甘肃省武山县土壤养分特征及综合肥力评价

针对甘肃省武山县施肥管理粗放、土壤养分不均、土壤肥力下降、作物产量不稳等问题,研究评价其土壤养分和土壤肥力状况,为科学施肥及土壤养分诊断提供依据。通过采集和检验分析典型土壤样品,对武山县62个耕层(0～20 cm)土样进行取样监测,用频数分布分析了土壤养分特征,从土壤养分盈缺入手,采用改进的内梅罗综合指数法评价了土壤综合肥力状况。结果表明:武山县土壤pH在7.81～8.67之间,平均值为8.35,属弱碱性。有机质含量在10.55～23.38 g·kg-1之间,平均值为14.82 g·kg-1,处于缺乏范围。全氮含量在0.67～1.69 g·kg-1之间,平均值为 1.04 g·kg-1,处于中等范围。碱解氮在44.4～166.3 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为 85.41 mg·kg-1,处于缺乏范围。全磷含量在0.69～3.17 g·kg-1之间,平均值为1.01 g·kg-1,处于丰富范围。有效磷含量在13.1～248.2 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为45.07 mg·kg-1,处于丰富范围。全钾含量在23.0～28.0 g·kg-1之间,平均值为25.04 g·kg-1,处于丰富范围。速效钾含量在111.0～510 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为248.77 mg·kg-1,处于丰富范围。综合肥力评价的结果是大量元素综合肥力指数为2.28,肥力评价状况处于一般等级。可见,该地区土壤综合肥力处于中等偏上,具体表现为有机质和氮素含量缺乏、磷素和钾素丰富。建议采取增加有机肥投入,适当增氮降磷限钾的化肥施用原则,这一研究结果可为武山县农业生产中科学平衡施肥提供依据。     

淮安地区葡萄园土壤养分及线虫群落现状分析

以淮安葡萄园12个主要种植区土壤样本为研究对象,通过测定土壤pH值、有机质、水溶性总盐、速效钾、有效磷及土壤线虫群落等指标研究淮安地区葡萄园土壤养分及线虫群落特征。结果表明:淮安葡萄种植区土壤pH值均值6.35,有58.33%的土壤样本为酸性;有效磷均值220.97 mg·kg-1,高于40 mg·kg-1的样本占比100%;速效钾均值460.13 mg·kg-1,高于200 mg·kg-1的样本占比83.33%;水溶性总盐均值4.35 g·kg-1,高于0.5 g·kg-1的样本占比100%;有机质含量均值34.02 g·kg-1,在中等以上的样本占比91.67%。对不同葡萄园土壤养分差异分析发现,有机质在两合土中均值最高,达47.84 g·kg-1,在P0.05水平上显著高于砂土。水溶性总盐在施用复混肥的园中高出施用有机肥67.53%,在P0.05水平上达显著差异。葡萄园线虫群落主要由3类群体构成,其中,12个葡萄园中自由生活线虫类检出率为100%,寄生类线虫和其他类线虫检出率均为58.33%,螺旋线虫属为本次调查中的优势群体。速效钾与线虫总量、自由生活线虫显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.668、0.706,而与寄生线虫相关性低,相关系数仅为0.319。     

山西省农田土壤肥力现状及近10年变化特征

明确山西省农业生产中土壤肥力的变化特征以及当前土壤肥力水平,为更好地管理山西省不同区域农田土壤资源和培肥改良土壤提供依据。基于中国科学院重要创新方向性项目,在山西省设置75个农田土壤质量演变定位监测点,于2007和2017年对山西省农田土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷及速效钾含量数据进行分析,总结山西省农田土壤肥力现状及近10年变化特征。结果表明:(1)2017年山西省农田土壤pH值平均为8.32,有机质含量平均为18.72 g·kg-1,全氮含量平均为1.07 g·kg-1,有效磷含量平均为14.51 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量平均为184.81 mg·kg-1。(2)山西省不同地区土壤肥力存在显著差异,pH值南低北高,有机质含量由中部向四周逐渐降低,全氮和速效钾含量南高北低,有效磷含量中部地区低于其他地区。(3)与2007年相比,2017年山西省农田土壤有机质含量有所增加,全氮和速效钾含量大幅提高,pH值和有效磷含量略有降低,但在不同地区间土壤肥力变化有所差异。晋南、晋中地区有机质呈增加趋势,而晋东南、晋西北地区则呈下降趋势;晋中、晋西北地区有效磷含量下降明显,而晋北、晋东南地区则显著上升。可见,在山西省目前的农业生产中,应增施有机肥,推广秸秆还田,化肥施用上根据不同地区采取平衡施氮、稳钾、因地补磷的施用原则,以实现山西省农田土壤肥力与生产能力同步稳定提升。     

云南甘蔗主产区土壤有机质和速效养分分布研究

对2005年10月至2008年12月在云南甘蔗主产区的1450份土壤养分的分析研究,结果表明:云南甘蔗主产区土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷处在中等偏低水平,速效钾处在中等偏高水平;90%以上的有机质含量在4～40 g kg-1之间,碱解氮含量在15～160 mg kg-1,速效磷含量在0.5～29 mg kg-1,速效钾含量在30～210 mg kg-1。在集中分布区,土壤有机质、碱解氮呈近似正态分布,速效钾、速效磷呈近似偏正态分布。土壤有效养分的变异程度PKN。     

土壤速效钾含量和追施不同形态氮肥对棉花产量的影响

盆栽试验于2017～2018年进行,研究不同土壤速效钾含量条件下,初花期追施铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主区为6种不同速效钾含量土壤(71.1、79.7、86.8、95.5、122.6、154.1 mg·kg-1),副区为初花期追施2种相同有效含量的不同形态氮肥(硫酸铵和硝酸钙)。结果表明,2个年度,土壤速效钾含量均显著影响了棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数和籽棉产量,但对单铃重无显著影响,棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数和籽棉产量均随土壤速效钾含量的增加呈开口向下的二次曲线增加;初花期追施硫酸铵和硝酸钙对棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数、单铃重和单株籽棉产量均影响不显著,2017和2018年初花期追施硝酸钙比追施硫酸铵单株籽棉产量分别高5.6%和1.9%。土壤速效钾含量和初花期追施硫酸铵和硝酸钙对棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数、单铃重和单株籽棉产量的交互作用均未达到显著水平。本研究结果为不同土壤钾肥力条件下氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

基于APSIM模型的低纬高原蔗区甘蔗生产潜力

针对中国(云南)低纬高原蔗区甘蔗产业高质量发展受限于不同生态条件下的甘蔗生产潜力缺乏系统评估的问题,该研究基于低纬高原不同生态蔗区17个代表站点1981–2010年的气象资料,采用大田试验数据统计结合APSIM(agricultural production systems simulator)作物模型模拟的方法,分析了典型播期充分灌溉和雨养条件下甘蔗主栽品种的蔗茎产量和糖分差异,并对不同水平的甘蔗生产潜力进行了系统评估。结果表明,无论在灌溉模式还是雨养模式下,不同生态蔗区的甘蔗生产潜力和产量差均存在差异,特别是半湿润蔗区的灌溉模式与雨养模式之间产量差异显著(P<0.05),增产潜力大;典型春播种植模式下,湿润区的潜在产量为123.1～134.6 t/hm²,半湿润区的潜在产量为99.3～132.7 t/hm²,当前农户平均单产已达72.0 t/hm²,仍有25.2%～45.4%的蔗茎增产潜力,7.4%～11.1%的糖分增产潜力,以及25.5%～49.7%的蔗糖增产潜力。蔗区生态气候、播期水氮管理优化和良种推广是影...     

勐海县甘蔗土壤养分空间分布特征及肥力评价

对勐海县10个甘蔗生产乡镇进行土壤调研取样,共采集0～20 cm土层样品200份,测定了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,运用ArcGIS的Kriging插值法分析了蔗区土壤肥力现状与空间分布特征,并采用改进后的Nemerow综合指数法评价了土壤的肥力等级.结果表明:勐海县蔗区土壤主要为...     

基于多元素配方施肥的杉木3代种子园叶片营养诊断研究

通过对3代杉木种子园开展“3414”配方施肥试验,探讨杉木3代种子园母树种子产量与对应针叶养分含量的数量关系,研究各养分间的作用规律,确定种子高产时对应的叶片最适养分含量,即营养诊断标准,为种子园的科学合理施肥、缺素矫正提供理论依据及实践指导。结果表明:P、Mo及N-Mo、P-K、K-Mg、Mg-Mo的交互作用是影响3代种子园母树种子产量的主导因子。其中Mo与种子产量成极显著(P<0.01)负相关,而N-Mo、P-K、K-Mg、Mg -Mo交互效应对种子产量有极显著(P<0.01)促进作用。通过最适浓度法,计算出种子园母树针叶各营养元素的适宜浓度范围,分别为:N(12.33～14.97 g·kg-1),P(3.26～9.04 g·kg-1),K(23.92～31.06 g·kg-1),Ca(9.10～12.34 g·kg-1),Mg(2.09～2.73 g·kg-1),B(28.42～46.50 mg·kg-1),Mo(0.12～0.38 mg·kg-1)。根据调查和测定结果,施肥试验中种子园产量高的母树,其针叶中各养分含量均落在适宜浓度范围之内,说明诊断标准具有较高的可靠性,在杉木3代种子园的经营管理中可提供配方施肥、缺素矫正的有效指导。     

鹅凰嶂季雨林土壤有机碳特征及空间分布规律

为了解土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳的空间分布格局及其剖面垂直分布规律,量化了广东鹅凰嶂季雨林不同空间位置的0～10、10～30、30～60和60～100 cm土层的总有机碳和易氧化有机碳的分布特征及其他理化因子。结果表明:鹅凰嶂季雨林土壤4个土层平均总有机碳含量为22.73 g·kg-1,易氧化有机碳含量为2.96 g·kg-1。0～10与10～30 cm土层土壤的总有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量有显著差异。土壤总有机碳含量在土壤剖面表现的大小关系为:0～10 cm(30.60 g·kg-1)>10～30 cm(19.44 g·kg-1)>30～60 cm(16.31 g·kg-1)>60～100 cm(15.63 g·kg-1)。土壤易氧化有机碳含量的大小关系为:0～10 cm(3.16 g·kg-1)>10～30 cm(2.34 g·kg-1)>30～60 cm(0.81 g·kg-1)>60～100 cm(0.40 g·kg-1),土壤易氧化有机碳占总有机碳的比例呈现随土层加深先上升后下降的趋势,30～100 cm土层土壤有机碳稳定性优于0～30 cm土层的土壤。坡向和坡度对土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量影响均不显著。土壤含水量、土壤全磷含量对土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳影响极显著(P<0.01),土壤全氮含量与土壤总有机碳呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与易氧化有机碳呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果揭示了土壤有机碳与易氧化有机碳存在不一样的空间横向分布规律,可为该区域准确估算森林土壤碳储量和资源合理利用提供数据支撑。     

钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对褐潮土水稻生长及土壤性状的影响

盆栽试验设置不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥4 g·盆^-1、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥8 g·盆^-1、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥12 g·盆^-1 5 个处理, 研究了自主研制的钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对褐潮土水稻生长、产量及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明: 与常规施肥相比, 加施钾硅钙微孔矿物肥后土壤容重降低0.04 g·cm^-3, 土壤孔隙度增加1.8%, 土壤有效硅、有效钾含量分别提高9.4~27.0 mg·kg^-1 和10.6~39.7mg·kg^-1, 土壤pH 提高0.1 个单位。在水稻生长方面, 加施矿物肥可提高叶片叶绿素含量, 旗叶面积最高增加4.8 cm², 有效穗数增加2.3~5.0 穗·盆^-1, 千粒重提高0.1~1.9 g, 水稻平均增产幅度达13.6%。加施钾硅钙微孔矿物肥后氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高0.6%~7.5%、0.1%~1.5%和8.5%~13.5%。基于产量分析, 褐潮土钾硅钙微孔矿物肥的最佳施用量为4 g·盆^-1(相当于450 kg·hm^-2)。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis