区分工程状况与管理水平影响的渠系水利用效率指标体系的构建

为分析评价灌区工程状况、管理水平等不同因素对渠系水利用效率的影响,该文对传统渠系水利用效率指标体系作了修正,提出由渠道输水效率、渠系输水效率、渠系配水效率、渠系水利用效率组成的灌区渠系水利用效率指标体系,并分别给出了这些指标的定义、内涵及其确定方法,结合实例分析了该指标体系的合理性。渠道输水效率(E_ca)及渠系输水效率（E_c）主要反映灌区渠系工程状况对水利用效率的影响,可由静水法或动水法直接测定某级渠道的渠道输水效率,然后采用各级渠道输水效率连乘的方法确定渠系输水效率;渠系水利用效率(E_cs)综合反映了渠系工程状况和用水管理水平对水利用效率的影响,采用首尾测算法直接得到,也可由灌溉水利用效率除以田间水利用效率间接分析得到;渠系配水效率（E_d）主要反映灌区管理水平对水利用效率的影响,在求得渠系水利用效率和渠系输水效率后,由渠系水利用效率除以渠系输水效率得到。该文所构建的指标体系能满足灌区不同阶段、不同目的开展的渠系水利用效率评价需求,为灌区工程投资分配决策、工程运行状况及用水管理水平评价提供依据。     

植物矿质营养的生态意义：Ⅱ.植物对矿质养分的吸收,利用和分配

阐述了植物对矿质养分的吸收，植物相对生长率与奢侈吸收；养分的分配与利用效率；养分的储藏与损失方面的研究进展。     

钾肥对杂交水稻养分积累以及生理效率的影响

在浙江省金华市进行连续4年水稻钾肥田间试验,以研究钾肥对杂交水稻氮磷钾养分吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,钾肥可促进氮磷养分从水稻的茎叶部位向穗输送,增加水稻产量。同不施钾处理比较,施钾处理杂交稻氮的平均吸收总量增加7.1～9.3kg/hm2,磷增加0.9～1.1kg/hm2,钾增加38.3～56.6kg/hm2;氮和磷养分的利用效率无显著提高,而钾素的利用效率明显降低26.3%～28.9%。在养分的吸收和利用效率方面,杂交稻较常规稻表现出明显的生理优势。分析土壤交换性钾和缓效钾含量的年动态变化得出,杂交稻较常规稻消耗土壤中更多的缓效钾,施钾处理下的测试土壤速效钾含量逐年下降,而土壤缓效钾含量却有逐年上升的趋势。     

施肥对棉花养分吸收、分配、利用和产量的影响

通过田间膜下滴灌栽培,研究了施肥对棉花养分吸收分配规律、肥料利用率、棉花产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比,推荐施肥(OPT)处理的养分吸收、生殖器官中分配总量和肥料利用效率有不同程度的提高,其中氮肥和磷肥肥料利用效率分别提高29.5和10.8个百分点,氮肥和磷肥农学利用效率分别提高0.4和0.7 kg·kg~(-1)。且OPT处理增产4.5%,增加农民收入774元·hm~(-2),该地区棉花产量限制因子依次为氮、磷、钾。说明平衡施肥的氮、磷、钾养分投入基本合理。     

植物矿质营养的生态意义 II．植物对矿质养分的吸收、利用和分配

阐述了植物对矿质养分的吸收；植物相对生长率与奢侈吸收；养分的分配与利用效率；养分的储藏与损失方面的研究进展。     

基于NUFER模型的生猪养殖氮磷利用效率及排放时空变化

城市郊区集约化畜禽生产系统的快速发展在满足日益增长的畜产品需求的同时也带来了严重的环境问题。该研究利用北京生猪养殖场调研数据和养分流动模型NUFER分析了1980年到2013年北京城郊生猪生产体系氮、磷养分利用效率和环境损失时空变化,并利用情景分析提出了5种饲料和粪尿优化管理措施。从1980年到2013年,育肥猪个体尺度(仅包括育肥猪)氮利用效率从17.8%增加到19.0%,磷利用效率从32.0%增加到35.8%;群体尺度(包括育肥猪、母猪等)氮利用效率从16.0%增加到16.7%,磷利用效率从29.5%降低到23.4%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-生猪)氮利用效率从18.5%降低到11.4%,磷利用效率从41.6%降低到17.1%。2013年,总氮损失和总磷损失分别为4.22和0.65万t,较1980年分别增加了56.9%和97.0%。产生这一变化的原因是生猪养殖模式从家庭和传统养殖模式向集约化模式转变,家庭副产品作为饲料利用的比例迅速降低,养分循环链条中断,从而导致系统养分利用效率不断降低。但就育肥猪个体尺度和群体尺度而言,集约化生产模式优化了饲料精准喂养和粪尿管理。与此同时,2000年后国家提出了大量有关畜禽养殖的政策、法规、标准和规范,使得1980年至2013年间养分利用效率出现先减后增和环境损失出现先增后减的趋势。空间分布变化结果显示,北京城区和近郊区域由生猪养殖导致的环境损失迅速减少,而远郊区域的环境损失快速增加,这主要归因于城市发展规划。     

小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收利用对间作优势的贡献

采用田间小区试验和田间微区根系分隔试验 ,通过间作与相应单作成熟期氮磷钾养分吸收量和利用效率 (单位养分吸收量所能生产的干物质量 )的比较研究了小麦大豆间作中养分吸收和利用效率的变化。结果表明 ,间作作物氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量分别高出相应单作 24%～39% ,6%～27%和24%～64% ;而间作氮、磷和钾的利用效率分别比单作低5%～20%、5%～7%和 6%～32%。间作优势主要表现在养分吸收量的增加。间作大豆养分收获指数的提高使间作子粒产量优势比生物学产量优势更明显。种间根系分隔微区试验表明 ,间作作物养分利用效率的降低与两作物根系相互作用有关     

新疆伊犁垦区有机水稻生产养分平衡及氮素污染风险分析

为研究肥料使用过程中养分效率和氮素污染风险,在伊犁河南岸新垦区,针对有机水稻,通过2 a的田间试验,分析有机肥和化肥投入对于水稻产量及构成因子、土壤养分平衡以及养分利用效率的影响。结果表明,有机水稻生产条件下,施用牛羊粪主要通过穗粒数和千粒质量增加水稻产量,而常规水稻生产则通过增加单位面积穗数（分蘖数）和穗粒数。高量有机肥处理对土壤有机质增加显著,不同有机肥水平和化肥处理对全氮都没有显著影响。有机水稻生产中N、P、K养分盈亏量分别在106～678 kg/hm2、26～166 kg/hm2和79.5～627.3 kg/hm2之间。有机水稻N素表观利用效率、农学利用效率分别为低量有机肥处理17.7%、10.6 kg/kg和高量有机肥处理8.7%、4.9 kg/kg。在伊犁地区高量有机肥投入条件下,水稻产量可以达到当地常规生产的80%。高量有机肥可以维持或提高水稻产量,但养分资源利用效率低,潜在的农业面源污染值得重视。该文对新疆伊犁垦区土地开发过程中协调农业生产和水土资源保护具有一定参考意义。     

黑土农田水肥条件对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

长期定位试验研究黑土农田不同水肥作物产量和水分利用效率的变化结果表明,大豆对水分条件变化反映较敏感,而玉米对养分条件变化反映较敏感,适宜水分条件下3种作物随施肥水平的提高,其产量与水分利用效率相应增加;有机 无机肥配施处理3种作物随水分含量的增加,其产量与水分利用效率相应提高     

东北黑土区作物水分利用效率的研究

研究了不同作物栽培模式、耕作措施及养分水平对东北黑土区水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,改进耕作措施的小麦-玉米-大豆农田生态系统优化模式的水分利用效率最高;深松耕作水分利用效率高达1.42kg/hm²·mm;自然降水条件下高肥区水分利用效率最高,适宜水分条件下高肥区、中肥区与有机肥区的水分利用效率差异不大,充足水分条件下中肥区水分利用效率最高。     

硫素与其他营养元素的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响

养分平衡是养分管理的必要环节,对增加作物产量和提高品质具有重要的作用.本文综述了硫(S)素与其他营养元素之间的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响.S 与N或Ca、 K、Zn之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同的,而S 与Mg、Mo、Cu、、Se、Fe、Sb、Cd、B、Br之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是拮抗的.然而,S 与 P或Se之间的交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同还是拮抗取决于作物种类、生长阶段和养分的浓度.N、S配施可以促进蛋白质的合成,提高作物产量和品质.由于S素与其他营养元素之间存在的这种拮抗作用,因此施用S肥可以减轻污染土壤重金属对蔬菜的毒害作用或加剧缺S土壤上蔬菜B和Mo的缺乏.     

硒和硫相互作用对烟草硫吸收与积累的影响

以第四纪红色粘土为母质的红壤和下蜀黄土为母质的黄褐土为供试土壤 ,进行盆栽试验 .结果表明 ,施硫可提高烟草各部位硫含量 ,烟叶硫含量高于根部 .施硒对烟草中硫含量影响不明显 ,但对硫积累量的影响比较明显 .红壤施低硒 (Se<3.71 μg/ g)时烟草地上部积累增加 ,高硒 (Se >3.71 μg/ g)时有降低趋势 ;黄褐土上则随施硒增加而下降     

湖南张家界典型植烟土壤地球化学特征研究

为了研究张家界山地植烟区域土壤的成土环境及地球化学元素的丰缺状况和迁移富集规律,为烟区优质特色烟叶的生产和布局提供科学依据,本文采集23个长期耕种的典型植烟土壤剖面样品,测定分析了25种地球化学元素(氧化物)的含量,并对土壤的风化发育状况和元素(氧化物)的迁移富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,张家界烟区主要成土母质如石灰岩、板页岩、紫色砂页岩风化物均受到了较强的风化作用,化学风化指数(CIA)介于73.19～88.03之间,总体上土壤具有Ca、Na贫乏而Fe、Al相对富集的化学组成特征。其中紫色砂页岩风化物发育形成的紫色土的风化作用较强,土壤的淋溶作用较强;石灰岩风化物发育形成的土壤富铝化程度较低。黄壤、水稻土、紫色土中地球化学元素多数表现出一定的富集特征,大量有益营养元素的富集对于提高烟叶产量具有重要作用。土壤剖面淋溶层中元素(氧化物)P、B、Se、Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Y、Sc、La、Fe2O3、SiO2的含量均高于中国或世界土壤元素(氧化物)中值(均值),而N、S、Cl、Mo、Co、Sr、Br、I、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3的含量偏低,其中元素(氧化物)N、P、S、Mo、Se、Mn、Zn、Br、I、CaO、MgO在土壤剖面中的含量变化较大。通过对元素(氧化物)富集系数的聚类分析,将元素(氧化物)分为3类:呈较强富集特征的元素N、P、S、Se;呈较强迁移特征的元素(氧化物)Br、I、Mn、CaO;变化较稳定的其他元素。微量元素B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La含量较丰富且变化相对稳定,表明除了常量元素N、P、S以外,微量元素Se、B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La可能是影响张家界烟区烤烟品质的重要特征元素。     

Selenium Distribution for Soils Derived from Mancos Shale in Gunnison and Uncompahgre River Basins,West-Central Colorado

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and can be toxic when present in high concentrations in soil and water. Many soils in Gunnison and Uncompahgre River Basins in West-Central Colorado are formed from deposits derived mainly from weathered Mancos shale that have high concentration of Se and salts. Elevated concentrations of Se and salts were detected in streams and rivers in this area. The objectives were to determine the amount and distribution of different forms of Se and relationships with physical and chemical properties for soils derived from Se-rich Mancos shale. The information may help to improve land management practices and minimize the environmental impact on natural water resources. A total of 48 topsoil samples and soils from horizons in 9 pedons were investigated. The total and water-soluble Se and other elements as well as physical and chemical properties were determined in soils. The total Se ranged from 330 to 5,673 µg/kg with a mean of 2,224 µg/kg. The water-soluble Se ranged from a minimum of 4.95 µg/kg to a maximum of 2,415 µg/kg and a mean of 338 µg/kg. A highly significant correlation was detected between the total and water-soluble Se in soils. Both the total organic carbon (TOC) and CaCO₃% had significant positive correlations with the total Se. A highly significant correlation was also found between the water-soluble Se and electric conductivity (EC), as well as with the water-soluble chloride, sulfate, nitrate, molybdenum, and sodium in soils. For the pedons tested, in general, both the total and water-soluble Se increased with depth. However, the water-soluble Se concentrations were greater in shallow than deep pedons where most Se was removed from soils with drainage water. It could be concluded that Se leaching from topsoils and that dissolving from Se-rich parent materials would be a major source of elevated Se concentrations in streams/rivers for the West-Central Colorado area. To minimize the impact on water quality, an appropriate land/water management practices should be followed to minimize Se leaching from soils derived from Mancos shale.     

苏南典型区农田土壤硒-镉拮抗作用研究

以苏南典型区2027套稻米-土壤样品的Se、Cd含量及其相关的元素地球化学调查数据为基础,通过元素相关性统计分析及生物富集系数(BCF)等分布特征研究,本文探讨了农田土壤中Se与Cd的拮抗作用及其控制因素。结果表明：1)土壤中Se和Cd分布共消长特征明显,两者之间具有显著正相关性、相关系数R最高可达0.87；2)有关岩石、陶瓷原料、河泥等均可成为农田富集Se、Cd的物质来源,且多为富Cd强于富Se,只有源于富硒岩石的富硒土壤可排除Cd污染干扰、其开发利用价值最高；3)稻米Se与Cd的生物富集系数多介于0.1～0.8之间,土壤偏碱性有利于稻籽吸收Se、偏酸性则有助于稻籽吸收Cd,受土壤Se、Cd同富集之影响,富硒米与镉超标大米可能同时出现；4)土壤富Se抑制稻米Cd吸收是有条件的,当土壤Se大于0.4mg/kg、总有机碳大于1.5%时,稻米Cd与土壤Se、Cd生物富集系数与土壤Se之间均存在显著负相关性,相关系数R分别为-0.74、-0.56；5)pH与Cd生物富集系数、TOC与Se生物富集系数之间也有显著负相关性,其相关系数R分别为-0.79、-0.65。     

大骨节病区土壤元素的分布特征及其与病情的关系——以壤塘县为例

为了探讨大骨节病区土壤元素分布特征及其与大骨节病之间的关系,以病情相对严重的四川省壤塘县为研究区域,采集了0~20 cm和20~40 cm自然土壤和耕作土壤样品,测定其机械组成和Se等9种微量元素。深层土壤中Fe2O3、Co、Se等元素及物理性黏粒的含量略高于表层土壤,而Mo等元素及物理性砂粒的含量则在表层土壤中的含量稍高一些。由于当地土壤受人类活动的影响较小,因而土壤剖面或土层之间的元素含量和机械组成并无明显差异(p>0.05)。土壤Mo和Se元素的缺乏导致农作物对这两种元素吸收量的减少,进而造成当地人群特别是儿童处于低Se、低Mo营养状态,这与当地大骨节病病情的关系密切。受母岩和成土作用等的共同影响,理化性质相似的化学元素表现出较好的正相关关系,如Fe2O3、Co、Mn之间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),Zn与Cu、Hg也呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01),但是,这些元素与大骨节病临床患病率均无显著相关性(p>0.05)。按大骨节病病情严重程度将所涉及到的行政村平均分为四组:Ⅰ病区(n=6,患病率14.02%~19.87%),Ⅱ病区(n=6,患病率24.62%~28.20%),Ⅲ病区(n=6,患病率28.45%~36.26%),Ⅳ病区(n=5,患病率37.30%~53.66%)。由于土壤黏粒和Fe2O3对Se的吸附作用,它们在不同病区的分布特征相同,即土壤黏粒、Fe2O3和Se的含量越低,大骨节病的病情越严重。随病情加重土壤Hg含量呈逐步升高的趋势,但在低Se、低Hg条件下两者是否存在相互作用尚需深入研究。     

两个水稻品种富硒特性比较研究

以前期田间试验筛选出的富硒能力较强的水稻品种捷丰优629和谷丰优8312为材料,采集硒含量不同的稻田土壤,通过盆栽试验进一步研究了两个水稻品种对土壤硒的吸收、分配及其糙米和精米中无机硒与有机硒含量的组成特点。结果表明:两个水稻品种植株的硒累积量、糙米和精米的硒含量与有机硒含量都是高硒土壤极显著高于低硒土壤,表明高硒土壤有利于稻米硒的累积与有机硒的合成,因此生产优质富硒大米最好选择硒含量较高的稻田土壤。无论在高硒土壤还是低硒土壤上,捷丰优629植株中硒累积量和籽粒中硒累积量与谷丰优8312的差异都不显著,但捷丰优629的糙米和精米中硒含量以及有机硒含量都极显著高于谷丰优8312,表明捷丰优629吸收的硒易分配到可食用部位(糙米和精米),而且其无机硒向有机硒的转化能力较强,因此综合比较来看捷丰优629富硒特性优于谷丰优8312。     

Interactions Between Sulfur and Selenium Uptake by Corn in Solution Culture

Interactions between sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) uptake and accumulation in corn (Zea mays) plants were investigated in solution culture. Two concentrations (5 and 10 μ M) of Se (as selenate) and three concentrations of S (as sulfate) (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM) were used. Results showed that shoot and root biomass were affected significantly by different S concentrations in solution, but not affected by Se application when S concentrations in solution were lower than 1.5 mM. Selenium concentrations as well as Se accumulation in shoots and roots on a dry weight basis increased dramatically with increasing Se concentrations in solution. At a constant Se level, increasing S in solution reduced Se concentrations. Selenium accumulation in plants was not affected by S application, except in nutrient solution with Se at a concentration of 10 μ M. Sulfur concentrations and S accumulation in shoots increased significantly with increasing Se concentrations in solution, while those in roots were unaffected by Se addition. Solution-to-shoot transfer factors and shoot-root distribution coefficients of Se and S were also discussed. These data suggest that it is necessary to manage carefully both S and Se levels in solution or in soils for supplementation of Se in plants. Results from this study indicate that human Se nutrition can be improved by supplementation of Se in crops.     

Selenium Speciation and Distribution Characteristics in the Rhizosphere Soil of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used for the fractionation of selenium (Se) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Results showed that in rhizosphere soils without the addition of Se, the soluble Se (Sol-Se), exchangeable Se and Se bound to carbonates (Exc-Se), Se bound to organic-sulfide matter and elemental Se (OM-Se), and total Se contents were significantly greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, whereas the residual Se (Res-Se) was less than that in the nonrhizosphere soils. After the addition of Se, the Sol-Se and OM-Se contents in the rhizosphere soils were still evidently greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, but the Exc-Se was significantly less in rhizosphere soils than in nonrhizosphere soils. Our overall results suggest that the Se bioavailability in rice rhizosphere soils is greater than that in nonrhizosphere soils. Selenium bioavailability in the rhizosphere soil is not correlated with Se accumulation in rice seedlings.     

Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall

Experiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]^–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]^–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h^–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO₃ content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO₃ content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.