大麦SSR标记遗传多样性及连锁不平衡分析

为确定不同青稞亲本材料间的遗传差异及连锁不平衡水平,以56个SSR分子标记对88份大麦进行多态性扫描。结果表明,88份材料中共检测出160个等位变异,平均每个标记2.857个,变幅为2~7。供试材料间的遗传相似系数为0.497~0.970,平均为0.761。基于多态性较好、基因多样性值较高的53个SSR标记分析结果,88份材料被分成2个类别。主坐标分析将青稞材料分成2类,分别包含39和47份材料,2份西藏品种ZDM5200和ZDM5457所属类别不明确。群体遗传结构分析将88份材料也分成2个亚群,分别包含40份和48份材料,与聚类分析和主坐标分析的结果较一致。1 378个SSR位点成对组合中,不论共线性组合还是非共线性组合,都存在一定程度的连锁不平衡(LD)。D'统计概率(P0.01)支持的LD成对位点179个,占全部位点组合的12.99%,D'平均值为0.56,较高水平的LD成对位点(D0.5)主要集中于除1H外的其余6个连锁群上。本研究结果为今后青稞杂交组合配置、有利基因发掘和标记辅助育种提供了理论依据。     

大蒜种质遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了探索中国大蒜种质个体的SSR位点的分布情况,为品种鉴定、保存及遗传改良提供分子生物学依据,利用6对SSR引物对40个大蒜(Allium sativumL.)品种进行聚类分析、主成分分析及遗传多样性评价。共检测到21个多态性位点,平均每对引物可扩增出约3.5条多态性片段,多态性百分率为56.76%;SSR引物组合平均有效等位基因数、Nei基因多样度和Shannon信息指数分别为1.5551、0.3414和0.5188。聚类分析显示,6对SSR引物可把40份大蒜种质资源从0.59相似系数水平上3个类群。第一类群包含28份种质,在相似系数为0.73的水平上进一步又被分成了3个亚类;第二亚类仅包含2份种质;第三亚类包含10份种质,在0.68的相似系数水平上分成了2个亚类。主成分分析和UPGMA的结果基本一致。不同地理来源的大蒜种质的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数的变幅为0.0576~0.4179,说明大蒜种质遗传多样性丰富。本研究利用SSR分子标记技术较准确地解析大蒜不同材料间的亲缘关系及遗传多样性,为中国大蒜SSR分子标记提供基础资料。     

山东省46个花生品种SSR指纹图谱构建与遗传多样性分析

为从分子水平上快速鉴别花生品种和选配优良杂交组合,以山东省审定的46个花生品种为材料,利用微卫星(SSR)标记进行DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传多样性分析。从788对SSR引物中筛选出50对多态性高、稳定性好、谱带清晰的引物,共检测到175个等位位点,其中122个为多态性位点,多态性比率达70.52%;每对SSR引物扩增出的等位位点数为2~7个,多态性信息量变化范围为0.6753~0.8412,平均为0.823。此外,利用14对引物可将46份材料完全区分开。聚类分析表明,在相似系数0.77处,所有供试材料聚为一类,在相似系数0.80处,仍有76%的材料聚在一起。利用SSR标记构建的指纹图谱可为花生种质资源管理及育种实践提供依据。     

利用SSR标记分析小麦骨干亲本阿夫及衍生品种(系)的遗传多样性和变化趋势

阿夫(Funo)是1956年从国外引进的小麦品种,具有穗大粒多、高抗条锈病、适应性强等特点,是我国麦区进行小麦品种改良的骨干亲本。为探讨小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)骨干亲本阿夫衍生品种(系)间的遗传多样性及变化趋势,从304对引物中筛选出稳定、清晰,有阿夫特异条带的分布于小麦各染色体上的29对SSR引物,对阿夫及衍生品种(系)共200份材料进行了分析。共检测出197个等位变异,每个SSR引物的等位变异范围为3~15个,平均7.41个,其中分布频率低于5%的等位变异数占14.21%,等位位点数在阿夫及衍生品种(系)中有逐代下降的趋势;多态性信息指数(PIC)为0.5499~0.9082,平均为0.7763,PIC在阿夫及衍生品种(系)中有较高含量。3个基因组的SSR位点平均等位变异丰富度分别为7.14、7.73和7.00(B>A>D),平均遗传多样性指数则为0.7687、0.7763和0.7517(B>A>D),B基因组的遗传多样性最丰富。7个部分同源群的平均等位变异丰富度从高到低依次为:第6群>第2群=第4群>第1群=第3群>第7群>第5群;平均遗传多样性指数从高到低依次为:第2群>第7群>第6群>第4群>第1群>第3群>第5群。结合上述2个指标分析,第5部分同源群多样性最低。SSR标记Xgwm268、Xgwm400、Xwmc398、Xwmc125、Xwmc817、Xgwm272和Xgwm383的阿夫特异带型在其衍生品种(系)出现的频率较高,但在不同基因组和染色体间的遗传贡献率存在差异。200份材料间的遗传相似性系数(Gs)在0.4162~0.9442之间,平均为0.6619。从子一代到子四代各衍生世代的Gs变幅逐渐缩小,品种间的遗传相似性呈逐渐上升趋势。非加权平均法(UPGMA)聚类结果表明,在Gs0.624处,供试材料被聚为5个主要类群,其中180(90.0%)份材料被聚在同一类群类,说明阿夫衍生品种(系)之间的遗传差异较小,遗传基础较狭窄。研究结果从分子水平揭示了小麦骨干亲本阿夫衍生品种(系)的遗传多样性和演变规律,鉴定出7个在衍生后代遗传率较高的染色体位点,为进一步解析骨干亲本阿夫的遗传基础提供了参考依据。     

节水抗旱稻品种DNA指纹图谱的构建

为了解节水抗旱稻品种的多样性,利用SSR分子标记技术对24份节水抗旱稻和2份普通水稻品种进行DNA指纹图谱构建和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,24对引物共扩增出96个多态性片段,平均每对引物可检测到4个等位基因,每个SSR位点可以检测到2~6个等位基因。引物多态信息含量(PIC)的变化范围为0.36~0.75,平均值为0.58。指纹图谱显示至少可以利用RM71、RM72、RM336、RM337、RM1195和RM5414这6个核心标记的不同组合鉴别区分26份供试材料。聚类分析结果表明,26份材料间遗传相似系数为0.54~0.98,在遗传相似系数0.65处可以将供试材料分为籼、粳两类,较好地反映了供试材料的亲缘关系。本研究结果为节水抗旱稻新品种保护、真伪鉴定及亲本选配提供了参考。     

利用简单重复序列(SSR)标记分析太湖稻区现代粳稻品种的遗传多样性

太湖地区有丰富的粳稻(Oryza satiua ssp.japonica)种植资源,随着品种大面积推广应用,育种材料的遗传基础趋窄,相似性增高,使粳稻育种突破困难。本研究利用分布于水稻(Oryza satiua L.)12条染色体上的24对简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)引物对太湖地区的42份粳稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,有23对SSR引物在42份粳稻材料间表现出多态性;23对引物共检测到105个等位基因,每对SSR引物检测到等位基因为2~8个,平均为4.57个,有效等位基因共有56.43个,平均每个位点为2.45个。每个多态位点的多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)变幅为0.083 0~0.8079,平均为0.496 6;每个粳稻材料多态性位点数的变幅为6~19,等位基因总数的变幅为27~55;42份粳稻品种间的遗传相似系数变幅为0.391~0.990,平均为0.610,遗传相似系数在0.50~0.80之间的材料占全部的74.45%,供试材料相似度高;非加权配对算术平均法(unweighed pair group method with arithmetic mean;UPGMA)聚类结果显示,遗传相似系数为0.50,42份粳稻材料可以分为两个类群,一个类群包含19份常规粳稻,另一个类群包括其他23份杂交粳稻。结果显示,太湖地区的粳稻品种总体上遗传背景相似度高,遗传多样性不够丰富,育种工作有待进一步加强新的基因资源引进和利用,创新水稻育种材料。本研究结果为新品种选育提供技术支持和理论根据。     

利用SSR标记分析柑橘雄性不育及低育资源的遗传多样性

采用SSR标记分析了43份柑橘(Citrus)不育、低育、含不育胞质及13份可育材料的遗传多样性。结果表明,8对SSR引物扩增得到35个等位基因,平均每个位点有4.4个等位基因。利用NTSYSpc2.10统计分析软件,UPGMA法聚类分析表明,56份柑橘资源可分为3组。宽皮柑橘类品种为第一组,甜橙、葡萄柚、椪柑及杂柑类品种为第二组,包含不育胞质的澳洲指橘为第三组。SSR聚类分析还表明本地广橘与温州蜜柑有着紧密的亲缘关系,而与早橘、槾橘、本地早等的亲缘关系较远?涕?不育与低育资源的遗传多样性分析将为此类资源的收集保存及应用提供依据。     

浙江省和其他省份大豆种质资源的遗传多样性分析

利用47个SSR位点对90份来自浙江省和其他省份的大豆种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明：在90份材料中共检测到420个等位变异,等位变异数变化范围为3-21个,平均每个位点等位变异数为8.94个;遗传多样性指数Simpson指数分布范围为0.564-0.939,平均值为0.812,Shannon-weaver指数分布范围为0.943-2.899,平均值为1.877;成对品种间相似系数变化范围从0.5310-0.8619,总体平均值为0.6854,可见所选材料具有丰富的遗传变异。在聚类分析分析中,以相似系数为0.659为划分标准,将90材料分为两大类,Ⅰ类包括45份材料,以浙江省外的材料为主;Ⅱ类包括45份材料,以浙江省内的材料为主;SSR聚类结果与材料的地理来源和种皮色有一定的相关性。     

大麦SSR标记遗传多样性及群体遗传结构分析

为了确定大麦亲本材料间的亲缘关系,为后期关联分析奠定基础,本研究利用71个SSR标记对不同来源的99份大麦材料进行了遗传多样性及群体遗传结构分析。结果表明,71个SSR标记共检测到184个等位变异,变幅为2-5个,平均每个标记有2.6个。Shannon指数变幅为0.0565~1.2241,平均值为0.6086。标记多态性信息含量(PIC)的变幅介于0.0200~0.6633之间,平均值为0.3729。聚类结果表明,试验品种的遗传相似系数(GS)的变异范围为0.5109~0.9511,平均值为0.7202。GS值在0.7100水平上分为5大类,分别包括5、4、3、6和79份材料;主坐标分析将材料分为5个亚群,分别包括5、10、12、24和26份材料。群体遗传结构分析将材料分为5个亚群,分别包含24、18、6、22、29份材料。     

SSR标记的彩色马铃薯遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

彩色马铃薯(指块茎的皮或肉为红、蓝、紫、橙色等)近年来日益为育种工作者所关注,很多彩色马铃薯品种(系)从形态学上难以鉴定是否为同一基因型,给育种工作带来诸多不便。本研究利用SSR标记对50份彩色马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumL.)材料进行了遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建。研究筛选出56对马铃薯SSR引物,对50份材料的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,共检测出236个等位位点,其中多态性位点230个,多态性比率达97.46%。分析显示,基因型间遗传相似性系数在0.50~1.00之间。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数0.63处可将全部材料分为3大类。利用5对核心引物构建了50份供试材料的指纹图谱,并证明其属于44个基因型的,为彩色马铃薯资源鉴定和利用提供了依据。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in China as revealed by SSR markers

Vegetable soybean is a kind of value-added specialty soybean serving as vegetable or snacks. Understanding the genetic structure of vegetable soybean is a key point for further utilization in breeding programs. In the present study, the genetic structure and diversity of 100 vegetable soybean accessions planted in China was analyzed using 53 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 296 alleles were detected with an average of 5.6 alleles per SSR locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of SSR markers ranged from 0.074 to 0.831, with an average of 0.573. Nei’s genetic distance between accessions ranged from 0 to 0.9434 with an average of 0.6286. These vegetable soybean germplasms could be divided into 8 subgroups based on STRUCTURE analysis, or 11 subgroups based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster. Further comparison showed that the UPGMA subgroups and STRUCTURE subgroups were in fact highly consistent. Germplasms in each classified groups showed great consistency with their origins, seed coat colors or pedigrees. Genetic relationships among germplasm panels that initially came from different geographical regions were also analyzed. Germplasm panels from China Mainland, Taiwan Island and Japan were highly similar to each other with the similarities of over 98 %. Molecular data and cluster analysis also showed that germplasms from China Mainland are more diverse than those from other areas. These results gave us a deep insight into the genetic structure of vegetable soybeans in China and will help us to improve the breeding strategies.     

Microsatellite-based analysis of genetic diversity in 91 commercial Brassica oleracea L. cultivars belonging to six varietal groups

Brassica oleracea L. includes various types of important vegetables that show extremely diverse phenotypes. To elucidate the genetic diversity and relationships among commercial cultivars derived by different companies throughout the world, we characterized the diversity and genetic structure of 91 commercial B. oleracea cultivars belonging to six varietal groups, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale and kai-lan. We used 69 polymorphic microsatellite markers showing a total of 359 alleles with an average number of 5.20 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.06 to 0.73, with an average of 0.40. Among the six varietal groups, kohlrabi cultivars exhibited the highest heterozygosity level, whereas kale cultivars showed the lowest. Based on genetic similarity values, an UPGMA clustering dendrogram and a two-dimensional scale diagram (PCoA) were generated to analyze genetic diversity. The cultivars were clearly separated into six different clusters with a tendency to cluster into varietal groups. Model-based structure analysis revealed six genetic groups, in which cabbage cultivars were divided into two subgroups that were differentiated by their head shape, whereas cauliflower and kai-lan cultivars clustered together into a single group. Furthermore, we identified 18 SSR markers showing 27 unique alleles specific to only one cultivar that can be used to discriminate 22 cultivars from the others. Our phylogenetic and population structure analysis presents new insights into the genetic structure and relationships among 91 B. oleracea cultivars and provides valuable information for breeding of B. oleracea species. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of SSR markers as a powerful tool for discriminating between the cultivars. The SSR markers described herein will also be helpful for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) test of new cultivars.     

我国部分冬小麦新品种（系）SSR标记遗传差异的研究

本研究利用53对SSR引物对全田1999－2000年北方冬麦区及黄淮冬麦区观察圃中选出的48个新品种（系）进行遗传差异研究，共检测出58个SSR位点上的367个等位变异，平均每个位点有6.33个等位变异，其中B组每个位点的等位变异最多，这表明B基因组化更快，分化更大。48个品种（系）在全基因组及A、B、D基因组聚类结果表明这些品种的相似系数聚类的范围较小，为0.75－0.98。全基因组聚类结果与品种的系谱来源及育成地区相吻合。研究结果表明我国冬小麦品种的种质基础相对较狭窄。加强不同来源种质的利用和特异亲本类型的培育对我国冬小麦遗传改良非常重要，利用5个多态性高的SSR标记就可以将这48个小麦新品种（系）区分开，每个品种（系）都有各自独特的指纹图谱。     

Genetic relationships among wild and cultivated populations of peach palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactris gasipaes</Emphasis> Kunth,Palmae): evidence for multiple independent domestication events

We studied the genetic relationship among four wild and ten cultivated populations of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) using five microsatellite markers. Peach palm populations were grouped into two major complexes based on morphological traits (see Mora-Urpí 1984, 1993): the Occidental group, including populations found north and west of the Andes Mountains, and the Oriental group, including populations in the Amazon Basin. The Oriental group is further divided into two subgroups, the upper and eastern Amazonia. We also studied two wild relatives of peach palm from the Maracaibo basin in Venezuela. All microsatellite loci were polymorphic and the total number of alleles across all loci was 64. The number of alleles observed per locus ranged from 9 (Bg51) to 16 (Bg63; Average = 12.8 ± 2.8 alleles per locus), while the average number of alleles per population was 31.8 ± 7.3. Our data also revealed that some alleles were common to populations from the same geographical region. A dendrogram based on Rogers and Tanimoto’s similarity coefficient revealed three main branches. The first branch is divided into two nodes and includes all populations from Occidental and Upper Amazonia groups; the second branch includes both populations from Eastern Amazonia, and the third branch includes both wild relatives from Maracaibo. All populations included in each node are neighbors within a geographic region, indicating that populations were finely clustered into their respective geographic groups. We propose that this clustering supports the hypothesis of several independent domestication events on both sides of the Andes, as proposed by Mora-Urpí (1993).     

Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild Ussurian Pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus ussuriensis</Emphasis> Maxim.) in China evaluated with M13-tailed SSR markers

Eight genomic SSR markers with a M13 tail attached were used to assess the genetic diversity of 72 Ussurian Pear accessions (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) in China. The M13-tailed method was effective in discriminating all the 32 wild accessions. All the 40 Ussurian Pear cultivars could be successfully discriminated with the exception of 4 sets of synonymies or spots. A total of 108 alleles were obtained with an average of 13.5 per locus. The expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and power of discrimination were 0.78, 0.63, and 0.86 respectively. Three triploid cultivars (‘Anli’, ‘Ruan’er’, and ‘Pitaiguo’), and one wild accession, P. ussuriensis ‘Xilin-3’, showed three alleles at some SSRs. The number of alleles and observed heterozygosity per locus for 40 Ussurian Pear cultivars were 9.1 and 0.62, respectively, lower than the values of 32 wild accessions which were 11.3 and 0.65, respectively. A dendrogram based on the SSR genotypes was obtained, showing two major groups corresponding to cultivated group and wild group. All the cultivars fell into the cultivated group. Some subgroups (Nanguoli subgroup, Zhibazi subgroup, Xiangshuili subgroup, Balixiang subgroup, Anli subgroup) could be found in the cultivated group. A very close relationship between ‘Huagaili’ and ‘Miansuan’, and a close relationship between ‘Anli’ and a wild accession, P. ussuriensis ‘Huangshanli’ could be found in Anli subgroup. ‘Nanguoli’ and ‘Xiaowuxiang’ showed a close relationship with at least one identical allele at each locus with the exception of NH015a.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of worldwide eggplant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum melongena</Emphasis> L.) germplasm using SSR markers

Two hundred and eighty-seven worldwide eggplant accessions were examined for genetic diversity and population structure analysis with 45 SSR markers. The results resolved 242 alleles across all the accessions. Gene diversity ranged from 0.104 to 0.832 with an average of 0.558. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.102 to 0.815 with an average of 0.507. The genetic diversity analysis classified all accessions into four groups, and the data showed that gene exchanges occurred in two groups during germplasm introduction, domestication, and improvement; however, the frequency was low. Population structure analysis classified 269 accessions into two subgroups, and the remaining 18 accessions were defined as admixed. The accessions from the same geographic origin tend to be clustered into same group. These results provide new insights into the exploitation of genetic diversity of germplasm for eggplant breeding program.     

利用SSR对60个玉米自交系进行杂种优势群划分初探

用SSR对60个玉米自交系的DNA进行分子标记和杂种优势群划分研究。利用14对SSR引物在供试材料中检测出57个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～7个,平均为4．07个,多态信息量变化范围为0．389～0．832,平均为0．692。自交系间遗传相似系数变幅为0．058～0．756,UPGMA聚类分析表明,供试自交系可分为五个类群。利用这14对具有较高多态性信息量的引物,可以对供试材料进行初步鉴定。     

山西芝麻种质资源SSR遗传多样性及群体结构分析

为探明山西芝麻种质资源的遗传特性,本研究利用30对简单重复序列标记(SSR)对71份山西芝麻种质资源进行遗传多样性分析及群体结构分析。结果表明,30对SSR标记共检测到144个等位基因位点,平均每个SSR标记4.800个等位基因;有效等位基因数在1.058~5.149之间,平均2.805个;Shannon指数变幅为0.128~1.813,平均为1.096;Nei's遗传多样性指数变幅为0.055~0.806,平均为0.558;多态性信息含量变幅为0.053~0.783,平均为0.515。基于SSR标记对参试材料进行聚类分析,遗传相似系数为0.21~0.67,在遗传相似系数0.27处将参试材料分为6个类群;基于SSR标记对参试材料进行群体结构分析,将参试材料划分为5个组群。综上所述,山西芝麻种质资源间遗传差异相对较高,具有丰富的遗传多样性,在今后芝麻种质资源创制利用中,加大山西芝麻种质资源的开发与利用,可为芝麻品种遗传改良和优异基因发掘奠定良好的基础。