长江口崇明岛土地利用方式对滨海土壤中重金属和砷的分布和形态特征的影响

The reclamation of tidal flats has been one of the important approaches to replenish the arable lands in the coastal areas; pollution status of reclaimed soils has received wide attention recently, especially for the study of heavy metals due to the relative high pollutant concentrations in wetlands. To understand the impact of land use change on heavy metal and arsenic(As) geochemistry by the reclamation of wetlands for agriculture, surface soils and soil profiles were collected from the agricultural land reclaimed in the 1990 s and the intertidal flat wetland at Dongtan on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. The soil samples were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical speciation of chromium(Cr), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), lead(Pb), nickel(Ni), cadmium(Cd) and As using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Results showed that soil properties(salinity, total organic carbon and grain-size distribution) and the concentrations of heavy metals and As in the soils differed under the different land use types. The conversion of wetland to forest had caused obvious losses of all the measured heavy metals. In paddy field and dryland with frequent cultivation, the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni and As were higher when compared to forest land which was disturbed rarely by human activities. Speciation analysis showed that Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni and As were predominated by the immobile residual fraction, while Pb and Cd showed relatively higher mobility. In general, metal(except Ni) and As mobility decreased in the following order: wetland dryland ≥ paddy field forest land, which suggested that the reclaimed soils had lower metal and As mobility than the intertidal flat wetland. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the effects of land use on heavy metals and As in the reclaimed soils of the study area and other similar coastal areas.     

陇海铁路郑州—圃田段铁路旁土壤重金属污染

The pollution status and horizontal distribution of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Cd) in the soil on railroad side along the Zhengzhou-Putian section of Longxi-Haizhou Railroad were studied by collecting soil samples along a sampling section perpendicular to the railroad at the distances of 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 m from the railroad edge. The concentrations of heavy metals in the sampling soils were higher than those of the control site. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were found to be the highest in the soils at the railroad edge, and then decreased with increasing distance from the railroad. The highest concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Cu in soils were located at about 10-30 m from the railroad. Compared with the single factor pollution index (SFPI) of heavy metals calculated for the control site, the average SFPI from the sampling sites decreased in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu. There were notable negative correlations between the integral pollution index (IPI) of soil heavy metals at all sampling sites and the distances from the railroad. According to three IPIs calculated from the background values of heavy metals in och-aquic Cambisols, the heavy metal concentrations in the control soil, and the 2nd levels for soil heavy metals in GB15618-1995, the study area could be divided, based on the distances from the railroad, into four pollution zones: heavy pollution zone (0-10 m), medium pollution zone (10-50 m), slight pollution zone (50-100 m), and warning zone (100-500 m), respectively.     

杭州市城市土壤中重金属、磷和其它元素的特征

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urban soils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82 locations in Hangzhou City were measured to: a) assess their distribution in urban environments; and b) understand their differentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionation procedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercial and industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealed that the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sources using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significant pollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities were the main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metal concentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractions and soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

中国原油污染区重金属空间分布模式及其潜在来源研究

Twenty-two soil samples were collected at the subregional scale （50 km2） around Gudao Town, a typical oil-producing region of the Shengli Oilfield in the Yellow River Delta, China to determine the spatial distribution patterns and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of crude oil-polluted regions. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocaxbons （TPHs） and heavy metals as well as other soil properties were determined and the enrichment factor values were calculated for the heavy metals measured. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） were used to estimate potential sources contributing to the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils. The results revealed that the soils were slightly alkaline （pH = 7.33-8.05） and high in salinity （1.43-41.30 g kg-1）, TPHs （0.51 28.40 g kg-1） and organic matter （1.74-31.50 g kg-1）. The mean concentrations of the measured heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and V were 18.4, 78.2, 20.8, 0.19, 56.6, 26.3 and 62.1 mg kg-1, respectively. Although the concentrations of all the metals measured in this study were not high enough to exceed the national control standards, there was a significant enrichment of Cd in the study area and Zn and Ni were in the category of deficiency to minimal enrichment. The spatial distribution patterns of Cu, Cr, Ni and V were similar and partially affected by oil exploitation and petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Potential sources of Cr, Ni, V and Cu in the soils were both natural sources and petroleum hydrocarbon spills, while Zn, Pb and Cd were probably from anthropogenic sources such as farming activities and traffic.     

Accumulation and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a problem in agricultural irrigation systems.To assess the accumulation and sources of heavy metals in the Yongji irrigation district of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China,195 soil samples from 39 sites(0–100 cm)were collected,and Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,and Cd concentrations were analyzed.The mean concentrations were 107.17,32.48,12.31,53.53,and 0.22 mg kg-1,respectively,with no significant differences between soil depths(P>0.05).Concentrations of Zn,Cu,and Cd were higher than the background levels,with moderate accumulation;the contamination factor(CF)values were 1.9,1.7,and 1.9,respectively,and the geoaccumulation index(Igeo)was>0.Concentrations of Pb and Cr were lower than,or close to,the background levels(CF<1,Igeo<0),indicating that they originated from a natural source.The monomial potential ecological risk index(Eri)for Zn,Cu,Pb,and Cr was low;Eri for Cd was 55.73,implying a moderate risk.The grade of potential ecological risk index of the five heavy metals(RI)was low,declining from south to north.The studied soils were contaminated with Zn,Cu,and Cd;principal component(PC)analysis implicated the enrichment of Cd and partial Cu(high loading in PC 2)was related to agricultural activities;Zn and partial Cu,closely associated with PC 3,may have originated from irrigation water from the Yellow River.Future agricultural development should focus on fertilizer and pesticide application and the quality of irrigation water.     

Incorporation of source contributions to improve the accuracy of soil heavy metal mapping using small sample sizes at a county scale

Estimating heavy metal(HM) distribution with high precision is the key to effectively preventing Chinese medicinal plants from being polluted by the native soil. A total of 44 surface soil samples were gathered to detect the concentrations of eight HMs(As, Hg, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the herb growing area of Luanping County, northeastern Hebei Province, China. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR) model was used to quantify pollution source contributio...     

Heavy Metals, Phosphorus and Some Other Elements in UrbanSoils of Hangzhou City, China

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urbansoils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82locations in Hangzhou City were measured to:a) assess their distribution in urban environments;and b) understand theirdifferentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionationprocedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations,respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercialand industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealedthat the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sourcesusing a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significantpollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd,Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities werethe main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metalconcentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractionsand soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

基于模糊逻辑的北京城市边缘区土壤重金属污染空间预测

Fuzzy classification combined with spatial prediction was used to assess the state of soil pollution in the peri-urban Beijing area. Total concentrations of As, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined in 220 topsoil samples （0-20 cm） collected using a grid design in a study area of 2 600 kin2. Heavy metal concentrations were grouped into three classes according to the optimum number of classes and fuzziness exponent using the fuzzy comean （FCM） algorithm. Membership values were interpolated using ordinary kriging. The polluted soils of the study area induced by the measured heavy metals were concentrated in the northwest corner and eastern part, especially the southeastern part close to the urban zone, whereas the soils free of pollution were mainly distributed in the southwestern part. The soils with potential risk of heavy metal pollution were located in isolated spots mainly in the northern part and southeastern corner of the study region. The FCM algorithm combined with geostatistical techniques, as compared to conventional single geostatistical kriging methods, could produce a prediction with a quantitative uncertainty evaluation and higher reliability. Successful prediction of soil pollution achieved with FCM algorithm in this study indicated that fuzzy set theory had great potential for use in other areas of soil science.     

云南滇池沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征

Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.     

太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价

对太原市污灌区土壤重金属分布特征进行了分析评价,结果表明重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Hg、Cd含量均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）,但其平均值均显著高于太原市土壤背景值。各重金属间的相关分析表明,Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这8种元素污染源可能相同。Hg是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr〉Mn〉Ni。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值均大于1,综合污染指数为2.81,总体上,污染水平为中度及其以上。各种重金属单因子污染指数和综合指数在研究区有相似的空间分布格局,总体分布趋势为东南部小店地区和中南部晋源区相对较高,南部清徐县相对较小;通过因子分析并结合污灌区污染源调查,表明Hg除受污水灌溉的影响外,燃煤释放的Hg可能是重要来源之一,Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu可能来自污水灌溉和大气沉降,以污水灌溉的贡献为主,Ni、Mn、As、Cr来自污水灌溉。Hg、Cd是太原市污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属。     

长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险评价

以西安市某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,分析长期污水灌溉对表层土壤重金属含量及富集状况的影响,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染现状及潜在环境风险进行评价。结果表明：长期污灌已导致农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn7种重金属相对自然背景有不同程度累积,其富集比例依次为100%、82.69%、100%、100%、80.77%、98.08%和100%,仅有土壤As平均含量低于其背景水平;以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,其中Cd和Hg污染表现突出,按其污染指数平均值排序为Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Cu〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Pb;土壤重金属综合潜在环境风险为＂强＂等级,Hg、Cd的环境影响占据主导;随污灌年限增长,离灌渠越近,农田土壤重金属的污染水平和环境风险越高。鉴于该区土壤重金属已呈现较强生态危害性,应及时采取必要防治措施,调整土地利用结构,确保农田环境及农产品安全生产。     

汾河流域土壤重金属垂直分布规律及地域差异

山西汾河流域按土属采土样１７４０个，测定镍、铬、铅、锌、砷、铜、汞、镉八种元素的含量。探讨了垂直分布及各地形部位贡献大小和地域差异。在中高山地、山地、低山丘陵、丘陵阶地、二级阶地和平原盆地六个地形部位中，土壤重金属元素含量均未超过土壤污染起始值。各元素不同地形部位贡献大小为：中高山地汞大、山地铜大、低山丘陵铬大，丘陵阶地铅、镍、铜大，二级阶地汞大、锌小，平原盆地镉、汞大、铜小。故二级阶地和平原盆地应施用铜、锌微肥和防止汞、镉污染。地域差异研究表明：东西两山山地土壤多数元素含量差异不显著，利用较为一致。南北两盆地污染重点在太原盆地。上述研究结果为土壤环境质量评价、土壤污染防治和预测，工矿企业合理布局，农业生产结构调整提供了科学依据。     

浙江省优势农产区土壤重金属分异特征及评价

通过详细的调查分析，研究了浙江省优势农产区表层土壤重金属分异特征及其现状，并探讨了各种影响因素。904个代表性样品的分析结果表明，除As和Hg以外，Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu及Ni的含量均高于浙江省第2次土壤普查得到的表层土壤重金属含量；与杭嘉湖平原、浙江省、中国及世界土壤背景值的对比发现，研究区土壤大部分重金属元素的含量明显偏高，根据国家二级标准限值得出的单项评价结果表明，Cd和Ni的超标指数较高，分别达到lO．72％和9．7％。Hg、Pb、Cu和Cr次之，分别为6．80％，5，35％，3．43％和3．03％，Zn和As较小，分别为1．80％和1．04％。此外．通过对不同的土地利用类型、不同母质及土壤类型土壤中重金属含量的方差分析，研究了这些因子对浙江省农业土壤重金属含量的影响程度及其原因。     

贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。     

基于ArcGIS的潍坊市土壤重金属污染现状与空间分布研究

[目的]了解潍坊市土壤重金属污染现状及其在空间上的分布规律,为该区土壤重金属污染防治和农业生产的合理安排提供指导。[方法]在土壤重金属污染调查的基础上,以ArcGIS为操作平台,采用地质积累指数分析潍坊市土壤重金属污染状况,并绘制空间分布图。[结果]潍坊市大部分地区土壤重金属未产生污染,但在某些地区镍的污染等级达到3级;8种重金属污染程度依次为:HgNiZnCrPbCdCuAs;土壤中Cd,Ni,Pb,Hg受土壤质地影响,Cd,Ni,Pb易在砂土中富集,Hg易在黏土中富集;重金属元素浓度与土壤pH值相关性较差;Hg的浓度与土壤有机质有着非常显著的正相关关系(p0.01);Ni污染存在着复合现象;重金属元素中,Cu,Cr,Ni在空间的分布主要集中于青州—临朐—昌乐交界处和安丘—诸城交界处。[结论]土壤重金属污染分布与人类活动有关,应加强地区交界处的环境管理力度。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染的空间变异特征——以江苏省太仓市为例

城市化、工业化和农业集约化的发展影响着土壤环境和健康质量。本研究以位于长江三角洲地区的江苏省太仓市为典型区，采用地统计学方法对其耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、M、Hg、Pb、Zn和As等8种重金属结构特征和空间分布格局进行了分析，并用模糊数学法综合评价了土壤重金属的污染程度，结果表明：太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度，呈对数正态分布；Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度，呈正态分布。除Cd、Cr和Pb略低于背景值外，其他重金属均高于其背景值，其中以As污染指数和超标率最高。土壤重金属复合污染严重，模糊综合评价污染结果为一级。通过半方差函数模型拟合发现Hg、Cd符合球状模型，其他重金属均符合指数模型，8种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了耕层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图，发现土壤重金属含量与母质、土壤质地、有机质含量以及工业化、城市化和农业集约化程度密切相关。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属含量及其分异特征

以地学统计、浓度-面积分形方法和富集系数等方法分析了该地区土壤重金属元素含量的变化特征。结果显示:表层和深层土壤的重金属均具有多重分形特征,表层土壤中重金属元素分异性强,在该地区表层重金属含量平均值远远大于全国土壤背景值(除了As);土壤Hg、Cd、Pb含量分布显示了受人为影响强烈,而Cu、Zn主要受原始背景和人为活动综合影响;Cr、Ni、As主要受自然背景影响。研究结果为长江三角洲地区土壤质量评价提供可靠的依据。     

典型农业区农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

采用野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,以典型农业区山东禹城的农田表层土壤（0-20 cm）为研究对象,分析了土壤中重金属Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cu和Zn的含量,探讨了土壤中重金属的含量与不同人类活动的关系并进行了潜在生态风险评估。结果显示,8种重金属的含量均超过黄河下游潮土区的背景值。潜在生态风险评估表明,当地的农田土壤Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn有轻度的生态风险,Hg和Cd存在较大的生态风险。城市化进程、畜禽养殖和污灌是造成土壤Cd高生态风险的主要因素,城市化进程和污灌也是造成土壤Hg高生态风险的主要因素。禹城各区域土壤受8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险程度大小依次为城郊农田〉污灌农田〉典型施肥农田〉井灌农田〉引黄灌农田,不同人类活动区域土壤Cd生态风险和8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险存在显著差异。