杉木与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解对土壤性质的影响

通过盆钵模拟试验对杉木与楠木、杉木与木荷叶凋落物混合分解后土壤性质进行研究,结果表明:土壤微生物区系中,细菌占微生物总数的98.18%~99.80%,真菌、放线菌在微生物总量中的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),分别为0.12%~1.01%和0.12%~1.08%;7月份土壤微生物中放线菌数量显著高于3月份土壤微生物中放线菌数量(P<0.05),而细菌数量相对较少;杉木、楠木以及木荷叶凋落物三者单独分解时,阔叶树林地细菌数量较大,杉木林地的真菌、放线菌数量较多。当杉木与楠木叶凋落物混合分解时,土壤三大微生物数量以及微生物总量都明显增加;与木荷叶凋落物混合分解时,仅细菌和微生物总量有所增加。混合分解后,林内土壤养分大体呈低~高~低的变化模式;pH值均有不同程度的,其中增加最多的是杉楠X1+3X2的处理。     

放牧对荒漠草原土壤微生物的影响及其季节动态研究

研究了内蒙古荒漠草原不同放牧强度下土壤中微生物数量和养分含量的变化及其季节动态变化。结果表明,草原土壤中各类群微生物数量关系是细菌>自生固氮菌>放线菌>真菌,垂直分布为0~10 cm>10~20 cm土层;土壤微生物和养分含量随季节变化有着明显的变化,但各类群变化规律并不完全相同;与围栏相比,土壤中微生物总数量、细菌、真菌、放线菌和养分含量在轻牧区增加,重牧区降低。自生固氮菌数量在放牧区均增加。     

两种森林凋落物分解及其土壤效应的研究

本文对田林老山杉木林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物的分解状况、微生物数量及凋落物分解的土壤效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:经287d 杉木林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物的失重率地表样分别为23.8%和24.9%,埋置样分别为35.8%和37.2%;C:N 缩小地表样分别为41.0和32.4,埋置样分别为22.4和20.0。凋落物腐解过程中微生物数量明显上升,但冬季显著下降。凋落物腐解刺激相应土层土壤微生物增长,有机质含量和腐殖质 C,N 含量亦有提高。     

退化红壤马尾松恢复林地土壤微生物生物量变化及其控制因素研究

退化土壤植被恢复后土壤质量在凋落物参与下提高,但恢复土壤理化性质与土壤微生物生物量间的相互作用尚不清楚。本研究目标是调查退化红壤马尾松恢复林地凋落物清除对土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的影响,分析影响土壤微生物生物量的控制因素。研究结果表明,与侵蚀裸地相比,无论凋落物清除与否,马尾松恢复林地的土壤孔隙度、水稳性团聚体比例、土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物生物量均有较大提高;其提高幅度受土层深度和坡位影响,主要表现为表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,坡顶和坡底土壤大于坡中土壤。与凋落物保留林地相比,凋落物清除林地土壤各项指标提高幅度降低。通径分析的结果表明,影响微生物生物量最重要的因素是土壤有机碳含量,其次为土壤孔隙度;凋落物则是通过孔隙度和有机碳来间接影响土壤微生物生物量。本研究说明土壤物理结构恢复对土壤生物学性质的恢复有重要意义。     

嘉陵江上游不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的研究

以嘉陵江上游水土流失定位观测站内5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:①退化生态系统进行植被恢复后土壤微生物数量明显增加,上层>下层,且随季节不同而有明显变化;②5种植被恢复模式脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均明显高于对照地,3种土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异;③5种植被恢复模式土壤氮素的转化率除湿地松纯林外均明显高于对照地,土壤氮素转化率与3种酶均呈极显著的相关关系,与土壤中细菌、放线菌数量之间也呈正相关关系,但相关系数未达显著水平;④火烧迹地灌丛土壤养分含量最高,微生物数量最大,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性最强,土壤的结构性最好。     

桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落的影响:基于控制实验研究

全面认识桉树种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响及机制,对于阐明单一物种对生态系统服务功能的影响具有重要意义。通过室内小盆模拟控制试验,采用随机区组设计,以土壤碳、氮含量有显著差异的3种天然次生林土壤为对象,以不添加凋落物的处理和添加天然次生林混合凋落物的处理为对照,研究桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果表明:(1)与天然次生林的混合凋落物相比,桉树凋落物具有较高的碳含量和较低的氮含量,其碳氮比也较高;(2)添加桉树凋落物的土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌以及磷脂脂肪酸的总丰度显著高于不添加凋落物的土壤,但是显著低于添加天然次生林混合凋落物的土壤,并且不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的磷脂脂肪酸组成存在显著差异;(3)不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的碳代谢方式差异显著,添加桉树凋落物的土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能优于未添加凋落物的处理,但是显著低于天然次生林混合凋落物处理的土壤,包括:碳代谢的活性和多样性。综上所述,与天然次生林本身的凋落物相比,桉树凋落物影响下的土壤微生物群落的生物量、多样性和代谢活性均较低,表明桉树凋落物为土壤微生物群落提供生境和食物的能力较弱。     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤轻组分有机碳动态

轻组分有机碳(LFOC)易受短期土地利用方式和环境变化的影响而被用作土壤有机碳短期环境效应的特征指标。通过西南亚高山均质化土壤在不同覆盖情形(裸土除雪BNS、裸土覆雪BS、凋落物除雪LNS、凋落物覆雪Control)下低温季节原位培养,对0~10 cm和10~20 cm深度LFOC影响的动态分析,结果发现:西南亚高山土壤LFOC平均占该土层总有机碳比例为15.5%;经过一个低温季节,不同处理下的LFOC比例变幅介于13.6%~21.1%;土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm的LFOC在低温季节波动剧烈且含量高,甚至高于生长季节初期和末期,显示亚高山森林土壤碳动态在低温季节仍然极活跃;0~10 cm土壤中在低温季节凋落物覆雪处理土壤LFOC最低,而其余3个处理裸土除雪、裸土覆雪、凋落物除雪处理下LFOC含量和波动幅度均高于凋落物覆雪处理,表明土壤表面的凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合显著影响0~10 cm土壤LFOC动态和含量;10~20cm土层LFOC时间动态也存在处理效应,显示地表覆盖同样影响下层土壤的LFOC过程;效应分析显示凋落物、积雪、采样时间、土壤深度及其交互作用对土壤LFOC含量的主效应和交互作用达到显著水平,特别是凋落物和积雪同时存在时抑制土壤LFOC形成而有助于维持土壤有机碳的稳定,而凋落物和/或积雪的消失均导致低温季节土壤LFOC升高。因此,在西南亚高山低温季节地表凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合变化,将会影响亚高山森林土壤碳的库容量和稳定性。     

改变凋落物和根系输入对米槠天然林土壤微生物群落的影响

伴随气候变化下亚热带地区米槠天然林净初级生产力变化,凋落物以及植物根系输入亦会发生改变,这将显著影响土壤微生物群落。于2019年7月在设置7年的米槠天然林植物残体添加和去除试验（the detritus input and removal treatments,DIRT）样地采集不同处理（对照、去除地上凋落物、去除地下根系、无凋落物输入、添加双倍地上凋落物）的2个土层土壤（0—10,10—20 cm）,测定微生物磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）含量,计算各微生物群落比值以及多样性,进一步揭示凋落物和植物根系输入对亚热带米槠天然林土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同处理下0—10 cm土层微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量约为10—20 cm土层的2倍;（2）地上凋落物变化均使得革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及放线菌等细菌含量出现不同程度的下降,但不会对丛枝菌根等真菌含量产生影响,而去除根系处理显著降低丛枝菌根真菌含量;（3）微生物群落Shannon-wiener、Simpson多样性指数不受凋落物输入的影响,凋落物去除降低表层土壤微生物群落的Margalef丰富度,提高Pielou均匀度,表明0—10 cm土层微生物群落含量与分布状况受凋落物输入变化影响较大;（4）地下植物根系存在可提高真菌（如丛枝菌根真菌）含量,而地上凋落物输入主要改变细菌丰度以及群落结构。可溶性有机碳以及矿质氮是影响不同处理土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的主要因素。可见,凋落物和根系输入通过土壤理化性质的变化而影响了微生物群落,研究结果可为全面认识植物、土壤与微生物间的相互作用对森林生产力的影响提供科学依据。     

黄前水库集水区水源保护林地土壤微生物及酶活性时空变化

为评价不同类型水源保护林对土壤肥力的影响,科学营林,研究了黄前水库集水区不同植被类型水源保护林对土壤微生物及酶活性时空动态变化的影响,结果表明:土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性随着林型、植被不同而变化,6种植被类型中落叶阔叶林地土壤微生物数量最高,酶活性最强,其次是针阔混交林地,针叶纯林和经济林稍差,而荒草坡地各指标均为最差;土壤微生物数量和酶活性在森林土壤不同土层中分布不同,两者均主要分布在0—20 cm土层内,随着土层加深,微生物数量和土壤酶活性均逐渐降低;土壤微生物数量及酶活性随着季节的变化而变化,研究区6种植被类型土壤微生物季节动态分布为10月和4月较高8,月和12月较低;土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性之间有较密切的关系,说明土壤微生物之间既相互制约又相互促进。     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤多酚氧化酶动态研究

以亚高山针叶林均质化土壤为研究对象,采用裸露地表、凋落物覆盖、积雪覆盖、凋落物和积雪同时覆盖4个不同覆盖处理的原位培养实验,对各处理在低温季节(11月～5月)土壤表层(0~10cm)和下层(10～20 cm)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性动态进行了分析,结果表明:(1)在低温季节,所有处理表层PPO活性在12~2月出现波动,差异不显著;下层土壤PPO活性逐渐升高,到低温季节结束前后活性达到最高,但是不同处理的升高幅度不同;(2)积雪和凋落物覆盖变化引起不同处理和不同深度土壤PPO活性动态的差异性响应。不论是表层还是下层土壤,在整个低温季节积雪对PPO活性的影响达到极显著水平,但凋落物覆盖能缓冲积雪对PPO活性的效应。(3)降雪时空格局变化对亚高山土壤PPO的影响主要体现在没有凋落物覆等盖层的裸露土壤,在有凋落物等覆盖情况下,全球变化可能导致的积雪减少甚至消失对土壤PPO活性的影响不大。     

Variation in diazotrophic community structure in forest soils reflects land use history

Microbial nitrogen fixation is an important source of nitrogen in soils of both old and secondary-growth forests. Considering that many soils, which today support secondary-growth forests were once under cultivation, no studies have examined how this kind of disturbance history affects contemporary populations of nitrogen-fixing microbes in forest soils. In the work presented here, we compare secondary-growth forest sites, which were under cultivation more than 150 years ago, to old-growth forest sites in Cadwell Forest, Massachusetts. For each site, nitrogenase activity was measured and the diversity of the nifH gene pools was examined. Three sites with prior agricultural history exhibited higher nitrogenase activity and were dominated by diazotrophs closely related to the α- and γ-Proteobacteria. In contrast, lower nitrogenase activity and the dominance of the anaerobic Cluster III diazotrophs characterized the three old forest sites. Further analyses of species overlap among all six sites revealed that the diazotrophic composition was closely related to previous management history, with agricultural sites clustering together and separate from old forest sites, independent of the proximity between sites. By specifically targeting one of the main functions of microbial communities in soils, the activity and diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, this work points to a long-lasting effect of former agricultural activities on secondary-growth forest soils, more than one hundred years after succession.     

Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study

Leaf litters from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) trees were collected from mixed, deciduous woodlands growing on three soil types that varied in mineral nutrient concentrations and N mineralisation potential. Litter quality, including %N, %Mn, %P, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, Klason lignin, phenylpropanoid constituents of lignin, hexose and pentose sugar (mainly from hemicelluloses) varied within species according to soil type. However, oak and beech showed the opposite responses to soil nutrient status for most of these variables. The litters were incubated in the laboratory for 12 months (at 18 °C and constant moisture) on beds of forest floor material from two soils of contrasting high nutrient material (HNM) or low nutrient material (LNM) nutrient status to investigate litter quality and substrate interactions. At 4, 8 and 12 months there were significant differences in mass losses from oak and beech litters from all sites, and for each litter type exposed to the HNM and LMN soils. At 12 months mean mass losses were higher for HNM treatment (38.7% oak, 27.8% beech) than for the LNM treatment (30.6% oak, 25.5% beech). However, the beech and oak litters from the different sites consistently responded in opposite ways on the same soil treatment reflecting site-related effects on litter quality. Initial concentration of Klason lignin was the best predictor for mass losses from litter species and litter types. Intra-specific variation in rates of litter decomposition of beech and oak litters from different sites, and differences in their interactions with the two forest floor materials, illustrate the complexities of proximate controls on decomposition that are often masked in system-level studies.     

缙云山森林土壤微生物数量与群落特征

本文以重庆市缙云山国家森林保护区的毛竹林、 马尾松针叶林、 马尾松针阔混交林为供试对象,研究了不同森林群落的土壤微生物数量、 群落特征及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明,毛竹林土壤中的细菌、 放线菌、 真菌数量最多,混交林次之,针叶林最少,高低之间分别相差 32.3倍（细菌）、 19.2倍（放线菌）和19.3倍（真菌）。说明森林植被群落的生产力越高,枯枝落叶量越大,土壤微生物数量越多。在毛竹林土壤中,微生物的多样性指数、 均匀度指数和优势度指数显著高于针叶林和混交林,说明毛竹土壤的生态环境相对稳定良好,微生物种群丰富,密度较大,种群优势突出。此外,土壤微生物存在明显的季节变化,夏季最高,冬季最低,与土壤有效氮、 磷的季节变化基本耦合。土壤微生物数量与土壤有机质和碱解氮呈显著正相关（r有机质=0.592**~0.741**,r碱解氮=0.490*~0.581**,n=24）; 在毛竹林和混交林土壤中,土壤微生物数量与有效磷呈显著正相关（r毛竹林=0.461*,r 混交林=0.450*,n=24）,说明微生物在土壤有机质转化和氮、 磷供应过程中起重要作用,与森林植被群落的生产力密切相关。     

黄浦江中游5种典型林分枯落物和土壤水源涵养能力研究

为了解黄浦江流域中游典型人工纯林枯落物和土壤的水源涵养能力,提高流域内水源涵养林建设保护与经营管理水平,选择黄浦江中游东岸的浦江郊野公园内的5种典型人工纯林(香樟林、桂花林、栾树林、无患子林和池杉林)作为研究对象,采用环刀法、烘干法与室内浸泡法对林分地表枯落物和土壤的水源涵养能力进行研究,并结合枯落物有效拦蓄量和土壤有效蓄水量来定量比较5种林分枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力。结果表明:(1)5种林分枯落物有效拦蓄量为7.74～27.90 t/hm^2,表现为池杉林>无患子林>桂花林>栾树林>香樟林。(2)土壤有效蓄水量为104.87～174.01 t/hm^2,表现为栾树林>无患子林>香樟林>池杉林>桂花林。(3)林分枯落物有效拦蓄量和土壤有效蓄水量的总和为116.79～184.17 t/hm^2,表现为栾树林、无患子林的枯落物和土壤水源涵养能力较强,池杉林次之,香樟林与桂花林较弱。因此,在今后水源涵养林的建设管理过程中可优先选择落叶阔叶树种,适当种植针叶树种与常绿阔叶树种,加强对地表枯枝落叶层的保护,使林分更好地发挥其涵养水源的能力。     

太行山区不同土地利用方式保水防蚀能力研究

从植被和土壤状况两个方面对太行山区常见的不同土地利用方式的保水防蚀能力进行了研究。研究表明,栓皮栎林、刺槐林和矮刺槐林具有较好的层次结构、较大的枯落物积累量及根系数量,保水防蚀能力较强;板栗林因为人为干扰较为强烈,层次结构单一,保水防蚀能力弱于另外3种林地;撂荒地具有较高的植被盖度和数量较多的草本植物根系以及枯落物的积累,其保水防蚀能力优于农田。农田层次结构单一,枯落物的积累和根系数量少,保水防蚀能力最弱。该地区大部分土壤都具有较大的非毛管孔隙度和较好的渗透性,但抗蚀性较差,植被有提高土壤抗蚀性的作用。     

Mineralization of Nitrogen and N2O Production Potentials in Acid Forest Soils under Controlled Aerobic Conditions

Some acid surface mineral soils from different forest vegetations and sites in central Japan were taken during April and October in 2003 to study the net N mineralization and N₂O production potentials in the laboratory. Under the controlled aerobic conditions, 50 Pa C₂H₂ in the headspace can be used to study total gaseous-N losses during the aerobic mineralization and heterotrophic N₂O production in acid forest soils. The net N mineralization of these acid forest soils and N₂O-N production was variable with forest stands and with seasons, probably because of the quality of the litters and the variations of soil attributes. Three deciduous forest soils during two sampling reveal a higher potential for the total gaseous-N loss during the aerobic mineralization as compared with two coniferous forest soils. Heterotrophic nitrification among these acid forest soils accounted for the range from 37.0 to 76.3% of the total N₂O production under the experimental conditions, and was variable with forest stands and with seasons. Some factors regulating the net N mineralization and N₂O-N production were discussed in these acid forest soils.     

Dynamics of soil biomass C,N, and P in a dry tropical forest in India

Summary Three dry tropical forest soils along a topographic sequence were examined to determine the seasonal dynamics of microbial C, N, and P. The lowest microbial biomass was found in forest soils at the foot of the hill followed by midslope forest soils. The hilltop soil, which had the most fine particles, water-holding capacity, organic C, and total N, reflected the presence of greater amounts of microbial C, N, and P. Mean annual microbial C, N, and P ranges were 466–662, 48–72 to 21–30 g g^-1, respectively. The seasonal pattern of microbial biomass, C, N, and P was similar at all sites, the values being greatest during the dry season and lowest during the wet season. The seasonal values for microbial biomass C, N, and P were positively correlated with each other and a negative correlation was found between microbial biomass and the fine root mass in these forest soils.     

Nitrification activity in tropical rain forest soils of the Coastal Lowlands and Atherton Tablelands,Queensland, Australia

Intact soil cores from a montane tropical rain forest site in the Atherton Tablelands (Kauri Creek) and from a lowland tropical rain forest site in the Coastal Lowlands (Bellenden Ker), Queensland, Australia were investigated during different hygric seasons for the magnitude of gross nitrification rates using the Barometric Process Separation technique (BaPS). Pronounced seasonal variations of gross nitrification rates were found at both sites with highest values during the transition period between dry and wet season (montane site: 24.0 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1; lowland site: 13.1 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1) and significantly lower rates of gross nitrification during the dry and wet season. Rates of gross nitrification were always higher at the montane site than at the lowland site, but the opposite was found for N₂O emissions. The results indicated that the high losses of N₂O at the lowland tropical rain forest site may be contributed largely by high denitrification activity due to its wetter and warmer climate as compared to the dryer and colder climate at the montane tropical rain forest site. This conclusion was supported by analysis of cell numbers of microbes involved in N‐cycling. Higher numbers of denitrifiers were present at the lowland site, whereas higher numbers of nitrifiers were found at the montane site.     

Soil biochemical and microbial indices in wet tropical forests: Effects of deforestation and cultivation

Little information is available about the long‐term effects of deforestation and cultivation on biochemical and microbial properties in wet tropical forest soils. In this study, we evaluated the general and specific biochemical properties of soils under evergreen, semi‐evergreen, and moist deciduous forests and adjacent plantations of coconut, arecanut, and rubber, established by clear felling portions of these forests. We also examined the effects of change in land use on microbial indices and their interrelationships in soils. Significant differences between the sites occurred for the biochemical properties reflecting soil microbial activity. Microbial biomass C, biomass N, soil respiration, N mineralization capacity, ergosterol, levels of adenylates (ATP, AMP, ADP), and activities of dehydrogenase and catalase were, in general, significantly higher under the forests than under the plantations. Likewise, the activities of various hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, casein‐protease, BAA‐protease, β‐glucosidase, CM‐cellulase, invertase, urease, and arylsulfatase were significantly higher in the forest soils which suggested that deforestation and cultivation markedly reduced microbial activity, enzyme synthesis and accumulation due to decreased C turnover and nutrient availability. While the ratios of microbial biomass C : N and microbial biomass C : organic C did not vary significantly between the sites, the ratios of ergosterol : biomass C and ATP : biomass C, qCO2 and AEC (Adenylate Energy Charge) levels were significantly higher in the forest sites indicating high energy requirements of soil microbes at these sites.     

土地利用方式对潮棕壤微生物群落影响研究

以中国科学院沈阳生态试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和农业上常见致病菌灰霉菌、枯萎菌、镰刀菌的分布及动态变化。结果表明,在农田生态系统中,施肥特别是氮磷钾配施循环猪圈肥能够提高土壤微生物总量,施用氮磷钾和氮磷钾配施循环猪圈肥均提高了细菌和放线菌数量,但化肥配施有机肥降低了真菌数量;不同土地利用方式下微生物分布存在差异,有机物料归还量较大的荒地和林地微生物数量较高,每年移出地表植物的割草处理略低,而裸地处理最低,细菌和放线菌分布规律一致,均为:荒地>林地>割草>裸地,真菌分布略有差别,为:荒地>割草>林地>裸地,土壤微生物含量和比例可大致反映土地利用类型;不同生态系统中,灰霉菌、枯萎菌、镰刀菌的分布不同,农田生态系统中的致病菌数量普遍高于自然生态系统,尤其是枯萎菌,仅在农田生态系统中检测到;微生物数量随着季节的变化而变化,随着温度的升高有增加的趋势,在七月左右达到最大值。