施氮对小麦产量和氮素径流损失及氮肥投入阈值的研究

为明确巢湖流域小麦季氮肥投入阈值,在连续3年田间试验条件下,研究了(2012—2014年)不同氮肥水平下(N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5分别为0,157.5,210.0,262.5,310.0,420.0kg/hm~2)小麦产量、植株氮素积累量、氮肥利用率、土壤无机氮残留量(0—20cm)及氮素径流流失;同时,利用回归方程模型对其间的相关关系进行拟合。结果表明:(1)与不施氮肥相比,施用氮肥可不同程度提高小麦产量,其中以N3处理增加的比例最大,为64.8%。利用二次函数分析,当施用氮肥超过290.9kg/hm~2时,小麦产量下降。(2)植株氮素累积量和氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当实际施氮量为296.6kg/hm~2时,小麦地上部植株氮素积累量最高;当施氮量为158.5kg/hm~2时,氮肥利用率最高。(3)随着施氮量的增加,土壤中无机氮的残留量(0—20cm)和氮素的径流损失逐渐升高,但是在310.0kg/hm~2之前累积量无显著变化,当施氮量达到420.0kg/hm~2时,土壤中无机氮的残留量及氮素的径流流失变化明显,累积量平均达67.0kg/hm~2,流失量平均达8.3kg/hm~2。因此,施氮量过高时,会增加土壤无机氮残留及氮素径流损失的风险,对环境造成污染。结合巢湖地区土壤肥力条件,综合考虑试验施肥处理、施氮量对小麦产量、植株氮素积累量、氮肥利用率、土壤无机氮残留量(0—20cm)及氮素径流流失因素,提出适宜巢湖地区的氮肥投入阈值为157.5~262.5kg/hm~2。     

氮肥运筹对黄壤坡耕地作物产量和土壤无机氮累积量的影响

通过3年田间试验,探索贵州黄壤坡耕地玉米-小麦间套作体系作物增产、环境友好的适宜氮肥施用量。本研究设置6个小麦氮肥用量(N 0、90、120、150、180和240 kg/hm~2)和6个玉米氮肥用量(N 0、146、195、244、293和390 kg/hm~2),分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5表示。结果表明:玉米在0～146.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过146.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米在0～243.25kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过243.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。小麦在0～150 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过150kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。玉米-小麦间套作在0～236.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过236.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米-小麦间套作在0～315 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过315 kg/hm~2施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。3年试验周期内氮素利用率较低,不超过25%;土壤中残留无机氮随着施肥量的增加而增加,并以NO3--N为主,100 cm土体累积的NO3--N与周年施氮量呈正相关(R2=0.746 3)。N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的0～100 cm土体累积无机氮分别为275.5、301.5、292.1、366.5、431.2、616.9 kg/hm~2,N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的耕层土壤无机氮占100 cm土体内土壤无机氮的比例分别为18.1%、19.0%、27.3%、26.2%、33.9%、22.1%。耕层无机氮表聚效应较弱,而土体累积无机氮含量较高。当每年施氮量为225.6～264.6 kg/hm~2时,籽粒产量为3 784.8～3 888.2 kg/hm~2,NO3--N积累量在217.5～228.9 kg/hm~2,增施氮肥,有利于籽粒增产,土壤NO3--N积累量平均增速为0.29 kg/kg,是贵州黄壤坡耕地麦-玉间套作体系氮肥适宜施用量,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。     

水氮互作对冷凉区域稻田氮素特征的影响

[目的]研究寒地稻田不同水肥管理模式下的土壤供氮特征,为筛选环境友好型寒地稻作灌溉施肥模式提供支撑。[方法]在大田试验条件下,设置间歇灌溉、淹灌2种水分管理模式及4个供氮水平(0,75,105,135kg/hm~2),以龙庆稻2号为材料,研究水肥互作模式对水稻产量、土壤供氮特征及氮素利用率的影响。[结果]灌溉模式和供氮水平对水稻产量、地上部氮素积累量、水稻氮素利用率均有显著(p0.05)或极显著影响(p0.01)。间歇灌溉模式下,增加氮肥施用量有利于提高单位面积水稻有效穗数、籽粒产量、生物产量、籽粒氮素累积量,均以施氮105kg/hm~2处理最高;水肥互作对氮素利用率影响明显,水稻的氮肥利用率在21.4%~59.1%;氮肥生理利用率、氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力均随着施氮量的提高而降低,施氮量75kg/hm~2处理的氮素吸收利用各项指标均高于其他处理。相关分析表明,水肥因素是影响氮素积累及氮素吸收利用效率的重要因子。[结论]综合考虑水稻产量及氮素利用率的矛盾,间歇灌溉配合适宜减氮模式应予以高度重视。     

施氮水平对杂交晚粳“浙优12”产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为探讨杂交粳稻"浙优12"最佳施氮量,采用田间试验研究了不同施氮水平对浙北平原黄松田水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,水稻产量、氮肥生理效率(PEN)、氮肥回收率(REN)均以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,分别比无氮肥区提高了54.4%、34.1 kg/kg和58.6%;与无氮肥区相比,在施N 150 kg/hm2基础上,配施适量有机肥有助于提高氮素利用率和产量,其PEN和REN分别提高33.1 g/g和50.6%,水稻增产61.2%。本试验条件下,综合稻谷产量、生态效应和经济效益三项因素,合理的水稻施氮量为N 234.8～241.0 kg/hm2,相应的经济生态产量为9796.4～9801.9 kg/hm2。     

滴灌施氮对春玉米氮素吸收、土壤无机氮含量及氮素平衡的影响

为解决吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下氮肥合理施用问题,通过2年(2015—2016年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量(0,70,140,210,280,350kg/hm~2)对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:施氮量在70~210kg/hm~2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过210kg/hm~2后,处理间产量无显著差异;将玉米产量(y)与施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量分别为195.1,201.0kg/hm~2。施氮显著提高了玉米各生育时期氮积累量,其中灌浆期和成熟期氮积累量以施氮量210kg/hm~2处理最高。氮素当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而下降。玉米成熟期0-200cm剖面土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;施氮提高了0-200cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中施氮量280,350kg/hm~2处理40-200cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其他施氮处理。玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关;玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的21.6%~23.3%,33.0%~37.4%,41.0%~43.7%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡等因素,在吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥适宜施氮量应控制在195~210kg/hm~2。     

减氮配施控释尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用的影响

以释放期为60~90 d的控释尿素为试验材料,2015年在广东省台山市和翁源县开展大田试验,研究在全量施氮[195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]、减氮20%[156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和减氮40%[117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]条件下,常规分次施肥(CF)、配施控释尿素氮占25%一次性施用(25%CRU)和配施控释尿素氮占50%一次性施用(50%CRU)对水稻生长、产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为控释尿素在水稻生产上的推广应用提供参考。结果表明,在水稻营养生长阶段,不同施氮处理的每兜分蘖数基本一致,叶片SPAD值随施氮量增加略有提高。随着施氮量增加,水稻产量先提高后降低,当施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量最高。等氮条件下,25%CRU、50%CRU和CF处理的水稻籽粒产量基本一致;不同施氮处理的稻谷和稻草氮素吸收累积量无显著差异。水稻氮素吸收累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数逐渐降低。等氮条件下,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率均显著高于常规施肥处理(P(27)0.05),两地平均增幅分别为14.99%、17.23%和98.22%、57.44%。当施氮量为195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮收获指数较常规施肥处理(CF)提高6.99%和6.69%,其中台山试验点的增幅达到显著水平(P(27)0.05)。117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理的土壤碱解氮含量显著降低(P(27)0.05)。25%控释氮肥掺混一次性施用施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)的施肥处理,其产量和氮肥利用效率在台山和翁源两个试验点均较高,在广东省双季稻区可实现水稻增产稳产,显著提高氮肥利用率,并维持土壤肥力,是一种较优的氮肥运筹模式。     

紫云英与氮肥配施对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响

为综合评价紫云英与氮肥配施对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响,筛选紫云英等量翻压条件下,较适宜的施氮水平,以冬闲常规施氮[150 kg(N)?hm~(-2)]处理为对照,在翻压紫云英22 500 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,设置90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、150 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和180 kg(N)·hm~(-2) 4个施氮水平,研究紫云英和施氮量对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:紫云英与氮肥配施各处理的干物质积累量均高于对照,其中紫云英配施氮肥90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)的干物质积累量最多,分别达9.65 t?hm~(-2)和9.97 t?hm~(-2),比对照分别增加11.18%和14.86%。各处理在水稻播种—分蘖期及抽穗—灌浆期干物质积累量较大,占成熟期干物质量的19.26%~24.77%和45.23%~52.75%,这两个生育阶段是干物质主要积累时期。紫云英与氮肥配施各处理的氮素积累量均高于对照,增幅为6.95%~18.68%。氮素干物质生产效率和氮收获指数均以紫云英配施90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理最高,比其他处理分别增加3.94%~14.08%和6.65%~14.90%。紫云英配施氮肥有利于提高早稻的干物质积累量和氮素利用率,其中以紫云英配施氮肥90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)效果较优,可实现减氮增效目的,是较理想的施肥模式。     

钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻和常规粳稻丰产优质适宜施氮量分析

研究钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻丰产优质施氮量及综合效益,提出安徽沿江地区钵苗摆栽下适宜粳稻类型及施氮量。于2016—2017年连续2 a开展大田试验,以当地主栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540和常规粳稻镇稻18为供试品种,设置0、195、255、315、375 kg/hm~2共5个氮肥水平(分别用N0、N195、N255、N315、N375表示),研究不同施氮水平对钵苗摆栽下不同类型粳稻产量、品质、相关农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果表明,籼粳杂交稻甬优15402a均在N315处理下产量最高,达到10.30～11.55t/hm~2。常规粳稻镇稻18各施氮处理下水稻产量无显著差异,产量为7.43～8.91 t/hm~2。增施氮肥,不同程度增加了2个品种的糙米率、精米率和蛋白质含量,提高了加工品质和营养品质,但垩白率和垩白度整体有所提高,直链淀粉含量增高,不利于外观品质和食味的改善。甬优1540在N315处理下的整精米率与N375无差异,且在N315处理下的垩白度与N195无显著差异。另外,镇稻18在N195处理下的整精米率、蛋白质含量、垩白度和直链淀粉含量与其他氮肥处理无显著差异。钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻丰产优质施氮量为315kg/hm~2,常规粳稻为195 kg/hm~2。在适氮水平下,钵苗摆栽甬优1540较镇稻18提高水稻产量22.9%～23.2%,整精米率2.15%～4.50%,蛋白质含量30.44%～37.41%,经济效益51.07%～53.33%,同时降低垩白度9.52%～13.73%。总的来说,在适宜氮肥水平下,钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻较常规粳稻提高了水稻产量、品质和经济效益。     

硝化抑制剂施用对水稻产量与氨挥发的影响

通过田间微区试验,应用~(15)N标记技术研究两个施氮水平下硝化抑制剂CP施用对水稻产量、氮素利用率、氮素土壤残留和氨挥发的影响。结果表明:与推荐施氮处理(240 kg/hm~2)相比,减氮处理(180 kg/hm~2)水稻产量明显降低,但是减氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂CP后增产15.2%,差异显著,并且达到了推荐施氮处理下的产量水平。而推荐施氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂对水稻产量反而没有显著影响。施用硝化抑制剂可显著提高11.1%~25.0%的~(15)N吸收与利用效率,同时~(15)N平衡计算结果表明稻田施用硝化抑制剂减少了21.7%~28.1%的硝化?反硝化、径流等途径~(15)N损失,这可能是CP施用增加水稻产量的机理之一。然而,施用硝化抑制剂会增加54.7%~110.6%的氨挥发排放。因此,在水稻生产过程中施用硝化抑制剂CP时要进一步减施氮肥才有明显的增产效果,同时还需要采取一定的措施来控制氨挥发。     

施氮量对食用向日葵产量及品质的影响

为明确氮肥用量对向日葵产量和品质的影响,合理施用氮肥,在内蒙古中西部3个试验点开展了向日葵不同氮肥用量试验研究。研究结果表明:(1)施用氮肥均有显著的增产效果,各个试验区施氮肥的产量反应均为:200 kg/hm~2150 kg/hm~2100 kg/hm~2300 kg/hm~2,推荐施氮量(200 kg/hm~2)的增产率为24.6%。氮肥用量与向日葵产量呈抛物线相关,施氮量为189.7～194.0 kg/hm~2时可获得向日葵最高产量,经济最佳施氮量应为148.5～157.4kg/hm~2。(2)百粒重、花盘直径和株高与向日葵产量达到显著相关。(3)随着植株生长发育,氮素逐渐向籽粒中转移,植株各器官氮素浓度依次为:籽实空盘叶茎;氮素吸收量:籽实茎空盘叶,施氮量为200 kg/hm~2的吸收量最高。(4)随着施氮量增加肥料利用率降低,在经济最佳施氮量150 kg/hm~2的情况下,内蒙古中西部氮肥的利用率平均为34.7%,氮肥的农学效率为5.38 kg/kg,每生产100 kg向日葵籽实吸收氮素为4.57 kg。(5)施氮量与向日葵籽实的蛋白质含量呈正相关关系,与籽实粗脂肪含量呈负相关关系。在经济最佳施氮量的情况下,籽实粗蛋白质产量和籽实粗脂肪产量均较高。从综合产量与氮素吸收量、经济效益来看,在内蒙古中西部氮素最佳投入量以150 kg/hm~2为宜。     

Nitrogen Rate Influence on Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska

Abstract

Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha^?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha^?1 to application of 135 kg N ha^?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha^?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha^?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha^?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer.     

Nitrogen Uptake,Leaf Nitrogen Concentration,and Growth of Saskatoons in Response to Soil Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT

Nutrient requirements of the saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia: Rosaceae), a relatively new horticultural crop on the Canadian prairies, are unknown. In this study, two-year old saskatoon plants of the cultivar ‘Smoky’ were grown in a greenhouse in pots under four different soil nitrogen (N) regimes (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg N L^?1). Half the plants were harvested after one growing season. After a five-month period of dormancy, the remaining plants were grown for a second growing season under the same soil N regimes. At harvest, plant growth, dry weight biomass, and leaf N concentration were measured, and soil N uptake was calculated. In both years, leaf N concentration and plant N uptake were strongly positively correlated (first year r = 0.93; second year r = 0.95) and increased linearly with an increase in soil N. Stem diameter and new shoot growth increased in both years of the study in response to additional N. The soil N treatments had no significant effect on plant biomass during the first growing season. In the second year, stem, root, total shoot and total plant biomass increased with increasing soil N.     

水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响

为探讨水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响,通过膜下滴灌设施番茄田间定位试验,采用灌水下限(W_1、W_2、W_3)和施氮量(N_1、N_2、N_3)的两因素三水平随机区组设计,研究水氮调控对休耕期0—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响。结果表明,不同水氮调控下,设施土壤有机氮主要是以酸解态氮为主,总体表现酸解态氮大于非酸解态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分在酸解态氮和非酸解态氮中分配比例差异明显。土壤有机氮各组分含量及占全氮比例的大小顺序为氨基酸氮/氨态氮未知氮氨基糖氮。除氨基糖氮,其余酸解态氮各组分和酸解总氮含量及其占全氮比例均随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同土层含量差异显著(P0.05)。土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮含量随土层深度的增加也呈降低趋势,且含量差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。除氨基糖氮,全氮与其他有机氮各组分、酸解总氮间均达到极显著正相关(P0.01);矿质氮仅与酸解氨态氮及酸解总氮的影响达到极显著(P0.01)和显著正相关(P0.05)。灌水下限、施氮量及水氮交互对设施土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮及有机氮组分影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。因此,设施土壤氮素含量的变化与水氮管理模式紧密相关。氨态氮和氨基酸氮是设施土壤中最主要的有机氮形态,是土壤活性氮中的主要组分,亦是土壤供氮潜力的表征。考虑土壤供氮潜力,灌水下限35kPa、施氮量300kg/hm~2为该设施生产下最优的水氮管理措施。     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm~(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm~(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg~(-1)、145.6 kg kg~(-1)和58.1 kg kg~(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg~(-1)、43.6 kg kg~(-1)和43.7 kg kg~(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm~(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm~(-2)范围内。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Zeolite on Rice Grain Yield,Water and Nitrogen Use,and Soil Total Nitrogen in Coastal Region of Northeast China

Pot experiment were conducted from 2013 to 2014 to provide solutions for poor water–nitrogen (N) use efficiency with zeolite (Z) in near-surface soil. This article aims to study the influences of different levels of Z (Z1, Z2, Z3, 0, 7500, and 15,000 kg hm^?2) and N (N1, N2, N3, 0, 78.75, and 157.5 kg hm^?2) on rice grain yield, soil total N (STN), water productivity (WP), and N recovery efficiency (NRE). Results showed that higher dry matter weight, grain yield, water consumption, N accumulation, and WP were obtained with increasing N rates. There were no significant influences on dry matter weight of stem and leaf, water consumption, and WP with the application of Z. However, Z input could obtain a higher spike and root weight, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, N accumulation, STN, and NRE. Z might alleviate the water used in jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, and milky ripen stage. Overuse of Z and N led to a decrease in NRE. N3Z2 increased rice grain yield by 10.4%, WP by 7.3%, and NRE by 63% compared with conventional fertilization (N3Z1). The way of N3Z2 is recommended to improve rice yield, WP, NRE, and STN comprehensively in coastal region of Northeast China.     

Soil Inorganic Nitrogen Content and Indices of Red Raspberry Yield,Vigor, and Nitrogen Status as Affected by Rate and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Abstract

The single‐year response of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) content and indices of red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.) yield, vigor, and N status to rate and source of fertilizer N were determined. Twenty‐nine trials were conducted in commercial plantings from 1994 to 1996. Treatments were 0, 55, or 110 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium nitrate or 55 kg N ha^?1 as a slow‐release fertilizer product containing 60% polycoated sulfur‐coated urea and 40% urea. Soil nitrate (NO₃) content frequently increased during the growing season, indicating that soil N supply was nonlimiting. The plant indices were generally insensitive to fertilizer‐N rate under these high‐N fertility conditions. Soil nitrate content measured after berry harvest was frequently excessive even at the recommended N rate and can be used to identify fields with excess N fertility. The slow‐release N fertilizer provided limited benefits compared with use of ammonium nitrate.     

Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake,Utilization Efficiency,and Soil Nitrogen Deficit

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution.

Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^{? 1}, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil.

The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha^{? 1} of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha^{? 1}, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.     

氮肥运筹对滴灌甜菜产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响

以甜菜品种"Beta356"为材料,研究了氮素运筹[甜菜叶丛快速增长期、块根膨大期和糖分积累期的氮素追施比例分别为6∶3∶1、5∶3∶2、4∶4∶2(用N1、N2、N3表示),不施氮素的处理为对照(用CK表示)]对滴灌甜菜产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:各处理甜菜产糖量为N3N2N1CK,氮素运筹间差异不显著。与N1处理相比,适当降低叶丛快速生长期的氮素施用比例,有利于提高氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率,降低氮肥表观损失率。其中N2处理的氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率分别比N1和N3处理提高了-3.00%和22.00%,108.22%和-0.14%,N2处理的氮肥表观损失率分别比N1和N3处理降低了262.40%和65.25%。综合考虑产量、氮素利用和氮素平衡认为,N2处理具有较高经济效益和环境效益,是北疆滴灌甜菜合理氮素运筹模式。