种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤水盐运移的数值模拟研究

利用大型水盐运动模拟土柱研究了在田间气候作用下作物 (小麦 玉米连茬种植 )生长对土壤水盐运移的影响。研究并建立了土壤水盐运移的数学模型 ,就模型所需的饱和导水率、水力传导度、水分特征曲线、水动力弥散系数进行了室内外测定 ,并对数学模型进行了数值求解。对四个土柱的模拟结果与实测结果进行了数据分析和对比。结果表明 :数值模拟结果和实测数据比较 ,除个别点有一定偏离之外 ,模拟计算结果与实测值拟合效果比较理想 ,说明该模型用于模拟种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤的水盐运移是实际可行的。     

小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性

含碎石土壤的导水性质研究有利于这种多孔介质水分运动的模拟。本文采用室内定水头法和离心机法分别测定两种质地土壤(壤土、黏壤土)和三种岩性小粒径(2~10 mm)碎石构成的土石混合介质的饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型计算各土石介质的非饱和导水率,分析碎石对土壤导水能力的影响。试验结果显示,风化程度低的碎石对黏壤土具有明显的增大饱和导水率的作用,且碎石含量愈高,增加的效果愈明显;而风化程度高的碎石对土壤结构无明显的改善作用,且对黏壤土具有减小饱和导水率的作用。风化程度低碎石介质的非饱和导水率随土壤水吸力的增加呈现了先大于土壤和土石介质的后迅速减小到低于土壤和土石介质的变化过程。风化程度低的河卵石和风化程度高的粉泥页岩碎屑分别构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的低,而风化程度中等的片麻状花岗岩碎块构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的高。近饱和状态下,碎石含量高的土石介质的非饱和导水率也相应的高,而较大的土壤水吸力下,土石介质的非饱和导水率呈现随碎石含量的增大而减小变化趋势。试验结论可为含碎石土壤水分平衡研究提供参考。     

野外条件下非饱和弥散系数的确定

本文根据质量守恒定律和求解非饱和水力传导度的瞬时剖面法的思路,提出了一种求解非饱和弥散系数的实验及其计算方法。通过野外实验说明该法是有效的,甚至对于非均质性或具有空间变异性的土壤都适用。该法具有两个方面的优点:一是实验和计算简单;二是通过一次实验可求出一组弥散系数和孔隙水速度的数值,从而可寻找二者之间的相互关系。数值模拟结果表明,由该法所求的参数是可靠的。     

地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证

以非饱和土壤水运动理论和多孔介质中溶质运移的对流－弥散理论为基础，建立了地下滴灌条件下描述地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型。模型中对滴头边界进行了简化，并对其可行性进行了检验。模拟计算结果得到室内试验资料验证。该模型可用来描述地下滴灌土壤水、肥运动和分布规律，以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据。     

太湖地区主要水稻土的土壤水分参数研究

太湖地区主要水稻土类型的水分参数研究结果表明 ,水稻土 4个土层的土壤水分特征曲线基本一致。土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数和土壤有效水的含量均从土壤上层到下层呈降低的趋势 ;土壤的非饱和导水率与负压水头之间呈负相关的指数曲线变化 ,当负压水头达到 10 k Pa时 ,非饱和导水率降低到最小值 ,且基本趋于稳定 ;非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于 1.1× 10 - 3～ 1.886× 10 - 3cm2 / min之间 ,非饱和土壤水扩散率随含水量也呈指数曲线变化。     

基于两组负水头入渗数据推求Brooks-Corey模型中的参数

非饱和土壤水分运动和溶质运移的研究需要准确的土壤水动力特性信息，然而土壤水动力特性的测定往往费时费力且较难。该研究假设土壤水力动力特性可用Brooks-Corey模型来描述，结合Darcy定理和质量守恒推导了基于两组负水头下入渗数据来估计Brooks-Corey模型参数的方法。利用负水头下一维土壤水分运动中累计入渗量和湿润峰之间的关系实现了参数的求解，大量的数值模拟数据检验了该方法，并与Wang的方法进行了比较和分析，结果表明本研究提供了一种简单而且精确的确定土壤水动力参数方法。     

两种夏威夷热带土壤的表面电荷特征

本文研究了典型三水铝矿腐殖质氧化土(Hadii Soil)和水化不饱和火山灰始成土(Maile Soil)的表面电荷特征。测出Maile粉砂壤土的比表面比Halii粉砂粘土的比表面将近要大一倍。Maile粉砂壤土的表面电荷零点(pH₀)为5.90,Halii粉砂粘土的pH₀为4.55;钙离子的吸附使土壤的pH₀移至较低值,硫酸根离子的吸附使pH₀移至较高值。Maile粉砂壤土的pH₀>ZPNC(净电荷零点),Halii粉砂粘土的pH₀<ZPNC。根据Uehara和Gillman^[12]表面电荷模式,Halii粉砂粘土带永久净正电荷,Maile粉砂壤土带永久净负电荷。     

凹凸棒土对土壤水分运动基本参数的影响

通过向土壤中均匀添加不同含量(0,10,20,30,40,50,60g/kg)凹凸棒土(ATP)来研究其对土壤水分运动及土壤水动力学参数的影响。结果表明,随着ATP含量的增大,土壤入渗速率、累积入渗量减小,Philip公式中的吸渗率S和稳渗率A均减小,Kostiakov公式中入渗系数K减小,经验指数β增大;土壤持水性随着ATP含量的增加而增大,van Genuchten公式中滞留含水率θr减小,饱和含水率θs增大,进气值的倒数α增大,形状系数n减小;利用van Genuchten公式中的相关参数对非饱和土壤导水率、非饱和土壤水扩散率及容水度进行计算,结果表明随着ATP含量的增加,非饱和土壤导水率、扩散率及容水度都呈减小的趋势,利用经验公式对非饱和土壤水扩散率进行拟合,其相关性较高。综合分析可知,加入ATP后的土壤有一定的阻渗作用,持水能力增强且土壤中的大孔隙减少,在一定程度上具有改良土壤的作用。     

基于NMR技术的盐渍化冻融土壤未冻水及孔隙水含量试验研究

为探讨盐渍化土壤在冻融过程中孔隙水及未冻水含量的变化规律,运用核磁共振仪(NMR)测定了不同盐渍土与不同NaCl饱和试样的孔隙水及未冻水含量,同时研究了不同土质对冻结过程中未冻水含量的影响,分析了冻融过程中的滞后现象。试验设置8个处理,即轻度盐渍化粉砂壤土、中度盐渍化壤土2种土壤类型和蒸馏水、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%NaCl 4种溶液。结果表明:(1)在盐渍土冻结过程中,大孔隙降幅速率小孔隙降幅速率,而盐渍土的融解先从小孔隙开始。(2)无论是轻度盐渍土还是中度盐渍土,1.0%NaCl饱和溶液的未冻水含量最大。饱和溶液为1.0%NaCl的中度盐渍土在冻融过程中出现二次突变,其二次突变温度点不一样,融解时二次突变温度高于冻结时二次突变温度。(3)比较不同土质对冻融过程中未冻水含量可知,壤土未冻水含量粉砂壤土未冻水含量。在冻融过程中,结合T_2分布曲线可知,孔隙水的减少先从大孔隙开始,孔隙水的增多先从小孔隙开始;NaCl饱和溶液的浓度越高,其未冻水含量越大,冻结温度越低;不同土质对土壤未冻水含量有所影响,壤土的未冻水含量明显高于粉砂壤土的未冻水含量;盐渍土壤在冻结和融化过程中存在滞后现象,在冻融过程中的滞后现象明显区间,随浓度的增大,所处的温度范围有降低趋势。     

土壤水下渗解析解与数值解的比较研究

针对饱和—非饱和条件下土壤水的垂向下渗,分别用半经验计算公式和全物理基础的HYDRUS模型模拟了不同降雨情景下的土壤水渗漏量,对两种方法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法均能反映出土壤水渗漏率与降雨强度的相关性,降雨强度和降雨总量的增加引起土壤水渗漏总量的增加。在较小雨强条件下,公式计算土壤水渗漏总量稍大于HYDRUS模型计算,雨强较大时则相反。两种方法的计算结果在渗漏率峰值的出现时间和土层底部初始出流时间上存在差异。当土层厚度减小时,半经验解析式的计算精度有所提高,在使用该解析式时,建议对土壤层分层计算,可以提高计算精度。     

土壤水流通量对饱水带溶质运移参数的影响

The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient.     

紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价

为阐明大孔隙丰富且孔径呈两极分化的紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的运移规律,通过室内土柱试验获取耕作层0~20 cm、非耕作层20~40 cm原状土柱和填装土柱的穿透曲线,分析饱和条件下土壤大孔隙流发生规律,并采用解析法CXTFIT软件拟合了水分优先运移参数,PFSP指标(大孔隙流引起的穿透曲线延展量与水动力弥散作用及两区作用引起的延展量的比值)定量评价土壤大孔隙流的贡献率。研究结果表明:1)以填装土柱水流为平衡基质流计算,耕作层0~20 cm原状土柱中大孔隙流的导水贡献率为66.2%~68.5%,而Br-累积淋出量占总淋出量的62.3%~66.1%。对于非耕作层20~40 cm,土壤大孔隙流导水贡献率为0.2%~1.7%,而Br-随大孔隙流运移的比例却达14.5%~20.5%。说明耕作层土壤中大孔隙流现象远比在非耕作层土壤中更为显著;2)PFSP值结果表明大孔隙流作用对穿透曲线延展量的贡献率最大,两区交换运移作用次之,水动力弥散作用的最小。即PFSP值越大,大孔隙流对总水流通量的贡献率越大。     

不同类型耕地紫色土中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇迁移试验与模拟

3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)的化学结构稳定、水溶性高、运移能力强,对水体具有潜在的污染风险。在有机质含量低、大孔隙度高、导水性好的紫色土地区,风险更加显著。为研究TCP在紫色中的迁移规律,该研究依据紫色土的典型耕作类型,在中国科学院盐亭国家紫色土农业生态试验站采集3组土样(小麦-玉米轮作的坡地、水稻-油菜轮作的水旱农田和萝卜-白菜套种的菜地),通过批量平衡法研究紫色土对TCP的吸附特征,并采用稳定流场饱和均质土柱的易混合置换试验研究TCP的动态迁移过程,最后对其迁移动态进行模拟。结果表明:紫色土对TCP的吸附特征呈线性,在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中的吸附系数分别为1.94、1.22和1.02 L/kg,且黏土含量和矿物组成是主要影响因子;TCP的出流平衡浓度分别为初始浓度的77%(坡地)、84%(水旱农田)和92%(菜地),相应的平衡时刻分别为2.88PV、4PV和6.5PV,表明TCP对环境的污染风险较高;用非平衡两点对流弥散模型模拟TCP在3种耕作条件下迁移,表明TCP以瞬时吸附为主,其水动力弥散系数和分形系数在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中依次减小,但一阶动力学常数依次增大。研究结果为探索TCP在紫色土壤中的迁移机制和预测防止TCP对环境的污染提供了参考依据。     

Modelling of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil

The migration of colloids in soils can enhance the leaching of strongly sorbing contaminants. We present a model for the simulation of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil media under stationary flow. Transport in the intra-aggregate pores is simulated by convection–dispersion, and transport in the interaggregate pores, and a stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, is simulated by diffusion. The model describes the release of colloids from soil aggregates, sorption and desorption processes at the air–water interfaces, and flocculation and subsequent straining from the flowing water. All three processes were simulated as functions of ionic strength. Transport of ions in intra-aggregate pores was simulated by Fickian diffusion. The model was calibrated against experimental results of colloid leaching from columns packed with natural soil aggregates. The aggregates were of two soils differing in organic matter content. On each soil a single calibrated parameter set could describe the experiments with the three ionic strengths. The parameters for release of colloids from the aggregate surface and the sorption properties of the air–water interface were different for the two soils. The key parameters for leaching were the thickness of the stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, the mechanical dispersion, the maximum concentration of colloids at the surface of the aggregates, the sorption capacity and rate coefficient of the colloids at the air–water interface, and the colloid diffusion coefficient. Simulations were also done with two additional irrigation intensities at one ionic strength. Simulated leaching was greater than measured leaching at both irrigation intensities, but the diffusion-controlled release of colloids from the aggregates was simulated correctly.     

土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征

为了深入探讨土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制以及两者之间的关系,以10°坡为例,在变流量(1.0,1.4,2.0,2.4和2.8 L/min)条件下进行室内冲刷试验,研究土壤结皮坡面径流水动力学特征(平均流速、平均径流深度、雷诺数、水流剪切力、水流功率、阻力系数)并分析坡面流水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,土壤结皮对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。土壤结皮坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流流态为层流;土壤结皮坡面具有较大坡面流流速,较小径流深度、水流剪切力和水流功率。结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量明显低于无结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量。土壤侵蚀量与坡面水动力学参数相关关系显著(相关系数R0.90),土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数呈线性正相关,与水流剪切力、水流功率的对数呈线性正相关,与阻力系数呈线性负相关。因此,在本研究中,单纯从径流冲刷侵蚀的角度土壤结皮的存在有利于减小坡面土壤侵蚀量。由于降雨因素对土壤结皮的侵蚀效应影响较大,将雨滴打击与径流冲刷相结合才能更好地研究土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制。     

HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION IN COLUMNS OF PUMICE PARTICLES

A study was made of hydrodynamic dispersion in columns of pumice particles of different equivalent diameters and over a range of flow velocities. Dispersion is described by the first and second order moments of the elution curves. Two models are used to give a numerical analysis of the dispersion: a model using an apparent hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and one using mixing cells with exchange (MCE). The part played by the stationary phase is described, and the molecular diffusion coefficient within the porous particles is calculated.     

渭北旱塬花椒地埂林土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究

通过对花椒地埂林土壤抗蚀性、抗冲性指标连续 3年的测定和分析结果表明:花椒地埂林土壤具有显著的固埂保土效益,土壤抗蚀性、抗冲性均高于无林埂土壤。土层腐殖质含量、水稳性团聚体含量及表层土壤水稳性团聚体风干率、团聚状况、团聚度均高于无林地埂土壤,土壤分散率、分散系数均低于无林埂土壤。土壤抗冲性大小与树龄、冲刷水量、土壤毛根含量、腐殖质含量关系密切,土壤抗冲性变化规律与抗蚀性吻合,土壤抗蚀性强弱与抗冲性强弱趋于一致。     

The Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient of Soils as Related to the Variability of Local Permeability

Solute (NaCl) miscible displacement experiments are performed on long disturbed soil columns to determine the hydrodynamic longitudinal dispersion coefficient and correlate it with the variability of the local permeability. The solute concentration, averaged over several cross-sections along the soil column, is monitored by measuring the electrical resistance between rod electrodes. The measured solute concentration breakthrough curves are fitted simultaneously with the one-region and two-region analytical models of the 1-D advection–dispersion equation to estimate the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, D _L, as a function of Peclet number, Pe, for common groundwater flow velocities (2?<?Pe?<?50). Macroscopic simulations of miscible displacement in 2-D porous media described by a periodic permeability field with low, moderate and high variability are employed to evaluate the predictability of the one-region and two-region models, and the sensitivity of the dispersion coefficients and flow velocities estimated from soil column displacement tests to the variance of local permeability. When the variability of the local permeability becomes high, the one-region model fails, while the two-region model is capable of reproducing satisfactorily the breakthrough curves, and providing reliable values of dispersion coefficients. The two mean pore velocities estimated by the two-region model represent, on average, a fast and a slow mean velocity of the dispersion front, whereas their difference is a measure of the transient evolution of the width of the equi-concentration dispersion front.     

模拟暴雨条件下植被混凝土坡面侵蚀的水动力学特征

[目的] 探究不同外掺料对暴雨条件下植被混凝土坡面侵蚀水动力学特征的影响,在降雨侵蚀方面为植被混凝土的配方改进提供科学依据。[方法] 通过室外模拟降雨试验,在60°坡度、3种雨强（60,90,120 mm/h）下研究4种外掺条件（无添加、聚丙烯酰胺、生物炭、棕榈纤维）的植被混凝土坡面侵蚀状况,并分析坡面水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量之间的关系。[结果] 坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流为层流;未添加外掺料的坡面弗劳德数始终小于1,坡面流为缓流,添加外掺料的坡面弗劳德数始终大于1,坡面流为急流。添加外掺料的坡面具有较大的坡面流速、水流功率,较小的水流剪切力、径流深度和阻力系数。添加生物炭的坡面土壤侵蚀量显著高于无添加坡面,添加聚丙烯酰胺和棕榈纤维的坡面土壤侵蚀量显著低于无添加坡面。[结论] 外掺料对植被混凝土坡面水动力学参数影响显著。土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数、水流功率呈极显著正相关关系。添加聚丙烯酰胺和棕榈纤维能有效降低植被混凝土边坡土壤侵蚀量,可在高陡边坡生态恢复工作中进行应用。