农业措施对玉米季坡耕地水沙过程的调控效应

为明确侵蚀性降雨条件下不同农业措施对玉米季坡耕地水沙过程的影响及减沙效应,通过自然降雨条件下径流小区观测试验,研究顺坡耕作(CK)、横坡垄作(CT)、横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖(CT+SM)、横坡垄作+地膜覆盖(CT+PM)、横坡垄作+有机质输入(CT+OM)5种农业措施对紫色土玉米季坡耕地径流深、径流系数、径流曲线数、产沙量、土壤可蚀性指标的综合影响。结果表明,历次降雨事件CK径流系数变幅为18.89%~32.23%,CT+OM和CT+PM显著削减了径流量和产沙量,径流量较CK减少15%~35%、泥沙量减少12%~75%。土壤可蚀性指标随降雨量和径流量增加均呈增加趋势,但增加幅度随着降雨量或径流量的增加而减小;土壤可蚀性与地表径流量之间呈幂函数递增关系,确定系数R2为0.70~0.87(p0.05);土壤可蚀性与降雨量呈对数曲线关系,R2为0.85~0.91(p0.05)。历次降雨横坡各处理土壤可蚀性指标(Kw)显著低于顺坡垄作,CT和CT+OM的Kw均值分别为0.025kg·m~(-2)·mm~(-1)和0.023 kg·m~(-2)·mm~(-1),与CK相比平均分别减小17%和24%;CT+PM和CT+SM的Kw值最小,均值分别为0.021 kg·m~(-2)·mm~(-1)和0.018 kg·m~(-2)·mm~(-1),与CK相比分别减小29%和38%。综上,横坡垄作增加地膜覆盖或秸秆覆盖是控制紫色土玉米季坡耕地地表径流、降低土壤可蚀性的有效措施。本研究为控制紫色土玉米季坡耕地水土流失、削减农业面源污染负荷提供了理论依据。     

不同农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地径流调控研究

通过天然降雨径流小区,动态监测降雨-径流过程中坡耕地的水土流失量,研究4种农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地水土流失的调控作用.研究表明:径流量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作+揭膜＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作,泥沙流失量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作+揭膜.不同农作措施对应的变异系数大小顺序为:泥沙流失＞径流流失＞产径流降雨.在4种农作措施中.横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜农作措施对径流流失和泥沙流失的调控效果最好.     

三峡库区坡耕地免耕秸秆覆盖下氮磷流失特征

为有效防治三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失,在三峡库区长坪小流域连续进行两年野外径流小区监测试验。在自然降雨条件下进行免耕秸秆覆盖(SM)和对照(CK)两个处理的田间试验,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖措施对地表径流和氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：(1)降雨量与径流量极显著正相关,径流主要由几次暴雨事件造成,需要重点防范玉米季暴雨造成的水土流失。免耕秸秆覆盖能减少地表产流产沙,相比对照处理,免耕秸秆覆盖减少19.1%的径流流失,减少63.6%的泥沙流失。(2)免耕秸秆覆盖分别降低了21.3%,25.8%的总氮和总磷流失量,径流量和氮磷流失量呈极显著正相关,免耕秸秆覆盖主要通过减少径流量来减少氮磷流失。(3)坡耕地油菜—玉米种植制的氮磷流失风险期为6—7月初,该时期CK处理41.3%的径流量贡献了81.4%,52.1%的总氮和总磷流失,SM处理38.4%的径流量贡献了75.2%,48.2%的总氮和总磷流失,在该时期通过免耕秸秆覆盖可分别减少17.5%,31.7%的总氮和总磷流失。研究表明,免耕秸秆覆盖是控制三峡库区坡耕地氮磷养分流失的良好水土保持措施。     

三峡库区坡耕地农桑系统对径流拦截和氮磷流失的影响

采用野外径流小区观测的方法,分析了三峡库区坡耕地5种不同的桑树配置模式(横坡垄作CK、两带等高桑+横坡垄作T1、三带等高桑+横坡垄作T2、四边桑+等高桑+横坡垄作T3、四边桑+横坡垄作T4)拦截径流和氮磷营养元素的效果。结果表明:(1)3次采样获取数据均呈现出T3、T4处理对于坡耕地径流量的控制较对照组CK有显著作用,而T1、T2处理下显示的结果与试验预期效果有所差异;(2)对于坡耕地上氮磷元素控制,T3、T4处理相较于对照CK而言更加高效、更加明显,一定程度上控制了土壤径流流失带走土壤养分中的氮磷元素;(3)不同处理之下土壤径流中养分含量相关分析显示,磷酸、总磷、铵氮之间两两互为共进关系,总氮及铵氮含量与处理之间呈极显著负相关关系,总磷及磷酸盐含量与处理之间呈显著负相关关系。     

耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。     

云南坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失特征定位监测

选取南方典型坡耕地红壤为试验区,采用田间小区试验方法,在自然降雨条件下,于2008—2010年连续3 a对不同农业管理方式下地表径流及氮磷流失特征进行田间实地监测。结果表明,试验区域干湿季极其分明,3 a平均降雨量为838.6 mm,主要集中在5月到10月,坡耕地红壤地表径流、养分流失时间、流失量与降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,在常规施肥处理下径流量和氮磷流失量之间呈极其显著的指数相关性,相关系数分别为R=0.897 4＊＊和R=0.529 7＊＊。坡耕地红壤地表径流量、径流系数及氮磷流失量变化规律一致,不施肥条件下,总氮、总磷流失量最大,优化施肥、揭膜、横坡垄作及秸秆覆盖等农艺措施能降低氮、磷流失量,尤其是横坡垄作种植,相对于顺坡垄作氮、磷流失总量降低了2/3左右。不同处理之间径流中各种形态氮磷含量无显著差异,说明不同农业措施主要通过地表径流流失量而影响坡耕地地表径流氮磷流失量的多少。坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失以颗粒态为主,TDN占TN比例年均为24.58%,TDP占TP的比例年均为7%,TN流失量是TP的3倍左右;优化施肥和揭膜条件下可溶性氮磷所占比例增加,横坡垄作和秸秆覆盖条件下降低。在可溶性氮素中,NO3-N、NH3-N占TN的比例年均分别为8.41%、12.65%,但是2009、2010年NH3-N均小于NO3-N。因此,关于坡耕地地表径流不同流失氮素形态的影响因素较多,目前研究结果不确定,且年际之间差异较大,尚需要进一步研究。     

三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征研究

为探讨三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征,采用标准径流小区对重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇王家沟小流域常规耕作方式(顺坡耕作)以及水土保持耕作方式(常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂、免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖、常规顺坡耕作+植物篱、免耕+横坡垄作、常规横坡耕作)下土壤氮素和磷素的流失量及形态特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)就旱坡地土壤氮素的流失特征而言,径流中氮素的流失量相对较小,最大值仅为53.63mg/m2;而泥沙中所携带的氮素流失量相对较大,其最大值达131.25mg/m2;整个观测期内,氮素的流失主要以颗粒态为主,颗粒态氮的流失量占总氮流失量的53.0%～62.0%。(2)就旱坡地土壤磷素的流失特征而言,各处理径流中磷素的总体规律基本表现为:常规顺坡耕作>常规横坡耕作>免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖>常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂>免耕+横坡垄作>常规顺坡耕作+植物篱;泥沙中所携带的磷素流失量相对于径流中的磷素流失量而言较大,最大值为58.14mg/m2;整个观测期内,颗粒态总磷流失量为水溶态总磷流失量的1.75～2.15倍,流失方式同样以颗粒态为主。总体而言,水土保持耕作方式下的氮磷流失量均小于常规耕作处理,能有效减少径流及泥沙中各形态氮磷的流失。     

保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响

[目的]分析保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响,为贵州省坡耕地水土流失治理及农业可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]在西南地区典型黄壤坡耕地设置不施肥+顺坡平作(TR_1)、常规施肥+顺坡平作(TR_2)、优化施肥+顺坡平作(TR_3)、优化施肥+横坡垄作(TR_4)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖(TR_5)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+等高植物篱(TR_6)共6个不同试验处理的监测小区,于2017—2018年监测了不同处理间作物产量、地表径流量、氮磷流失量、土壤养分含量的差异,并分析其相关性。[结果]①TR_4,TR_5,TR_6较TR_3的径流量分别减少了59.72%,74.13%和89.18%,氮磷流失总量与径流量趋势相同;②TR_5,TR_6对全量养分含量影响最大,其中全氮比TR_4作高20.00%,23.67%,比TR_3高23.53%,27.31%;③TR_4,TR_5,TR_6处理下的玉米在保持较高产量的同时,作物产量稳定性(SI)和可持续性(SYI)最好;④玉米、油菜产量与全氮、全磷、有效磷、有机质呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与速效氮呈显著正相关(p0.05);玉米产量与氮素流失量、磷素流失量、径流量呈极显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]在坡耕地实施保护性耕作能有效降低地表径流发生,减少氮磷流失,保持土壤养分肥力的同时促进作物高产,并实现稳产及可持续生产,且实施综合保护性耕作的效能大于单项保护性耕作。     

玉米成熟期黄壤坡耕地径流及其氮素流失特征研究

以顺坡垄作、平作、横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,研究自然降雨条件下,黄壤坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其氮素流失特征,以期为研究区氮素流失预测和有效防控提供科学依据。结果表明:自然降雨条件下,玉米成熟期平均地表径流量分别为0—20,20—40cm壤中流量的7.96,8.22倍。不同耕作措施间地表径流量和氮素流失量差异显著,地表径流量和氮素流失量均表现为顺坡垄作平作横坡垄作,顺坡垄作坡面地表径流量分别是平作和横坡垄作的1.20,2.07倍,顺坡垄作坡面氮素流失量分别是平作和横坡垄作的1.35,2.06倍。在0—20,20—40cm壤中流中横坡垄作径流量和氮素流失量则明显高于其他耕作措施坡面,在0—20cm壤中流中横坡垄作氮素流失量分别是顺坡垄作和平作的2.45,1.90倍;在20—40cm壤中流中横坡垄作氮素流失量分别是顺坡垄作和平作的2.34,1.79倍。地表径流为氮素流失的主要途径,可溶态氮为氮素流失的主要形式,占总氮流失量的63.84%～72.61%;硝态氮是坡耕地无机氮流失的主要成分,占总氮流失量的16.47%～59.17%。氮素流失量与径流量和降雨量均呈显著线性正相关关系。研究区自然降雨条件下,横坡垄作能有效减少氮素流失,合理的耕作措施有助于防治研究区水土资源和氮素流失。     

稻秸还田对油菜季径流氮磷及COD流失的影响

通过田间小区试验,设置CK(无施肥+无秸秆)、F(常规施肥)、SF(秸秆还田+常规施肥)和SFR(秸秆还田+常规施肥减15%)4个处理,研究在巢湖地区稻油轮作模式下,稻秸还田对油菜季农田径流氮磷及化学需氧量(COD)流失影响。结果表明,秸秆还田处理显著增加土壤微生物细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,显著降低径流总氮浓度,但增加总磷和COD含量,土壤微生物数量与径流氮磷及COD含量呈显著正相关关系。与F处理相比,SF、SFR处理总氮流失量分别减少16.9%~19.8%,27.1%~29.3%,总磷流失量分别降低2.4%~4.0%,4.0%~5.6%,COD流失量分别增加6.1%~10.0%,2.8%~6.1%。研究结果为揭示土壤微生物数量与径流氮磷及COD流失的作用机理提供了参考,为合理利用秸秆还田技术提供了理论依据。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers

Soil carbon stocks are commonly quantified at fixed depths as the product of soil bulk density, depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration. However, this method systematically overestimates OC stocks in treatments with greater bulk densities such as minimum tillage, exaggerating their benefits. Its use has compromised estimates of OC change where bulk densities differed between treatments or over time periods. We argue that its use should be discontinued and a considerable body of past research re‐evaluated. Accurate OC estimations must be based on quantification in equivalent soil masses (ESMs). The objective of this publication is to encourage accurate quantification of changes in OC stocks and other soil properties using ESM procedures by developing a simple procedure to quantify OC in multiple soil layers. We explain errors inherent in fixed depth procedures and show how these errors are eliminated using ESM methods. We describe a new ESM procedure for calculating OC stocks in multiple soil layers and show that it can be implemented without bulk density sampling, which reduces sampling time and facilitates evaluations at greater depths, where bulk density sampling is difficult. A spreadsheet has been developed to facilitate calculations. A sample adjustment procedure is described to facilitate OC quantification in a single equivalent soil mass layer from the surface, when multiple‐layer quantification is not necessary.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方