铁氧化物对厌氧水稻土中乙酸的矿化、转化及其激发效应的影响

乙酸是甲烷产生过程的重要底物,其在水稻土中的矿化和转化过程对水稻土碳循环和固碳减排具有重要意义。在长期淹水的水稻土中,铁作为重要的变价金属元素,对乙酸的矿化和转化可能具有重要影响。因此,本研究向水稻土中添加13C-乙酸、水铁矿和针铁矿,动态监测厌氧培养（100 d）期间CO2和CH4排放规律和土壤环境因子的变化规律,同时分析乙酸的矿化和转化特征以及CO2和CH4的激发效应,并解析不同铁氧化物在其中的作用效应。结果表明,培养结束后,只添加乙酸的处理中33%和36%的乙酸分别矿化为CH4和CO2,另外0.12%、2%和28%的乙酸分别形成了可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤有机碳（SOC）。乙酸添加引起了CO2负激发效应和CH4正激发效应。土壤产生CO2和CH4比例因乙酸的添加由3.46:1变为1.83:1。针铁矿的添加显著增加了乙酸来源的CO2累积排放量,但水铁矿对乙酸来源的CO2累积排放量却无显著影响。水铁矿和针铁矿均显著降低了SOC来源的CO2累积排放量,加剧了乙酸引起的CO2负激发效应。水铁矿和针铁矿均显著降低了乙酸来源的CH4累积排放量,对SOC来源的CH4累积排放量无显著影响。水铁矿和针铁矿显著增加了乙酸转化为MBC和SOC的比例。因此,乙酸在土壤中的矿化和转化行为会影响土壤原有有机碳产生CO2和CH4;水铁矿和针铁矿结晶程度不同,对乙酸的矿化、转化及其激发效应的影响也不同。研究结果可为稻田的固碳减排提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

针铁矿吸附态和包裹态有机碳在稻田土壤中的矿化及其激发效应

南方水稻土富含铁氧化物,土壤有机碳通过与铁氧化物结合的形式长期固存于土壤中;由于土壤中氧化铁和有机碳主要通过吸附、键和与包裹等形式存在,所以不同的碳铁复合物的稳定性存在一定的差异。尽管已有较多研究分析了土壤中有机碳与铁矿的结合与赋存形式,但是有机碳与铁矿间的结合方式对有机碳在水稻土中矿化及其激发效应的影响机制尚不明确。以葡萄糖为典型小分子外源有机碳,通过制备针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖和包裹态葡萄糖,采用室内模拟培养实验,研究了两种铁矿结合态葡萄糖在淹水水稻土中的矿化特征及其激发效应。结果表明：与单独添加葡萄糖处理相比,碳铁复合物的添加分别使CO2和13CO2释放量增加了0.39倍~0.53倍和0.87倍~1.07倍,却使CH4和13CH4释放量分别降低了0.44倍~0.59倍和0.25倍~0.44倍。相对于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖显著抑制了CH4释放。而且,碳铁复合物的添加均在一定程度上促进了土壤原有有机碳矿化释放CO2,但抑制了来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放。其中,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放量是针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的1.33倍。针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的快速矿化的碳库比例显著高于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,且其半衰期（T1/2）比针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖大10.85倍,其快库转化速率（k1）和慢库转化速率（k2）比铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的小10.74倍和19倍。其次,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对土壤有机质CO2累积激发效应表现为较弱的正激发(6.44 mg?kg-1),而对土壤有机质CH4累积激发效应则表现为负激发(-15.49 mg?kg-1),即针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化(-9.05 mg?kg-1),从而增强了土壤有机碳的固持潜力。因此,不同结构碳铁复合物的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化,且针铁矿包裹态有机碳比针铁矿吸附态有机碳在水稻土中具有更强的稳定性和固碳效应。该研究结果也表明,水稻土中与铁氧化结合的小分子有机碳相对于游离态的有机碳,具有更强的生物稳定性,更低的矿化速率,而且能够抑制土壤有机碳的矿化,产生负激发效应,有利于增加土壤的长期固碳效应。     

碳氮添加对淹水农田黑土温室气体排放的影响

为探究外源碳氮添加对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响，以农田黑土为对象，在25℃和淹水条件下开展室内培养试验，研究外源碳(葡萄糖和乙酸)和氮(硫酸铵)添加对温室气体排放的影响。结果表明，淹水条件碳氮配施显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量，以氮肥配施葡萄糖处理效果更明显。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥处理对CO₂排放速率无显著影响；与单施氮肥处理相比，碳氮配施显著提高了CO₂的排放速率，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理和氮肥配施乙酸处理的CO₂累积排放量分别为单施氮肥处理的3.93和2.44倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥显著增加了N₂O排放速率，其累积排放量是对照处理的3.60倍；与单施氮肥处理相比，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理仅在第1天对N₂O排放速率有显著促进效果，培养期间N₂O累积排放量与单施氮肥处理无显著差异；氮肥配施乙酸处理对N₂O排放速率的促进效果持续了5 d，其N₂O累积排放量是单施氮肥处理的3.58倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施...     

养分化学计量比对稻田土壤葡萄糖矿化及其激发效应的影响

选择13C-葡萄糖作为稻田土壤典型易利用态外源有机碳,通过室内培养试验,研究不同C/N/P/S计量比条件下,葡萄糖分解矿化的动态规律及其激发效应。结果表明,稻田土壤中葡萄糖-碳(C)快速矿化,60 d培养实验后,有65.5%~74.6%的葡萄糖-C矿化。养分元素的添加使土壤中葡萄糖-C快速转化碳库的比例逐渐由58%增加至65%,从而使葡萄糖-C矿化率提高了3.9%~12.5%,养分元素的添加量与葡萄糖-C快速转化碳库的比例和矿化率均表现出显著的正相关关系(R2=0.63,p0.05;R2=0.83,p0.05)。葡萄糖-C矿化过程中,导致稻田土壤碳的累积负激发效应为-370~-570 mg kg-1,养分元素添加比例越大,其负激发效应越强,二者呈显著的负相关性(R2=0.66,p0.05)。研究表明,稻田土壤中易利用态碳的矿化受C/N/P/S元素计量比的影响,高比例养分元素的添加,促进土壤中易利用态碳的矿化,抑制土壤原有有机质的分解,增强负激发效应。本研究可为深入了解稻田生态系统碳循环、实现农田土壤肥力提升和温室气体减排提供理论依据。     

不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

外源草酸影响下植酸酶对土壤磷素的活化效果

通过室内培养,采用Hedley修正体系磷素分级的方法,阐述了外源草酸影响下,植酸酶对土壤中磷素的活化效果。结果表明:同时施入草酸与植酸酶处理可提高土壤有效磷含量,显著高于空白、单施草酸或植酸酶的处理。从磷素各组分看,同时施入草酸与植酸酶处理能够显著提高土壤中水溶态磷(H2O-P)、活性无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)、中等活性无机磷(NaOH-Pi)和中等活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量,均随着培养时间的延长而不断上升,在第40 d上升至最大值,与空白对照比较,分别高37.76%,21.14%,15.52%,24.44%;草酸+植酸酶处理的土壤,除NaHCO3-Pi外,其他活性高的磷含量均高于植酸酶处理;施入植酸酶各处理的土壤磷石灰型磷以及残留态磷含量均低于空白对照及草酸处理,且随着培养时间的延长其含量下降,到第40 d开始逐渐趋于平稳,此时,草酸+植酸酶处理磷石灰型磷以及残留态磷含量分别比培养前降低了28.71%与32.56%。得出结论,在外源草酸影响下,植酸酶可使土壤磷由活性低的组分转化为活性较高的组分,从而提高磷素的利用率。     

华南地区覆膜旱种稻田甲烷排放及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

采用静态箱法和田间小区试验,研究了常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田水稻全生育期CH4的排放规律,探讨了温度和水分与稻田CH4排放的关系。结果表明:覆膜旱种稻田的甲烷排放量明显低于常规水田的排放量,常规水田的甲烷累计排放通量为20.38g/m2,覆膜旱种稻田为2.46g/m2,水稻覆膜旱种后甲烷排放量降低了88%。常规水田CH4排放峰期持续了35d,覆膜旱种稻田CH4排放峰期为25d,两者在CH4排放高峰期的排放量分别占整个生育期累计排放量的72%和97%。覆膜旱作稻田CH4排放量降低,主要表现在最大排放峰值降低和排放峰持续时间缩短。土壤温度(5cm处)和水分与水稻生育期稻田甲烷的排放有显著正相关。CH4排放通量大于1.0mg·m-2·h-1主要集中在土壤质量含水率高于36.25%的区域,在土壤质量含水率小于36.25%时,常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田都只有少量CH4排放。     

陇东旱塬麦黑豆-冬小麦轮作条件下施氮水平对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

为给我国旱地低碳农业可持续发展提供科学依据,2018 — 2020年在陇东黄土高原雨养区冬小麦田设置夏闲期种植绿肥和不同施氮量田间试验,通过测定土壤N2O和CH4排放通量,计算N2O和CH4累积排放量等指标,分析不同处理对土壤N2O和CH4排放通量和累积排放量的影响。结果表明,在2个轮作周期内,不同处理的N2O排放峰主要出现在冬小麦播种施肥后,峰值范围平均11.24～31.85 μg N2O-N/(m2·h)。土壤CH4排放无明显峰谷变化趋势,而围绕着零值上下波动,变化范围-46.8～24.5 μg CH4-C/(m2·h)。与休闲-冬小麦处理相比,麦黑豆-冬小麦轮作处理在绿肥填闲期和冬小麦生长期土壤N2O累积排放分别显著增加了26.8%～44.2%和6.2%～52.3%,土壤CH4累积吸收分别显著减少了7.9%～76.3%和4.0%～28.4%。可见,豆科绿肥填闲种植可增加土壤N2O排放,减少土壤CH4的吸收。     

外源铵态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程中N_2O排放的影响

【目的】农业土壤是N2O的主要排放源,国内以往研究多集中在外源养分对作物生长季N2O排放的影响,而对冬季N2O排放特征和影响因素缺少系统研究。为明确添加外源铵态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程中N2O排放特征的影响,本文应用冰柜模拟冬季土壤冻结过程,研究室温—冻结过程不同铵态氮浓度对3种典型地带性耕作土壤N2O排放的影响,以期为调控农田氮肥管理控制土壤N2O排放提供理论依据。【方法】试验设12个处理,包括3种土壤类型(黑土、潮土、黄土),4个外源NH+4-N浓度梯度(0、80、200、500 mg/kg土,分别以N0、N80、N200、N500表示)。具体方法是将3种土壤的风干土样150 g分别装入广口瓶中,加入NH+4-N溶液,使土壤湿度达到田间持水量,置于25℃恒温环境中培养,24 h后分别于0、10、20、30 min时采集气体,再放到-10℃的冰柜中,分别在冷冻0.5 h、2.5 h、6.5 h、13.5 h、23.5 h、43.5 h时采集气体,用气相色谱检测样品的N2O气体浓度。【结果】室温条件下在一定范围内增加外源铵态氮施用量能够促进黑土和潮土N2O的排放,添加80 mg/kg铵态氮的黑土和潮土的N2O排放通量分别比各自对照增加2854.7%和192.1%,均达5%显著水平,但铵态氮浓度过高会抑制黑土和潮土的N2O排放;黄土在室温培养条件下N2O排放通量接近零。随冻结时间的延长,黑土和潮土的N2O排放通量逐渐降低,其降低速度均呈现N80N200、N500N0的趋势,且两种土壤的N80处理分别与各自其他处理的差异达5%显著性水平;冻结0.5 h的黑土添加外源NH+4-N处理的N2O排放通量比对应初始值(冻结0 h)降低了64.95%72.46%,冻结2.5 h后比初始值降低79.1%89.29%,在冻结6.5 h时接近零排放,黑土的N0处理在冻结过程中N2O排放通量基本无变化,数值始终较小;潮土各处理在冻结0 6.5 h内N2O排放通量逐渐降低,且处理间差异减少,冻结0.5 h时潮土4个处理的N2O排放通量比对应初始值(0 h)降低了47.25%58.34%,冻结2.5 h降低了84.35%94.99%,其中N0处理的N2O排放通量在冻结2.5 h后达到稳定的零排放状态,而3个添加外源NH+4-N的处理在冻结6.5 h后达到稳定的零排放状态;黄土各处理在室温和冻结过程中N2O排放通量始终处于较低的水平,且变化范围较小,处理间无显著差异。室温—冻结全过程黑土和潮土的N2O累计排放量均呈N80N200、N500N0,且黑土的N80处理与N0处理间均达到5%显著水平;潮土不同铵态氮浓度处理间无显著性差异;黄土N2O累计排放量处于较低水平或呈负排放状态,其中N500处理N2O的累计负排放量最大。方差分析结果表明,外源铵态氮对3种土壤N2O累计排放量均有显著影响。【结论】室温条件下,适量的外源铵态氮可促进黑土和潮土的N2O排放,但外源铵态氮浓度过高则可抑制N2O的排放;冻结过程中添加外源铵态氮黑土和潮土的N2O排放通量逐渐降低,且降低速度逐渐变缓最终接近零排放;室温—冻结过程添加外源铵态氮黄土的N2O排放通量始终处于极低水平,甚至出现负排放现象;添加外源铵态氮对室温—冻结过程不同土壤类型N2O累计排放量有显著影响。建议在潮土和黑土上降低冻前土壤的铵态氮含量从而减少N2O的排放。     

外加碳、氮对黄绵土有机质矿化与激发效应的影响

应用14C标记的葡萄糖和麦秸,15N标记的(NH4)2SO4和Ca(NO3)2对生黄绵土、菜园黄绵土土壤有机质的矿化与激发效应进行了研究。结果表明,外加有机质,特别是外加易分解的葡萄糖,和外加氮源,特别是外加(NH4)2SO4,对两种黄绵土土壤的有机质矿化与激发效应都有明显的促进作用,土壤有机质的矿化是高肥力菜园黄绵土高于低肥力生黄绵土,而有机质矿化的激发效应却是低肥力生黄绵土高于高肥力菜园黄绵土。外加有机质与外加N同时施入土壤时,外加N对外加有机质的矿化与激发效应同样有明显的促进作用,并发现外加有机质与外加N在促进土壤有机质矿化与激发效应过程中表现出正交互作用。激发效应对土壤肥力的更新和培养有积极作用。     

The effect of rice straw on the priming of soil organic matter and methane production in peat soils

Rice residue management often leads to increased methane (CH₄) emissions but the outcomes of edaphic and management factors are not always predictable. Rice residue can act as a substrate for CH₄ production; however the role it plays in priming (mineralization) of soil organic matter (SOM) to release additional substrates for CH₄ production are not well established. We anaerobically incubated a highly organic soil with ¹³C-enriched rice straw for 3 months to investigate its priming effect (PE) on SOM and source of C for CH₄ production. Anaerobic decomposition of SOM was accompanied by iron (Fe) reduction with minimal CH₄ production when straw was absent. Straw addition enhanced Fe reduction and increased CH₄ production concurrently with a clear succession of microbial community structure and function assessed with phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. The PE on CH₄ production from SOM was strong and positive during the entire experiment. Overall, PE on SOM (CO₂ plus CH₄ production) was slightly positive at the end of the experiment, associated with only a 32% mineralization of the added straw-C (as CO₂ plus CH₄). Straw addition also released large amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from SOM. Our results suggest that straw addition effects on PE of SOM and CH₄ production can last for a long period of time showing that straw will cause non-linear response in CH₄ production and potentially result in significant losses of soil C as DOC by leaching or direct exports in histosols.     

Model organic compounds differ in priming effects on alkalinity release in soils through carbon and nitrogen mineralisation

The influence of organic matter and its cycling on soil pH change is still unclear. This study investigated the effect of organic compounds on carbon and nitrogen dynamics and their relationship with pH changes in two soils differing in initial soil pH (Podosol of pH 4.5 and Tenosol of pH 6.2). Seven organic compounds representing common compounds in decomposing plant residues or root exudates were added to the soils and incubated for 60 d. The largest cumulative soil respiration occurred when glucose, malic acid and citric acid were added. In addition, the Tenosol had the greater respiration compared to the Podosol. The addition of organic acids (acetic, malic, citric, ferulic and benzoic acid) instantly decreased soil pH due to the dissociation of H⁺ from the acids. The pH of both soils was then restored over time, which was positively correlated with decomposition % of these compounds. The pH of the Tenosol amended with all the organic acids and of the Podosol with malic acid exceeded that of the control, and net alkalization occurred, with the degree of alkalization being greater with malic and citric acid. Adding organic acids to the Tenosol generally increased NH₄ concentrations but decreased NO₃ concentrations. The addition of glucose decreased pH in Podosol but slightly increased it in the Tenosol. The addition of glucosamine hydrochloride decreased pH due to significant nitrification. The results suggest that the addition of organic acids stimulates microbial NO₃ uptake, and ammonification and decomposition of indigenous soil organic matter, resulting in a priming effect on alkalinity release, and that the degree of the priming effect is influenced by the type of organic acid and initial soil pH.     

CO2 evolution and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of bacterial communities in soil following addition of low molecular weight substrates to simulate root exudation

Simulating the evolution of both ¹⁴C and ¹²C-CO₂ in the rhizoplane was monitored during the diffusion of ¹⁴C-labelled glucose, oxalic acid, or glutamic acid into soil from a filter placed on the surface of a sandy loam. After 3 and 7 d, soil was sampled from four layers (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and 6-14 mm) to determine residual ¹⁴C in each layer. The mineralisation pattern of oxalic acid was characterised by a lag phase probably due to the presence, in the early stages of exposure, of a few microorganisms able to mineralise this substrate. Glucose and glutamic acid showed a positive priming effect with a CO₂ flush from native organic matter. Oxalic and glutamic acids changed the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of soil bacterial communities with the appearance of a few extra-bands in the 0-2 mm soil layer. The addition of the substrates onto the soil surface formed a gradient due to their diffusion in soil. That of oxalic acid was specific probably because almost all of this compound reacted with CaCO₃ and was localised in the 0-2 mm soil layer.     

Chemical composition of organic matter in a deep soil changed with a positive priming effect due to glucose addition as investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Fresh organic carbon becomes more accessible to deep soil following losses of surface soil and deep intentional incorporation of crop residues, which can cause the priming effect and influence the quality and quantity of SOC in deep soil. This study determined the priming effect due to addition of water-dissolved ¹³C-labeled glucose (0.4 g C kg⁻¹ soil) to a soil taken from 1.00 to 1.20 m depth. The changes in chemical compositions of SOC in soils without (G₀) and with (G_0.4) glucose addition during a 31-d incubation were investigated with solid-state ¹³C cross polarization/total sideband suppression (¹³C-CP/TOSS) and CP/TOSS with dipolar dephasing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. No glucose remained in the soil after 21 days of incubation, with 48% being completely mineralized into CO₂ emission and 52% being incorporated into SOC. The native SOC was decomposed by 0.23% more in G_0.4 than in G₀. The NMR spectra demonstrated that both labile and recalcitrant organic compounds in SOC changed during the incubation, but in different manners in G₀ and G_0.4. During the incubation, the -(CH₂)_n-abundance in G₀ did not change over time, but in G_0.4 it decreased from Day 0 to Day 21 and then increased from Day 21 to Day 31, suggesting shifts of soil microbial communities only in G_0.4. After the incubation, in G₀ the abundances of ketones/aldehydes and nonpolar alkyl C increased, but those of aromatic C–C and protonated O-alkyl C (OCH) decreased; In G_0.4, the abundances of NCH and protonated O-alkyl C (OCH) increased, but those of nonpolar alkyl C and nonprotonated aromatic C–O and ketones/aldehydes decreased. Such inconsistent changes in recalcitrant compounds between G₀ and G_0.4 indicated that glucose addition likely primed the decomposition of aromatic C–O and suppressed the formation of ketones/aldehydes. We have demonstrated for the first time that the priming effect of SOC decomposition in the deep soil was involved with larger notable changes in both labile and recalcitrant structures of native SOC due to glucose addition compared with that without glucose addition.     

Factors controlling carbon dioxide and methane production in acid sulfate soils

Methane and C02 production in flooded acid sulfate soils of Thailand were governed primarily by soil oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) and pH. The critical Eh and pH levels at which CH₄ emission began was Eh-150 mV, and pH 6.1. Low soil pH limited soil reduction and subsequently CH₄ production. Soil respiration (C02 production) was influenced by Eh-pH levels and organic matter content. Soils with higher C02 production rates produced greater amounts of CH₄. Soil pH, however, was the dominant variable which influenced organic matter decomposition, low soil Eh conditions and subsequent CH₄ and CO₂ production. Curvilinear or log transformations of pH, Eh and organic matter content (OM) were used in explaining variables controlling CH₄ and CO₂ production; CH₄ = ?2.359 ? 0.0001 Eh + 2.047 pH ? 3.019 (In pH)² CO₂ = ?5210 ? 1.6 Eh + 3144 (In pH) + 1011 (In OM).     

Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH₄ emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH₄ emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH₄ emission. A lower CH₄ emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH₄ emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH₄ emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH₄ emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH₄ emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH₄ entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere.     

Influence of water table level and soil properties on emissions of greenhouse gases from cultivated peat soil

A lysimeter method using undisturbed soil columns was used to investigate the effect of water table depth and soil properties on soil organic matter decomposition and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cultivated peat soils. The study was carried out using cultivated organic soils from two locations in Sweden: Örke, a typical cultivated fen peat with low pH and high organic matter content and Majnegården, a more uncommon fen peat type with high pH and low organic matter content. Even though carbon and nitrogen contents differ greatly between the sites, carbon and nitrogen density are quite similar. A drilling method with minimal soil disturbance was used to collect 12 undisturbed soil monoliths (50 cm high, Ø29.5 cm) per site. They were sown with ryegrass (Lolium perenne) after the original vegetation was removed. The lysimeter design allowed the introduction of water at depth so as to maintain a constant water table at either 40 cm or 80 cm below the soil surface. CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions from the lysimeters were measured weekly and complemented with incubation experiments with small undisturbed soil cores subjected to different tensions (5, 40, 80 and 600 cm water column). CO₂ emissions were greater from the treatment with the high water table level (40 cm) compared with the low level (80 cm). N₂O emissions peaked in springtime and CH₄ emissions were very low or negative. Estimated GHG emissions during one year were between 2.70 and 3.55 kg CO₂ equivalents m⁻². The results from the incubation experiment were in agreement with emissions results from the lysimeter experiments. We attribute the observed differences in GHG emissions between the soils to the contrasting dry matter liability and soil physical properties. The properties of the different soil layers will determine the effect of water table regulation. Lowering the water table without exposing new layers with easily decomposable material would have a limited effect on emission rates.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions as affected by organic–inorganic mixed fertilizer from a rice paddy in southeast China

Purpose

The effects of commercial compost fertilizer application on trace gas emissions are not well understood due to a lack of field experiments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emissions of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) along with grain yield from a rice paddy as affected by different organic–inorganic mixed fertilizer (OIMF) treatments.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was initiated in 2006 with chemical compound fertilizer (CF) and three OIMF amendments including pig manure compost (PMC), Chinese medicine residue compost (CMC), and rapeseed cake compost (RCC), from a rice paddy in southeast China. The emissions of CH₄ and N₂O were simultaneously measured using the static opaque chamber method over the entire rice growing season in 2011. Soil biotic parameters were measured in soil collected after the rice was harvested in 2011.

Results and discussion

Relative to the control, the OIMF treatments significantly increased CH₄ emissions by 56–99 %, mainly due to exogenous organic substrate input, whereas no difference was observed in the CF treatment. The N₂O emissions were stimulated substantially by an average of 40 % due to nitrogen fertilization compared with the control. Consecutive OIMF application tended to increase the grain yield, making it marginally higher than that of the CF treatment (7 %, P?=?0.06). Compared with the control, the CF treatment slightly decreased the global warming potential and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity, while they were remarkably increased in the OIMF treatments. Over the 5-year period of 2006–2011, the annual soil carbon sequestration rate was estimated to be 1.19 t C ha^?1 year^?1 for the control and 1.73–1.98 t C ha^?1 year^?1 for the fertilized treatments.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that despite the beneficial effects of increasing both grain yield and soil organic matter, OIMF application such as PMC, CMC, and RCC may be responsible for increased global warming due mainly to the stimulated CH₄ emissions. This effect should be thus taken into account when balancing agricultural production and GHG mitigation.     

土壤碳库激发效应研究

外源有机质的输入能促进或抑制土壤有机碳的矿化,引起正的或负的激发效应。本文综述了土壤碳库激发效应产生的机制,以及土壤原有有机质的含量和营养水平,外源有机质(包括根系分泌物)的种类和数量对激发效应的影响。外源有机质的可利用率是影响激发效应的最重要因素。