest Mexico, the phosphorus efficiency of three advanced bread wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L.) from CIMMYT were compared with an older Mexican variety Curinda, under irrigation, on an alkaline clay soil (3.7 mg Olsen-P kg^—1 soil) without (P-0) and with P-fertilisation (P-35; 35 kg P ha^—1). Dry matter, P-content, P-uptake of above ground biomass and root growth (root length densities in different soil depths) were measured at different growth stages, and the net P-uptake rates per unit root length calculated. All four genotypes responded positively to P-fertilisation. The three new genotypes showed significantly higher grain yields compared with the old variety Curinda, on the average, 54% and 42% higher at P-0 and P-35, respectively. The higher grain yield was mainly due to a larger number of kernels per ear, higher thousand kernel weight as well as a higher harvest index. The old variety Curinda had the same (P-0) or greater (P-35) number of spikes m^—2 than the new genotypes. In conclusion of this experiment, the three new genotypes could be classified as more P-efficient. The P-uptake at harvest averaged 35% and 24% more than the old variety Curinda at the P-0 and P-35 level, respectively. The improved P-efficiency was mainly due to a more efficient P-uptake. However, there were only small differences in P-utilisation efficiency (kg grain per kg P in shoots) between old and new varieties (8—11%). The differences in the root systems were more decisive in the P-0 treatment than with P-fertilisation. At low P, the improved P-uptake per ha of the advanced lines was due to a higher root length density especially after flowering, while at high P, a higher P-influx rate per unit root length played a more important role than the root length density. The superiority of the new genotypes at both P levels is obviously due to the good adaptation of their root system (root length density, uptake rate per unit root) to variable P availability in soil.     

The Effect of Humic Substances and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of the Potato

ABSTRACT

The use of applied phosphorus (P) and the uptake of nutrients from the soil by plants can be improved when the fertilizer is combined with the application of humic substances (HS). However, these beneficial effects are inconsistent and can depend on the type of soil. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the application of HS (0, 1.25, and 7.50 mL pot^–1), as Humic HF®, and fertilizer-P (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg P dm^–3), as triple superphosphate, on root morphological characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, and tuber yield of potatoes grown in sandy and clayey soils. Only under low P supply in the sandy soil did the supply of HS, at the rate of 1.25 mL pot^–1, increase the plant growth, yield of tubers, and uptake of macronutrients by the plants, without affecting the efficiency of the P fertilization. In the clayey soil, which had a higher organic matter content, the application of HS did not affect plant growth, tuber yield or nutrient uptake. In both soils, P fertilization increased plant growth, tuber yield, and nutrient uptake. The combined application of HS and P increased the root length of potatoes in sandy soil.     

Enhancing of symbiotic efficiency and salinity tolerance of chickpea by phosphorus supply

This study aims to highlight the beneficial effect of the phosphorus on enhancing of growth plant, the efficiency of use rhizobial symbiosis and ionic partition in chickpea grown under salt stress. Exposure of plants to salt stress (0, 150 mM of NaCl) caused ionic imbalance, which resulted in increased Na⁺ and P and reduced K⁺ contents in the leaves and root. Indeed, stressed plants showed decrease of plant growth and phosphorus use efficiency. The efficiency use of rhizobial symbiosis was also affected by salinity. However, addition of two different level of phosphorus (37 and 55 mM) to saline soil increased significantly availability of P in plant organs. Specially, the (150 mM NaCl?×?37 mM P) mixture increased (33%) phosphorus use efficiency, induced better nodulation and increased plant biomass which results in the high efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis. Our findings suggest that the combination of low level of P to saline soil presumably improved the tolerance of chickpea plant to salinity.

Abbreviations: phosphorus (P); phosphorus use efficiency (PUE); biological nitrogen fixation (BNF); plant dry weight (PDW); yeast extract mannitol (YEM); efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis (EURS); shoot dry weight (SDW); symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF).     

Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorus Sources

ABSTRACT

A solution culture experiment was conducted to determine the response of 15 wheat genotypes for growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and P utilization efficiency, and their adaptability to P stress conditions using adequate [250 μM P in nutrient solution as ammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄)] and stress (powdered rock phosphate suspended in nutrient solution) P supply levels. Shoot dry matter (SDM) and total plant DM (shoot + root) and P uptake were generally higher for most genotypes in adequate P than stress P level treatment, but the opposite was true for root dry matter (RDM), root: shoot ratio (RSR), and root P uptake. Relative reduction in SDM due to P deficiency stress ranged from none to 54%. Genotypes Kohinoor 83, PB 85, Parvaz 94 and 4770 did not respond to P deficiency stress for SDM production, while genotypes FSD 83, Chakwal 86, Pasban 90, 4072, 4943, 5039, 6529-11, and 6544-6 were highly responsive to P application for SDM. Shoot P uptake in genotypes at adequate P level was about 3-times higher than those genotypes grown at stress P level. Differences in P concentration of shoot ranged between 2.00 to 3.06 mg P g^?1 in stress P level treatment, and had a significant positive correlation with P harvest index (PHI) (r = 0.558?, P < 0.05) and root efficiency ratio (RER) (r = 0.611?, P < 0.05) and negative correlation with P efficiency ratio (PER) (r = ?0.909??, P < 0.01). A significantly positive correlation of P utilization index (PUI) and SDM (r = 0.784??, P < 0.01) and non-significant negative correlation (r = ?0.483) of PUI with P concentration in shoot implies that wheat genotypes with higher PUI may be selected for P deficient milieu. Genotypes with higher PUI (>0.8 g mg^?1 P) in rook phosphate treatment were Inqlab-91, Pak-81, Lu 26s, Parvaz 94, 4072, 4770, 4943, and 5039. There was no interrelationship observed between shoot P uptake and P efficiency in stress P level treatment. However, highly significant and positive correlation (r = 0.720??, P < 0.01) between PHI and RER suggested that shoot P uptake depended upon root efficiency and it increased with the increase in P uptake per unit RDM. Consequently, this resulted in increased SDM which is evident from the significant positive correlation (r = 0.833??, P < 0.01) between SDM and shoot P uptake. In summary, the findings suggest that PUI and RER may be used for selecting P efficient wheat genotypes (e.g., 4072, 4770, 4943, Pak 81, and Inqlab 91) for dry matter production and P use.     

低磷胁迫下马尾松无性系磷效率性状对氮沉降的响应

【目的】剖析不同类型低磷胁迫下马尾松应对大气氮沉降的生长表现和适应机制,为在大气氮沉降背景下选育营养高效利用的马尾松速生优质新品种提供理论依据。 【方法】以来自马尾松 (Pinus massoniana) 全同胞子代的 5 个优良无性系 1 年生扦插幼苗为材料,分别在同质低磷 (介质表层与深层均缺磷) 和异质低磷 (介质表层磷丰富、深层缺磷) 两种土壤磷素环境下设置两种浓度梯度的模拟氮沉降试验,以研究低磷胁迫下马尾松无性系苗木生长、根系发育及氮、磷效率对模拟氮沉降的响应差异和规律。 【结果】1) 不同类型低磷胁迫下马尾松苗高和干物质积累量均表现出显著的无性系变异,且在同质低磷下存在明显的无性系 × 氮交互效应 (P < 0.05)。2) 马尾松无性系在不同类型低磷胁迫下应对氮沉降的适应机制有所差异。同质低磷、高氮环境下,33-4 和 19-5 等生长势较强的无性系,其根系长度、根表面积以及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于生长势较弱的无性系,干物质积累量与酸性磷酸酶活性之间的相关性增强,表明根系可通过增加在土壤中的分布面积和提高酸性磷酸酶活性来应对高氮、低磷的外界环境;异质低磷下,生长势较强的无性系,其根系长度和表面积在高氮沉降下显著增加,但比根长反而显著下降,意味着根系在高氮下增加吸收面积的同时,降低自身内部消耗可能是马尾松高磷效率的重要生物学基础之一。3) 马尾松无性系的磷吸收效率受氮沉降影响较大,在不同氮、磷水平下,其磷吸收效率与氮吸收效率均呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),表明模拟氮沉降有利于马尾松无性系对土壤中磷素的活化吸收,但磷利用效率无显著差异。4) 马尾松无性系的干物质积累量、根系长度、根表面积以及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性等指标的变幅较大,且无性系重复力均达到 0.75 (P < 0.05) 以上,这为高氮、低磷环境下马尾松耐受型植株的选择提供了可能。 【结论】以马尾松根系形态和根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性变异为突破口,选育氮沉降下具有高磷效率的马尾松无性系将有利于遗传效益的提高。     

Dry matter accumulation and phosphorus efficiency response of cotton cultivars to phosphorus and drought

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability and drought are the most recognized growth-limiting factors for the cotton production in arid regions. A pot experiment with P-efficient (Xinluzao19, X19) and P-inefficient (Xinluzao19, X26) cotton cultivars was conducted to investigate the effects of P and drought on dry matter accumulation and P efficiency. Results showed that biomass and chlorophyll content of leaves increased significantly with the increase in soil P content, whereas the root:shoot ratio decreased dramatically. Drought increased the root:shoot ratio, but the chlorophyll content of leaves remained stable. The yield of X19 increased with the increase in soil P content. For X26, the highest yield was attained under the medium P content. Under drought conditions, root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency were all proportional to P concentration, whereas P utilization was inversely proportional. Compared with X26, X19 presented higher P absorption efficiency and P utilization but lower root P efficiency ratio and P transfer efficiency. It suggested thatthe application of phosphate fertilizer under drought could increase the root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing the ability of stress resistance of cotton and significantly increasing biomass as well as cotton yield.     

Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important food crop, generally requires a high amount of phosphate fertilizer for optimum growth and yield. One option to reduce the need of fertilizer is the use of P‐efficient genotypes. Two efficient and two inefficient genotypes were investigated for P‐efficiency mechanisms. The contribution of root traits to P uptake was quantified using a mechanistic simulation model. For all genotypes, high P supply increased the relative growth rate of shoot, shoot P concentration, and P‐uptake rate of roots but decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio, root‐hair length, and P‐utilization efficiency. Genotypes CGN 17903 and CIP 384321.3 were clearly superior to genotypes CGN 22367 and CGN 18233 in terms of shoot–dry matter yield and relative shoot‐growth rate at low P supply, and therefore can be considered as P‐efficient. Phosphorus efficiency of genotype CGN 17903 was related to higher P‐utilization efficiency and that of CIP 384321.3 to both higher P‐uptake efficiency in terms of root‐to‐shoot ratio and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Phosphorus‐efficient genotypes exhibited longer root hairs compared to inefficient genotypes at both P levels. However, this did not significantly affect the uptake rate and the extension of the depletion zone around roots. The P inefficiency of CGN 18233 was related to low P‐utilization efficiency and that of CGN 22367 to a combination of low P uptake and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Simulation of P uptake revealed that no other P‐mobilization mechanism was involved since predicted uptake approximated observed uptake indicating that the processes involved in P transport and morphological root characterstics affecting P uptake are well described.     

The combination of localized phosphorus and water supply indicates a high potential for savings of irrigation water and phosphorus fertilizer

Water and phosphorus (P) are often unevenly distributed in the soil profile, thus limiting water and P uptake and plant growth. A soil column and a split‐root experiment were conducted to quantify the effect of localized water and P supply on shoot growth, root morphology, specific P uptake (SPU), P‐use efficiency (PUE), and water‐use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L.). Our results indicate that roots preferentially grow in the layer or compartment with both adequate water and P supply, subsequently stimulating SPU, PUE, and WUE, and enhancing shoot growth. Compared with the treatments in which both layers and compartments were supplied with adequate P and/or water, the growth of maize was maintained or minimally affected. SPU, PUE, and WUE were increased when both P and water were supplied in one layer or one compartment only. These findings show that normal plant growth with an adequate P uptake was achieved even if part of the roots were supplied with 2/3 (soil column experiment) and 1/2 (split‐root experiment) of the phosphorus and water supplied in the full‐phosphorus and full‐water treatment. Changes in root morphology under water stress conditions induced by the application of phosphorus and water in deeper soil layers or to a part of the roots may have substantial practical implications for agricultural production and environmental protection.     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

不同磷效率小麦对低铁胁迫的基因型差异

用营养液培养方法研究了不同磷效率小麦幼苗对低铁胁迫的基因型差异。结果表明,低铁胁迫(-Fe)对磷高效基因型小麦生长的抑制作用显著大于对磷低效基因型。低铁处理下,磷高效基因型81(85)-5-3-3-3、Xiaoyan54和Taihe-5025的植株地上部干重平均比正常供铁(+Fe)处理下降55.2%;磷低效基因型Jinghe90-Jian-17、NC37和Jing41平均33.0%。低铁胁迫显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的叶片叶绿素含量,3个磷高效基因型的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量分别降低了35.6%、35.3%和35.3%,磷低效基因型分别降低了16.8%、7.7%和11.9%。低铁胁迫对小麦的根系生长、根系吸磷量和磷利用效率均未产生明显的影响,但显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的植株地上部吸磷量和根效率比。与正常供铁的处理相比,磷高效和磷低效基因型小麦的地上部吸磷量和根效率比在低铁处理中平均降低了55.0%、54.9%和32.5%、36.4%。磷高效基因型小麦植株体内积累的磷量明显高于磷低效基因型,这是磷高效基因型不耐低铁的主要原因。磷效率越高,对低铁的反应越敏感。     

稻种资源的磷利用效率差异及其分类评价

采用溶液水培试验,以289份稻种资源为供试材料,探讨了相同供磷水平下水稻生物量与磷利用效率的品种差异,并通过对其进行系统分类与评价,进一步阐明水稻磷素吸收及其生物学性状与磷素利用效率的关系。结果表明:(1)在水稻分蘖期与拔节孕穗期,供试品种生物量与磷利用效率均存在较大变幅,生物量的变异系数分别达到36.03%和34.85%,磷利用效率的变异系数分别为15.80%和17.73%。(2)通过动态聚类将供试稻种资源分为5种磷利用效率类型,它们存在明显的基因型差异;在分蘖期及拔节孕穗期两个时期,Ⅰ类高效型的生物量分别是Ⅴ类低效型的3.22倍和3.08倍,而其磷素利用效率分别是Ⅴ类低效型的1.73倍和1.82倍。(3)磷高效型水稻和低效型水稻体内含磷量和磷积累量也呈现出显著的基因型差异,Ⅰ类磷高效型水稻相对Ⅴ类低效型含磷量较低,磷累积量高,能吸收利用有限的磷素,维持自身的生理代谢,并产生较大的生物量。(4)不同磷利用效率类型的水稻的生物学性状中株高及分蘖数体现出极显著的基因型差异,并与磷利用效率呈极显著的正相关关系。     

砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花根系形态及根际特征差异

为对比两种磷效率棉花在两种磷水平(0.1和5 mmol/L)的根系形态和根际特征的差异。以磷高效型棉花ZM42和磷低效型棉花XLZ13为研究对象设计砂培花盆分层试验,测定生物量、吸磷量、根系形态数据、分层Olsen－P、 pH值和酸性磷酸酶。结果表明：在砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花生物量和磷素积累量随施磷量的增加均有不同程度增加; ZM42在两种磷处理的根部生物量、吸磷量以及根冠比都优于XLZ13。在两种磷处理下, ZM42根系中根径(0~0.4 mm)的细根长度较XLZ13长,细根在总根长中的比例较高。总根长中细根越多有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。生长介质中磷含量降低时,棉花根际pH值也随之降低,高效品种ZM42的根际pH值降低幅度显著高于XLZ13;两种磷效率棉花在两个时期的根际土壤磷酸酶活性均随着施磷量的减少而增加,磷高效棉花ZM42分泌的土壤磷酸酶活性均高于磷低效棉花XLZ13。由此可见,两种磷效率棉花在相同生长介质中根际机理存在差异,且在低磷胁迫下磷高效棉花根系形态特征改变是根际磷活化主要机理之一。     

Biomass production and phosphorus accumulation of potato as affected by phosphorus nutrition

Potato (Solatium tuberosum) generally requires high amounts of phosphate fertilizer to reach economically acceptable yields, particularly in soils originating from volcanic ash. This is a consequence of the potato plants low root density and the slow soil diffusion rate of phosphorus (P) in these soils. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of P rates on tuber yield, biomass production, and distribution, biomass P accumulation and concentration, and P distribution in potato cv. Mexiquense. The experiment was carried out in an Andisol (7.8 μg g^‐1 Olsen‐P) located at the east of Valle de México. Fertilization rates were 0, 18,41,46,69,78,90,106,113,135,150,163, and 207 kg ha^‐1 P, from ordinary superphosphate. Top growth and root biomass, tuber yield, P percentage and P accumulation in different plant parts were measured at harvest. Minimum and maximum average tuber yields were 8.4 and 18.0 Mg ha^‐1; the plants absorbed 5.8 and 11.8 kg ha^‐1 P, corresponding to 0 (control) and 207 kg ha^‐1 P, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization had little influence on plant P concentration, where average concentrations in tuber and top growth were 0.20 and 0.24 % P, respectively. By contrast, P accumulation increased with increasing P rates, but P distribution between tuber and top growth was dependent on the amount of P applied. The control treatment showed approximately 1:1 distribution of P between top growth and tuber, but as P rate increased, top growth P decreased and tuber P increased. When applying the highest P rate, 36% of P accumulated in the top growth and 64 % in the tuber. The information obtained will permit decisions on the correct use of phosphate fertilizer for potato in Andisols of the Valle de Mexico.     

Effect of various phosphorus and calcium concentrations on potato seed tuber production

Although the effects caused in plants by the calcium (Ca)–phosphorus (P) interaction in calcareous soils are well documented, very few studies report on such effects in nutritive solutions or hydroponic cultivation. In a sand and perlite (1:1 volume) hydroponic system, effects of various P (21, 42, and 63 ppm) and Ca (120, 180, and 240 ppm) concentrations on potato tuberization were studied. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. For maximum tuber yield and tuber number production, 21 and 42 ppm P was sufficient, respectively. Increase in P and Ca concentrations in nutrient solutions in early growing season resulted in an increase in shoot and root weight, leaf area, and shoot length linearly, but tuber yield and tuber number did not follow this trend. The maximum tuber specific gravity and total solid percent were also observed in 42 ppm P. The highest tuber number and tuber yield were observed in 120 ppm Ca concentration.     

Assessing phosphorus efficiency and tolerance in maize genotypes with contrasting root systems at the early growth stage using the semi-hydroponic phenotyping system

Background

Development of an evaluation tool to determine genotypic variation in phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency is essential to ensure crop productivity and farmers’ income under low P environments.

Aims

This study aimed to develop an evaluation tool to determine genotypic variation in low-P tolerance and P use efficiency under low P environments.

Methods

Root response and P efficiency traits in 20 maize genotypes with contrasting root systems were assessed 32 days after transplanting into the semi-hydroponic root phenotyping system under low P (10 µM) or optimal P (200 µM) supply.

Results

Compared to optimal P, low P supply increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio by 48.7% (shoot dry weight decreased by 20.0% and root dry weight increased by 20.6%). Low P supply increased total root length by 17.8% but decreased primary root depth, with no significant change in lateral root number across all genotypes. Low P stress enhanced P utilization efficiency. Based on genotypic variation and correlations among the 17 measured plant traits in response to low P stress, nine traits were converted to low-P tolerance coefficients (LPTC), compressed by principal component analysis. The three principal component scores were extracted for hierarchical cluster analysis and classified the 20 genotypes into three groups with different P efficiency, including two P-efficient genotypes and nine P-inefficient genotypes.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated genotypic variation in response to low P stress. The P-efficient genotypes with higher LPTC values better adapted to low P environments by adjusting root architecture and re-distributing P and biomass in plant organs. The systematic cluster analysis using selected traits and their LPTC values can be used as an evaluation tool in assessing P efficiency among the genotypes.     

低磷胁迫下五种苹果砧木的磷吸收与利用特性

【目的】磷是植物必需的矿质元素之一,能够促进植株花芽分化,但施入土壤中的磷易被固定从而变成难以利用的闭蓄态磷,使土壤中的有效磷含量降低。因此,研究和发掘磷高效的苹果砧木对于解决低磷胁迫和提高磷利用效率具有重要意义。本研究以5种一年生苹果野生砧木为试材,进行低磷胁迫处理,调查苹果野生砧木对磷的吸收和利用特性。【方法】盆栽试验以正常管理的一年生八棱海棠（M. micromalus Makino）、 平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）、 东北山荆子（M. baccata Borkh.）、 富平楸子［M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh.］、 新疆野苹果［M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer］5种苹果砧木为试材。试验分为低磷（LP）和正常施磷（CK）两组处理,每个处理6次重复（6盆）。根总表面积、 根系总长度分析用WinRHIZO 根系分析软件进行; 植株各器官组织烘干粉碎后,用钒钼黄比色法测定其含磷量。离子吸收动力学参数的测定采用平邑甜茶水培幼苗,吸收前置于黑色培养瓶饥饿处理24 h,幼苗吸收24 h后采集营养液10 mL,钼锑抗比色法测定含磷量。【结果】5种砧木的相对磷效率从高到低为富平楸子（93.66%）平邑甜茶（87.69%）东北山荆子（83.44%）八棱海棠（74.54%）新疆野苹果（74.01%）。在低磷及正常施磷条件下,5种砧木的磷吸收效率均为富平楸子平邑甜茶东北山荆子新疆野苹果八棱海棠; 磷利用效率为平邑甜茶富平楸子八棱海棠新疆野苹果东北山荆子。H2PO-4离子最大吸收速率（Vmax）最高的为富平楸子［101.81 mol/(gh)］,其次为平邑甜茶［66.40 mol/(gh)］、 东北山荆子［45.00 mol/(gh)］和新疆野苹果［44.32 mol/(gh)］,八棱海棠的Vmax最低,为41.28 mol/(gh); 平邑甜茶的Km值最低,为4.05 mol/L,富平楸子为8.68 mol/L,东北山荆子为12.29 mol/L,新疆野苹果为12.64 mol/L,八棱海棠最高为13.57 mol/L。吸收根总表面积和总根长均以富平楸子最大,八棱海棠最小。【结论】低磷胁迫下富平楸子的相对磷效率和磷吸收效率最高,在低磷胁迫下生长势最好并且磷吸收能力最强,是一种对低磷胁迫适应能力较好的苹果砧木; 平邑甜茶的相对磷效率仅次于富平楸子,磷利用效率最高,其耐低磷胁迫的能力也仅次于富平楸子。进一步分析发现,砧木对磷的吸收效率与吸收根总表面积和总根长存在显著正相关关系,说明低磷胁迫下植物通过增加吸收根总表面积及总根长等方式,扩大根系吸收面积,从而增加根系对磷的吸收。     

施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

薯麦轮作体系钾肥全部施于薯季提高甘薯和周年产量

【目的】 薯麦轮作是我国甘薯种植的主要模式,施钾对甘薯、小麦都有较好的增产效果。本文研究了薯麦轮作中钾肥最佳运筹方案,以便更好地发挥钾肥效益。 【方法】 在江苏省农业科学院位于南京的六合基地连续进行了三年田间定位试验,在周年钾肥投入总量K₂O 270 kg/hm2的前提下,设置5个甘薯 (S) /小麦 (W) 钾肥分配量处理,分别为 S0W270、S90W180、S135W135、S180W90、S270W0,重复三次。调查了产量、产量组成和生物量分配,测定了吸钾量、钾生理效率和钾表观平衡。 【结果】 钾肥分配量显著影响甘薯的块根产量、单株薯数、单个薯重、冠根比、吸钾量和钾生理效率,而对小麦产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、草谷比、吸钾量、钾收获指数和钾生理效率均无显著影响。甘薯产量和周年产量均以钾肥全部施于薯季的S270W0处理最高,全部分配于麦季的S0W270处理次之,S270W0的甘薯产量和周年产量比薯麦两季分配的S90W180、S135W135、S180W90处理提高20.7%～24.5% (P < 0.05) 和17.8%～20.9% ( P < 0.01),S0W270的分别提高了9.9%～13.4% ( P > 0.05) 和8.2%～11.0% ( P > 0.05)。S270W0处理的单株薯数和单个薯重分别比钾肥施两季的处理高5.2%～10.4%和8.5%～30.6% ( P < 0.01),是其产量增加的主要原因;S0W270处理的单株薯数比 这三个处理高18.9%～24.8% ( P < 0.001),但单薯重低于其他处理,较高的单株薯数是该处理甘薯增产的主要原因。S180W90和S270W0处理甘薯整株吸钾量比S90W180和S0W270高出9.7%～16.1% ( P < 0.05)。随薯季施钾量增加,甘薯冠根比先增后减 ( P < 0.001)、钾生理效率先减后增 ( P < 0.01)、钾收获指数和商品率变化较小 ( P > 0.05)。甘薯吸钾量平均为K ₂O 228.0 kg/hm2,是小麦的2.3倍;钾收获指数平均为0.55,是小麦的5.5倍。薯蔓中储存的钾占甘薯吸钾量的46.6%,薯蔓还田可满足小麦对钾的需求;麦秸中贮存的钾占小麦吸钾量的91.0%,麦秸还田只能满足甘薯吸钾量的39.5%。本研究施钾量下,秸秆不还田,甘薯和小麦年均携出土壤的钾达K₂O 327.9 kg/hm2,年末土壤速效钾呈快速下降,三个轮作周期后土壤速效钾降低49.2%;秸秆和薯蔓完全还田条件下,薯麦轮作施钾量为K₂O 134.3 kg/hm2时即可保持土壤钾素平衡。 【结论】 薯麦轮作中,以钾肥单施于甘薯上,可显著增加单株薯数和单个薯重,增加甘薯产量和周年产量。全部钾肥施于甘薯上,薯蔓还田可以满足小麦的钾素营养。麦秸和薯蔓完全还田条件下,可适当减少钾肥的投入,年施K₂O 134.3 kg/hm2时即可保持钾素平衡。供试地区土壤和管理条件下,钾肥的管理模式建议为“秸秆还田 + 适宜施钾量 + 钾肥全部施于薯季”。