花期高温对水稻花器官性状和结实的影响

为探讨花期高温对水稻花粉育性的生理生态影响,以耐热品种钱江3号B与热敏感品种协青早B为材料,在花期进行不同方式的高温胁迫处理,比较分析了花期高温对水稻花粉粒直径、花粉活力、结实率等的影响。结果表明,与适温处理相比,高温胁迫对钱江3号B的花粉活力、花药开裂率和开裂孔长度的影响很小,而对协青早B的影响则达极显著,且长期的持续高温胁迫同样危害耐热水稻品种的结实率。此外,2个水稻品种对高温胁迫最敏感时期均为抽穗开花第3天。本研究可为选育耐热性水稻品种提供理论依据。     

热害胁迫条件下水稻花药发育异常的早期特征

田间条件下持续高温(而非短期高温)是导致水稻生殖生长期高温危害的重要条件,由此推测水稻花粉母细胞减数分裂至抽穗的一段期间,可能均为水稻的高温敏感期,且高温诱导可能具有累积效应。本研究模拟田间典型灾害天气条件,在人工气候箱内对杂交水稻"金优63"花粉母细胞减数分裂期进行连续3d的热害胁迫处理,对处理后不同发育时期的花药组织取样切片观察,从组织、细胞水平探讨水稻受高温胁迫后花药可能出现的早期异常特征。结果表明,受高温胁迫后,在小孢子形成阶段,水稻花粉母细胞发育异常、四分体无法适时分散;在花粉粒成熟阶段,水稻生殖细胞失去正确的排列方向、绒毡层细胞发生非正常分解、花药壁和花粉粒发生形态异常并出现败育。此外,植株减数分裂期受高温胁迫后,开花时花粉活力显著降低。这些结果表明,抽穗前的高温直接导致水稻花药组织和生殖细胞异常发育,从而减少有效花粉的形成和降低裂药与授粉性能,可能成为田间条件下持续高温引起水稻不育的重要原因。     

中稻花期致害高温主导的田间气象特征及其对不同杂交组合水稻结实的影响

采用分期播种、大田实地测定法研究了中稻花期致害高温主导的田间气象条件及其对不同杂交组合水稻结实的影响.结果表明,水稻开花期遭遇到的高温与常温相比,白天温度和光照强度在10:00～14:00时差异明显.8:00～10:00和16:00～18:00差异不大.相对湿度同期差异不显著,且高温条件下始终低于常温条件.与常温条件相比,高温使各供试品种的结实率显著降低,平均降低约8%.对高温影响结实率的原因分析表明.高温条件下3个供试品种的花粉活力和每柱授粉数显著降低,平均分别降低6.0%和8.4粒.品种之间的比较分析表明,高温条件下3个供试品种的结实率无显著差异;但与"汕优63"相比,"金优448"和"两优培九"高温和常温下的结实率、花粉活力和每柱花粉数相差较大,说明"汕优63"较另外2个品种对高温的反应相对较小,稳定性较强.     

高温后移对水稻颖花败育的影响

以籼稻Ⅱ优7954和Ⅱ优7号为供试材料,通过人工气候箱在水稻抽穗开花期进行两种高温处理,即常规38℃高温处理（9：00-14：00）和38℃高温后移处理（11：00-16：00）,以受精率衡量高温后移对水稻颖花败育的影响,并进一步探讨高温后移下颖花败育的原因.结果表明：常规高温处理下颖花育性对开花当天高温最敏感,而高温后移处理下颖花育性对开花前1d高温最敏感;高温后移开花高峰出现在高温来临前,可见高温后移主要通过开花前高温而非开花时高温影响颖花育性;开花前高温主要通过影响花药散粉、花粉粒萌发和花粉管延伸从而引起颖花败育.研究成果可为水稻品种高温热害鉴定提供科学依据.     

抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻开花结实的影响

以常规稻南粳43和杂交稻常优2号为试验对象,通过在人工气候箱中进行高温处理,研究抽穗期高温胁迫对花药生理机制、花粉活力和籽粒结实率的影响,旨在深入探讨高温对水稻的伤害机理.结果表明:高温胁迫下水稻花药中的脯氨酸(Pro)、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质、抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量较对照处理均显著降低(p<0.01),并且随着胁迫温度的升高与胁迫时间的延长,其花粉活力、花粉萌发率、结实率、每穗实粒数与单株产量均有所下降,而千粒重的变化较小,说明高温胁迫破坏花药细胞膜结构与功能,影响花粉活力与萌发能力,从而降低结实率与每穗实粒数,最终导致产量下降.两个水稻品种相比,高温胁迫对常优2号的花粉活力、花粉萌发率以及结实率的伤害都明显小于南粳43,说明常优2号耐热性稍强于南粳43.相关分析表明,常优2号与南粳43品种的结实率与花粉活力和花粉萌发率之间均呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),因此影响水稻结实率降低的原因之一可能是花粉活力与花粉萌发率的降低.研究结果可为江淮地区生产中防御高温危害提供理论依据.     

江苏地区两优培九高产制种的安全期分析

两优培九是两系杂交稻品种,其制种对气象条件有严格的要求。育性敏感期的低温会导致母本花粉的育性恢复,从而影响制种纯度;而抽穗扬花期的高温不利于水稻受精结实,影响制种产量。本文选择江苏省11个代表性站点的历史资料,通过分析各站点≤24℃的低温风险概率和≥30℃的高温风险概率,确定两优培九制种的育性转换安全期和最佳播种期。结果表明,江苏省南部地区适宜的育性转换安全期从8月第2候-8月第6候,最佳播种期从6月第2候-6月第4候;江苏中部和北部地区育性转换安全期从7月第4候-8月第2、3候,最佳播种期从5月第4候-6月第1候。两优培九适合在江苏地区制种,并且在江苏中部地区最佳。     

杂交水稻制种气力授粉的参数试验及优化

摘要：为研究各作用因素对杂交水稻制种气力授粉效果的影响,该文设计了气力授粉试验装置,应用二次正交旋转试验设计方法,研究气流速度、作用位置和作用角度对花粉有效分布面积比率、花粉平均分布密度以及花粉分布不均匀度的影响。通过Design-Expert8.05数据处理系统建立3个因素对各指标影响的回归方程,进一步优化,得到最佳授粉效果的参数组合为：气流速度21.98 m/s,作用位置为穗顶以下16.85 cm,作用角度为0。此时,花粉有效分布面积率为88.75%,单视野花粉平均密度为4.50粒,花粉分布不均匀度为19.53,授粉效果综合评价指数为最大值0.744。该结果为研究杂交水稻气力式授粉技术及研制气力式授粉装备提供理论依据。     

2021年秋收作物生长季农业气象条件评价

基于主要农区2346个气象台站观测数据和历史同期观测资料,利用作物气候适宜度和农业气象灾害指数等方法,分析了2021年玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花等主要秋收作物生长季的农业气象条件。结果表明,秋收作物生长季内,农区大部分地区≥10℃积温较常年同期偏多100～250℃·d,热量条件好,大部降水正常,土壤墒情适宜。夏季（6-8月）光温水条件匹配较好,利于玉米、水稻、大豆等作物开花授粉、灌浆结实以及棉花开花、结铃。总体上秋收作物主要生育期内干旱影响偏轻,气象条件对作物生长发育和产量形成有利。但局地暴雨洪涝频发,河南受灾严重,部分农田绝收。西北地区东部、华北大部、黄淮北部作物生育后期多雨寡照,不利作物灌浆成熟及收获。东北地区阶段性低温、西北地区东北部干旱、南方和新疆高温危害等对局地玉米、水稻、棉花等作物造成一定不利影响。     

气流速度对杂交水稻制种授粉花粉分布的影响

气流速度(包括自然风速)对杂交水稻制种授粉过程中花粉分布情况的影响十分显著,直接关系到制种产量。为研究流速对授粉效果的影响,该文首先分析杂交水稻气力授粉的基本原理,通过试验验证气流速度对花粉分布的影响,从花粉的分散密度、水平分布、垂直分布3个方面进行评价。结果表明:花粉分布受气流影响显著,水平分布量、竖直分布量以及花粉总量都随流速的增大而增大;水平分布出现特有的双峰图像,且后峰随流速的增大远离花粉源;竖直分布随流速的增大向气流中心靠拢,说明花粉在一定速度的定向气流中能保持较好的直线传播。气流速度为20m/s时,水平花粉量较多,且竖直分布能满足作用范围内花粉的传播要求。该文为进一步研究气力授粉机械提供依据。     

花期短时高温对不同品种水稻颖花开放动态及产量的影响

以耐热型水稻品种N22和热敏型水稻品种YR343为材料,进行盆栽试验。从抽穗扬花当天开始,利用人工气候室进行高温处理,以32℃/25℃（昼/夜）为对照,设置38℃/30℃为高温处理,连续处理7d。分别于处理第1、3、5、7天取样,研究花期不同天数高温胁迫对水稻颖花开放动态、颖花生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明：（1）高温胁迫后水稻产量和结实率均呈降低趋势,其降幅与高温持续时间有关。高温处理7d时,品种N22的产量与结实率分别降低49.1%和37.4%,YR343分别降低85.1%和65.3%。（2）高温胁迫后,水稻的花药开裂率和花粉活性均出现不同程度降低,且高温持续时间越长,降幅越大。（3）高温胁迫后水稻的总颖花开放量显著降低,其中,N22与YR343分别降低33.3%和65.5%。花期高温还改变了水稻开花峰值和峰值出现时间,与常温相比,高温下N22的开花高峰提前1h出现,峰值比例下降0.5%,YR343峰值出现时间无变化,但峰值比例降低2.8%,高温胁迫下YR343出现了花期缩短的现象。（4）高温胁迫下,水稻颖花可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量总体呈下降趋势;丙二醛及过氧化氢含量呈上升...     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.