退化喀斯特植被恢复与土壤微生物特征的关系

The mechanism of vegetation restoration on degraded karst regions has been a research focus of soil science and ecology for the last decade.In an attempt to preferably interpret the soil microbiological characteristic variation associated with vegetation restoration and further to explore the role of soil microbiology in vegetation restoration mechanism of degraded karst regions,we measured microbial biomass C and basal respiration in soils during vegetation restoration in Zhenfeng County of southwestern Guizhou Province,China.The community level physiological profiles(CLPP) of the soil microbial community to were estimated determine if vegetation changes were accompanied by changes in functioning of soil microbial communities.The results showed that soil microbial biomass C and microbial quotient(microbial biomass C/organic C) tended to increase with vegetation restoration,being in the order arboreal community stage > shrubby community stage > herbaceous community stage > bare land stage.Similar trend was found in the change of basal respiration(BR).The metabolic quotient(the ratio of basal respiration to microbial biomass,qCO 2) decreased with vegetation restoration,and remained at a constantly low level in the arboreal community stage.Analyses of the CLPP data indicated that vegetation restoration tended to result in higher average well color development,substrate richness,and functional diversity.Average utilization of specific substrate guilds was highest in the arboreal community stage.Principle component analysis of the CLPP data further indicated that the arboreal community stage was distinctly different from the other three stages.In conclusion,vegetation restoration improved soil microbial biomass C,respiration,and utilization of carbon sources,and decreased qCO 2,thus creating better soil conditions,which in turn could promote the restoration of vegetation on degraded karst regions.     

巴西东北部地区土地退化对土壤微生物量和活性的影响

Land degradation causes great changes in the soil biological properties.The process of degradation may decrease soil microbial biomass and consequently decrease soil microbial activity.The study was conducted out during 2009 and 2010 at the four sites of land under native vegetation(NV),moderately degraded land(LDL),highly degraded land(HDL) and land under restoration for four years(RL) to evaluate changes in soil microbial biomass and activity in lands with different degradation levels in comparison with both land under native vegetation and land under restoration in Northeast Brazil.Soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth.Soil organic carbon(SOC),soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and N(MBN),soil respiration(SR),and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate(FDA) and dehydrogenase(DHA) activities were analyzed.After two years of evaluation,soil MBC,MBN,FDA and DHA had higher values in the NV,followed by the RL.The decreases of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the degraded lands were approximately 8-10 times as large as those found in the NV.However,after land restoration,the MBC and MBN increased approximately 5-fold and 2-fold,respectively,compared with the HDL.The results showed that land degradation produced a strong decrease in soil microbial biomass.However,land restoration may promote short-and long-term increases in soil microbial biomass.     

废弃农耕地自然演替过程中微生物群落与土壤特性间的关系

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.     

黄土高原中国松人工林演替过程中的土壤微生物和酶活性

Successional and seasonal effects on soil microbial and enzymatic properties were studied in Chinese pine (Pinus tabu- laeformis) plantations in an age sequence of 3-, 7-, 13-, 21- and 28-year-old in northern Ziwuling region in the middle of Loess Plateau, China. The results indicated that plantation age and season affected soil microbial and enzymatic parameters significantly. Soil organic C, total N, microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, basal respiration, dehydrogenase, N-α-benzoyl-L-argininamide (BAA)-protease, urease and β-glucosidase increased quickly and tended to be highest at PF21 (21-year plantation), thereafter they remained nearly at a constant level, whereas the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) showed an initial increase and then decreased gradually. Measures of these soil properties showed significant seasonal fluctuations except for organic C and total N, which were found to be relatively stable throughout the study period, and the seasonal distributions were autumn spring summer winter for microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, dehydrogenase, and β-glucosidase; autumn summer spring winter for BAA-protease and urease; and summer autumn spring winter for basal respiration and qCO 2 . Significant season × age interaction was observed for biomass C, basal respiration, dehydrogenase and BAA-protease.     

利用复合方法对不同耕作系统中的土壤微生物活性进行分析

Cropping activities may affect soil microbial activities and biomass,which would affect C and N cycling in soil and thus the crop yields and quality.In the present study,a combination of microcalorimetric,enzyme activity(sucrase,urease,catalase,and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis),and real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analyses was used to investigate microbial status of farmland soils,collected from 5 different sites in Huazhong Agriculture University,China.Our results showed that among the 5sites,both positive and negative impacts of cropping activities on soil microbial activity were observed.Enzyme activity analysis showed that cropping activities reduced soil sucrase and urease activities,which would influence the C and N cycles in soil.Much more attentions should be given to microbial status affected by cropping activities in future.According to the correlation analysis,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis showed a significantly(P 0.05) negative correlation with the time to reach the maximum power output(R ——0.898),but a significantly(P 0.05) positive correlation with bacterial gene copy number(R = 0.817).Soil catalase activity also showed a significantly(P 0.05) positive correlation with bacterial gene copy number(R = 0.965).Using combined methods would provide virtual information of soil microbial status.     

造林恢复植被后土壤的化学计量学特征对其碳组分的影响

Afforestation is recognized as an important driving force for soil organic C(SOC) dynamics and soil element cycling.To evaluate the relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and SOC fractions,soil C:N:P stoichiometry distributions at 0–200 cm soil depths were analyzed and the contents of SOC fractions were evaluated in 9 typical land-use systems on the Loess Plateau of China.The contents of light fraction organic C,particulate organic C(53,53–2 000,and2 000 μm),labile organic C,microbial biomass C,and dissolved organic C decreased with increasing soil depth and were higher in afforested soil than in slope cropland soil.Compared with the slope cropland,different vegetation types influenced soil C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios,especially when C:P and N:P ratios were significantly higher(P0.05).Moreover,SOC fractions at the 0–10 and 10–40 cm depths were particularly affected by soil C:P ratio,whereas those at the 40–100 and 100–200 cm soil depths were significantly affected(P0.05) by soil N:P ratio.These results indicate that changes in SOC fractions are largely driven by soil C:P and N:P ratios at different soil depths after afforestation.     

Phenological Stage, Plant Biomass, and Drought Stress Affect Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in the Rhizosphere of Enteropogon macrostachyus

Indigenous grasses have been effectively used to rehabilitate degraded African drylands. Despite their success, studies examining their effects on soil bioindicators such as microbial biomass carbon(C) and enzyme activities are scarce. This study elucidates the effects of drought stress and phenological stages of a typical indigenous African grass, Enteropogon macrostachyus, on microbial biomass and enzyme activities(β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and chitinase) in the rhizosphere soil. Enteropogon macrostachyus was grown under controlled conditions. Drought stress(partial watering) was simulated during the last 10 d of plant growth, and data were compared with those from optimum moisture conditions. The rhizosphere soil was sampled after 40 d(seedling stage), 70 d(elongation stage), and 80 d(simulated drought stress). A high root:shoot ratio at seedling stage compared with elongation and reproduction stages demonstrated that E. macrostachyus invested more on root biomass in early development, to maximise the uptake of nutrients and water. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities increased with root biomass during plant growth. Ten-day drought at reproduction stage increased the microbial biomass and enzyme activities, accompanying a decrease in binding affinity and catalytic efficiency. In conclusion, drought stress controls soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient mobilization, as well as the competition between plant and microorganisms for nutrient uptake.     

Effects of Epigeic Earthworms on Decomposition of Wheat Straw and Nutrient Cycling in Agricultural Soils in a Reclaimed Salinity Area:A Microcosm Study

Earthworms,one of the most important macroinvertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems of temperate zones,exert important influences on soil functions.A laboratory microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the earthworm Eisenia fetida on wheat straw decomposition and nutrient cycling in an agricultural soil in a reclaimed salinity area of the North China Plain.Each microcosm was simulated by thoroughly mixing wheat straw into the soil and incubated for 120 d with earthworms added at 3 different densities as treatments:control with no earthworms,regular density(RD)with two earthworms,and increased density(ID)with six earthworms.The results showed that there was no depletion of carbon and nitrogen pools in the presence of the earthworms.Basal soil respiration rates and metabolic quotient increased with the increase in earthworm density during the initial and middle part of the incubation period.In contrast,concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass quotient decreased in the presence of earthworms.Earthworm activity stimulated the transfer of microbial biomass carbon to dissolved organic carbon and could lead to a smaller,but more metabolically active microbial biomass.Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and NO₃^--N increased significantly with the increase in earthworm density at the end of the incubation(P<0.05),resulting in a large pool of inorganic nitrogen available for plant uptake.Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization rates were three times higher in the ID treatment than the RD treatment.     

北松辽平原沿纬度梯度农田土壤酶活性与微生物量分布研究

Soil enzymes activities and microbial biomass have an important influence on nutrient cycling. The spatial distribution of soil enzymes activities and microbial biomass were examined along a latitudinal gradient in farmlands of Songliao Plain, Northeast China to assess the impact of climatic changes along the latitudinal transect on nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Top soils （0-20 cm depth） were sampled in fields at 7 locations from north （Hallun） to south （Dashiqiao） in the end of October 2005 after maize harvest. The contents of total C, N, and P, C/N, available N, and available P increased with the latitude. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase, microbial biomass （MB） C and N, and MBC/MBN were significantly correlated with latitude （P 〈 0.05, r^2 = 0.198, 0.635, 0.558, 0.211 and 0.317, respectively）, that is, increasing with the latitude. Significant positive correlations （P 〈 0.05） were observed between invertase activity and the total N and available P, and between acid phosphatase activity and the total C, C/N, available N, total P and available P. The urease, acid phosphatase, and dehydrogenase activities were significantly correlated with the soil pH and electrical conductivity （EC） （P 〈 0.05）. MBC and MBN were positively correlated with the total C, C/N, and available P （P 〈 0.05）. The MBC/MBN ratio was positively correlated with the total C, total N, C/N, and available N （P 〈 0.05）. The spatial distribution of soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass resulted from the changes in soil properties such as soil organic matter, soil pH, and EC, partially owing to variations in temperature and rainfall along the latitudinal gradient.     

玉米秸秆质量和土壤水分对土壤活性有机碳组分和微生物性质的影响

Investigating the effects of residue chemical composition on soil labile organic carbon(LOC) will improve our understanding of soil carbon sequestration.The effects of maize residue chemical composition and soil water content on soil LOC fractions and microbial properties were investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment.Maize shoot and root residues were incorporated into soil at 40%and 70% ?eld capacity.The soils were incubated at 20?C for 150 d and destructive sampling was conducted after 15,75,and 150 d.Respiration,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),hot-water extractable organic carbon(HEOC),and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)were recorded,along with cellulase and β-glucosidase activities and community-level physiological pro?les.The results showed that the cumulative respiration was lower in root-amended soils than in shoot-amended soils,indicating that root amendment may be bene?cial to C retention in soil.No signi?cant differences in the contents of DOC,HEOC and MBC,enzyme activities,and microbial functional diversity were observed between shoot- and root-amended soils.The high soil water content treatment signi?cantly increased the cumulative respiration,DOC and HEOC contents,and enzyme activities compared to the low soil water content treatment.However,the soil water content treatments had little in?uence on the MBC content and microbial functional diversity.There were signi?cantly positive correlations between LOC fractions and soil microbial properties.These results indicated that the chemical composition of maize residues had little in?uence on the DOC,HEOC,and MBC contents,enzyme activities,and microbial functional diversity,while soil water content could signi?cantly in?uence DOC and HEOC contents and enzyme activities.     

间作白三叶对苹果/白三叶复合系统土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以渭北黄土高原苹果园土壤为研究对象,设置传统苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）园清耕及间作白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）两个处理,测定和分析了不同土层（0—5 cm,5—10 cm,10—20 cm及20—40 cm）的土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）、氮（SMBN）、4种土壤酶活性、有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）等指标,从土壤微生物碳、氮及酶活性的角度探讨间作白三叶对苹果/白三叶复合系统土壤的影响。结果表明:间作白三叶能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量和土壤酶活性,提高土壤微生物对有机碳和全氮的利用效率,其作用随着土层深度的增加而降低,在表层土壤效果更为显著。土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著相关或显著性相关。苹果园土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性能敏感响应生草间作,可以作为评价果园生草对果园土壤影响的良好指标。     

山核桃集约经营过程中土壤微生物量碳氮的变化

[目的]研究不同集约经营历史山核桃林的土壤微生物量碳氮的演变规律,为山核桃林地土壤管理提供科学依据。[方法]在浙江省临安市分别采集并分析了经营历史为5,10,15,20a的山核桃林土壤样品,并与天然混交林(0a)进行比较。[结果]天然混交林改造为山核桃纯林并经集约经营后,林地土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、MBC/MBN,MBC/SOC均表现出先下降而后上升的趋势,经过10a经营后降到最低水平,与0a相比,0—10cm土层MBC,MBN和MBC/SOC分别降低了52.1%,32.0%和31.0%。经营10a的林地土壤MBC/MBN显著低于前期经营林地,而MBN/TN在经营过程中的差异并不显著。[结论]山核桃集约经营后,林地土壤微生物量碳氮含量显著下降。     

干旱区绿洲苜蓿地土壤微生物特性及其影响因子

研究了干旱区绿洲种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量商、呼吸强度和代谢商的变化特征。结果表明:在耕层0-20 cm范围内,苜蓿种植年限的长短对土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量有影响,相对来说微生物量碳、氮在四年生苜蓿地的含量最高,其次是一年生苜蓿地的。不同种植年限苜蓿地之间土壤微生物量商(qMB)、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO2)差异显著,相对来说种植年限相差越大,差异越大。相关分析结果表明,土壤理化特性对土壤微生物活性有影响,其中土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮与土壤有机质、全氮显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关。     

菌渣还田对设施土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

[目的]探究设施土壤微生物量碳、氮对菌渣还田的响应,为实现设施瓜菜生产的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支持。[方法]以草菇菌渣为材料,在山东省莘县进行了田间试验,以常规鸡粪还田为对照(CON),设置5个菌渣(FR)还田量,研究菌渣还田对设施土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和微生量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)的影响。[结果] 5个菌渣还田处理的菌渣使用量分别为15,30,45,60和75 t/hm~2)相比CON增加了SOC和TN。SOC分别增加了12.0%,11.2%,21.6%,33.1%和31.7%,TN分别增加了3.1%,6.3%,19.9%,29.4%和26.4%。除FR_1以外,其他4个菌渣还田处理相比增加了MBC和MBN,MBC分别增加了16.1%,19.9%,36.8%和50.7%,MBN分别增加了3.3%,37.7%,40.4%和60.9%。相比CON,高量菌渣还田处理增加了MBC/SOC和MBN/TN。相关分析表明,MBC,MBN与SOC和TN均呈极显著正相关。[结论]菌渣还田可以提高土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤微生物碳、氮。土壤微生物碳、氮含量随着菌渣还田量的增加而增加,因此菌渣还田是提高设施土壤微生物活性及土壤肥力的有效措施。     

Microbial Properties of a Loess Soil as Affected by Various Nutrient Management Practices in the Loess Plateau of China

Microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and its relationships with other biological and chemical properties were studied on loess soil with an 11-year long-term fertilization experiment. The results indicated that inorganic fertilizers (F) improved soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and MBP levels and F plus maize stalk (SNPK) improved MBC and MBN. Manuring markedly increased soil MBC, MBN, and MBP levels. Fertilization decreased the ratios of MBC/MBN, MBC/MBP, and MBN/MBP. Microbial biomass phosphorus was positively and linearly correlated with MBC, MBN, organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), water-soluble P, and Olsen P but negatively correlated with soil pH. Microbial biomass phosphorus constituted 2% of TP on control (CK) and inorganic fertilizer treatments and 12% on manure plots. Microbial biomass phosphorus to Olsen P ratios were 50% on CK, F, and SNPK and 80% on manure treatments. Measurements of MBP in soil containing high Olsen P were subject to analytical problems of unknown reasons.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被类型土壤微生物量碳氮磷和养分特征

  目的  探讨桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被类型的土壤理化性质和微生物碳(MBC)、微生物氮（MBN）、微生物磷（MBP）含量的变化特征及它们之间的关系。  方法  利用生态化学计量方法和Pearson相关性分析方法研究不同植被类型和土层深度对土壤MBC、MBN、MBP含量和土壤养分含量分布特征的影响。  结果  （1）不同植被类型土壤养分含量和MBC、MBN、MBP含量依次为次生林 > 灌木 > 灌草 > 草地 > 耕地;土壤养分垂直分布表现为随着土层深度加深而下降,不同土层间土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量差异显著,土壤MBC、MBN和MBP含量在不同植被类型和不同土层间差异显著,均表现为MBC > MBN > MBP。（2）不同植被类型土壤MBC/SOC和MBP/TP的值较小,MBN/TN的差异较大。不同植被类型的土壤MBC/MBN差异显著,MBC/MBP变化范围较大,MBN/MBP表现为次生林 > 灌草 > 灌木 > 草地 > 耕地。（3）土壤MBC和MBN与SOC、TN、速效氮和速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重、pH值表现出不同程度的负相关,表明植被恢复过程中土壤MBC和MBN可作为衡量土壤养分的敏感性指标。  结论  不同植被类型的土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷、养分含量和化学计量特征有明显的表聚效应,随着植被的正向演替,土壤结构、养分和微生物群落功能得到显著提高。     

Soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during transition from conventional to organic farming systems

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during the transition from conventional to organic farming in a tropical soil. Soil samples were collected from three different plots planted with Malpighia glaba: conventional plot with 10 years (CON); transitional plot with 2 years under organic farming system (TRA); organic plot with 5 years under organic farming system (ORG). A plot under native vegetation (NV) was used as a reference. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN), soil organic matter fractioning and microbial indices were evaluated in soil samples collected at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm depth. SOC and fulvic acids fraction contents were higher in the ORG system at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths. Soil MBC was highest in the ORG, in all depths, than in others plots. Soil MBN was similar between ORG, TRA and NV in the surface layer. The lowest values for soil MBC and MBN were observed in CON plot. Soil microbial biomass increased gradually from conventional to organic farming, leading to consistent and distinct differences from the conventional control by the end of the second year.     

Soil microbial activity and biomass is stimulated by leguminous cover crops

The leguminous cover crops Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth., Centrosema pubescens Benth., and Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., were grown in the interspaces of a 19 y–old coconut plantation and incorporated into the soil at the end of the monsoon season every year. At the end of the 12th year, soils from different depths were collected and analyzed for various microbial indices and their interrelationships. The objectives were to assess the effects of long‐term cover cropping on microbial biomass and microbial‐community structure successively down the soil profile. In general, total N (TN), organic C (OC), inorganic N, extractable P, and the levels of biological substrates viz., dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), labile organic N (LON), and light‐fraction organic matter (LFOM) C and N decreased with depth at all the sites. Among sites, the cover‐cropped (CC) sites possessed significantly greater levels of TN, OC, DOC, DON, and LON compared to the control. Consequently, microbial biomass C (MBC), N (MBN), and P (MBP), CO₂ evolution, and ATP levels, in general, decreased with depth at all sites and were also significantly higher in the CC sites. Among the ratios of various microbial indices, the ratio of MBC to OC and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) declined with depth. Higher MBC‐to‐OC ratios and large qCO₂ levels in the surface soils could be ascribed to greater levels of readily degradable C content and indicated short turnover times of the microbial biomass. In contrast, the ratios of MBC to MBN and MBC to MBP increased with depth due to low N/P availability and relatively higher C availability in the subsoils. Cover cropping tended to enhance the ratios of MBC to OC, MBC to MBN, MBC to MBP, and ergosterol to MBC and decreased the ATP‐to‐MBC ratio at all depths. The relatively lower ATP‐to‐MBC ratios in the CC site, especially in the subsoil indicated microbial‐community structure possibly dominated by fungi. By converting the ergosterol content to fungal biomass, it was observed that fungi constituted 52%–63% of total biomass C at the CC site, but only 33%–40% of total biomass C at the control site. Overall, the study indicated that leguminous cover crops like P. phaseoloides or A. scarabaeoides significantly enhanced the levels of OC, N and microbial activity in the soils, even down to 50 cm soil depth.