祁连山哈溪林区移植前后土壤氮对比研究

研究不同海拔梯度森林土壤氮的分布特征,对于合理利用森林资源、改善森林的生态功能都有重要意义。采用封顶埋管法,对祁连山东段哈溪林区不同海拔梯度和不同植被类型的土壤氮进行了研究。结果表明:(1)海拔2 650m青海云杉林土壤的初始TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最低,海拔2 950 m青海云杉林土壤的初始TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最高;各海拔梯度青海云杉林土壤经培养后,其TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均减小。(2)就不同植被类型而言,青海云杉林土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均最高,草地和灌丛土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量较低,且二者差异不大。草地和灌丛土壤培养后TN和NH_4~+-N含量显著升高,NO_3~--N含量变化不大。(3)某一海拔青海云杉林土壤移植到其他海拔青海云杉林培养后,土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量变化不大;不同植被类型之间土壤相互移植培养后,土壤TN,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量变化明显,不同植被类型对土壤氮的含量差异显著。     

科尔沁沙地固定沙丘土壤氮素空间分布特征研究

为了研究固定沙丘土壤N素空间分布特征,选择以栽植小叶锦鸡儿25年后的固定沙丘为研究对象,从迎风坡、顶坡和背风坡3个位置4个层次(0～5、5～10、10～20和20～40 cm)进行取样分析.研究结果表明:全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量均随着土层加深而呈现出减少的趋势,0～5 cm土层显著高于其他各层.表层土壤受凋落物的影响较大,从而相对于深层土壤来说积累了更多的N素.全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量在不同坡位间存在显著差异(p＜0.01):全N和NO_3~--N含量在迎风坡较高,而NH_4~+-N含量在背风坡较高.丛下全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的含量显著高于丛间(p＜0.01).土壤电导率与全N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著正相关,而pH与NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著负相关,NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N的富集降低了土壤pH值.小叶锦鸡儿的栽植对沙土改良具有重要意义.     

两种典型温度下农村化粪池出水氮素在原地土壤中的迁移转化过程

为探究典型温度下(25℃和5℃)农村化粪池出水氮素在排污口原地土壤中的迁移转化过程,采集原地表层土壤及化粪池出水,构建室内模拟系统,分析化粪池出水经土壤渗滤前后氮素组成。结果表明,农村化粪池出水氮素以可溶性无机氮(DIN)为主,其中NH_4~+-N占70%以上;两种温度条件下化粪池出水DIN差异不显著(P0.05,n=12),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N浓度均具有极显著性差异(P0.01,n=12),25℃时硝化作用明显,导致出水NH_4~+-N低于5℃,NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N高于5℃;两种温度条件下原地土壤对化粪池出水DIN均有削减作用,其中NH_4~+-N削减量均占DIN削减量60%以上;25℃和5℃条件下,NH_4~+-N削减率分别为23.11%～47.37%和25.37%～43.47%;25℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过氨挥发、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等作用完成,而5℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过土壤NH_4~+-N吸附作用完成;25℃时土壤对NO_3~--N还存在蓄积作用。研究表明,两种温度下化粪池出水NO-_2~--N和NO_3~--N在原地土壤中可发生反硝化或异化还原作用进而得到削减。     

间伐对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响

为探究不同间伐强度对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响,以福建省三明市官庄国有林场11年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林为研究对象,采用弱度间伐(LIT)、中度间伐(MIT)、强度间伐(HIT)等3种间伐强度,研究不同间伐强度林分0—10,10—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,80—100 cm土层总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)及易氧化有机碳(ROC)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、微生物熵碳(qMBC)、微生物熵氮(qMBN)的变化特征,以探讨不同间伐强度对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响。结果表明:间伐降低了土壤SOC和TN的含量,降低幅度分别为1.4%～36.9%,3.1%～45.7%。间伐增加了土壤MBC、NO_3~--N的含量,而对ROC、NH_4~+-N和MBN的程度在不同土层有差异,qMBC和qMBN随着间伐强度的增加而增大。相关性分析表明,土壤SOC分别与TN、qMBC、ROC、NH_4~+-N、MBC、MBN呈极显著正相关(P0.01);TN与qMBN、ROC、NH_4~+-N、MBC、MBN呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。杉木人工林间伐处理降低了土壤表层SOC和TN含量,增加了土壤SMBC和qMBC、qMBN,同时也增加了土壤表层(0—10 cm)SMBN。抚育间伐导致土壤SOC和TN含量降低主要是由于活性碳、氮含量的增加,提高土壤中有机质分解速率,最终导致土壤SOC和TN含量降低。     

春季解冻期3种温带森林土壤氮素动态变化

为了研究春季土壤冻融过程对氮素周转的影响,以长白山地区3种森林土壤为研究对象,利用原位培养连续取样法,测定和分析了不同形态氮素(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和微生物量氮(MN))在春季解冻期间的含量动态变化。结果表明:土壤解冻过程中,3种森林土壤微生物量氮时间变化动态不同,且土壤微生物量氮表现出明显的垂直空间异质性,0~10 cm层土壤微生物量氮显著高于10~20 cm层。解冻期3种林型土壤NH_4~+-N时间变化动态表现一致,最大土壤NH_4~+-N释放量出现于解冻中后期。解冻期3种林型0~10 cm土壤NO_3~--N变化动态基本一致,但10~20 cm层土壤NO_3~--N含量的变化动态表现各异。解冻期间,除长白松林外,红松阔叶林与次生白桦林的0~10 cm层土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量显著高于10~20 cm层土壤。土壤解冻中前期以NH_4~+-N生成为主,而解冻中后期,NO_3~--N生成量显著增加。     

模拟氮沉降对毛竹林土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响

以亚热带毛竹林为研究对象,以长江三角洲地区实际氮沉降量40 kg/(hm~2·a)为参照,设置2种形态(铵态氮(NH_4Cl)和硝态氮(KNO_3))和3种水平(对照、低氮和高氮(0,40,120 kg/(hm~2·a))的氮添加试验。结果表明:(1)氮添加显著降低了土壤pH,不同氮水平和形态对pH均有显著影响(P=0.001和P=0.010);(2)高水平氮处理下,硝态氮处理的土壤NO_3~--N和DON含量分别高于铵态氮处理的40.06%和50.10%,土壤NH_4~+-N含量低于铵态氮处理的12.33%,在同一氮形态下,高氮处理的土壤NO_3~--N和DON含量分别高于低氮处理的47.12%和78.12%,土壤NH_4~+-N含量低于低氮处理的24.24%。说明氮水平和形态均对土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON含量有显著影响(P0.05);(3)与对照相比,高水平氮处理下土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高了14.16%和8.11%,氮形态对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性没有显著影响。氮水平和形态对过氧化氢酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05);(4)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均呈现显著的季节变化,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性夏季高,冬季低,春秋居中,过氧化氢酶则秋冬季节较高。氮添加没有改变酶活性的季节分异规律。通过Pearson分析发现,土壤酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶)与土壤生化特性显著相关(P0.05)。氮水平和形态对土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响存在一定差异,研究结果可为氮沉降背景下亚热带毛竹林的管理提供理论依据。     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

哈尼梯田生态系统地表水不同形态氮含量时空分布特征

为探讨哈尼梯田生态系统天人合一的水分和营养元素的利用模式,揭示哈尼梯田生态系统氮素时空变化规律,明确土地利用对氮浓度的影响,为哈尼梯田的水环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。以元阳县全福庄小流域为研究对象,应用Kriging空间插值法分析了该系统地表水氮素的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)除NO_3~--N浓度在夏季和冬季呈强变异外,其他N浓度在不同季节的变异系数均小于100%,表现为中等程度变异。(2)梯田中下部TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度变幅都较大,分别为0.103~0.849,0.010~0.143,0.052~0.446mg/L,森林地表水中TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度的变幅都相对较小,分别为0.108~0.471,0.003~0.102,0.058~0.164mg/L。(3)TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的块金系数均小于50%,各季节均有较强的空间自相关性。TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的变程均在1 000m以内,表明各指标各个季节分别在不同尺度范围内分布连续,存在空间自相关性。(4)通过Kriging插值法得知,不同季节TN、NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N地表水浓度从整体上为村庄梯田河流森林的分布规律。     

肥料增效剂对碳氮淋溶和CO_2排放量的影响

为了调控肥料养分在土壤中的转化、减少养分损失,研制和合理使用肥料增效剂具有重要意义。研究采用土柱模拟试验的方法,探讨添加不同数量肥料增效剂对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)养分淋失数量以及土壤呼吸强度的影响,从减少肥料损失、保护环境角度明确增效剂的最佳施用量,为增效剂的合理施用提供科学依据。结果表明:施用增效剂对N和C的淋洗损失和二氧化碳(CO_2)排放损失量具有显著的影响,该影响主要发生在肥料施用后的前60天左右。当增效剂按肥料投入总量的6‰和8‰加入时,淋洗液中无机氮的累积淋洗量降幅达到13%～41%(P<0.05);而淋洗的无机N以硝态氮(NO_3~--N)为主,NO_3~--N淋洗总量是NH_4~+-N淋洗总量的20倍左右。增效剂的添加对可溶性有机C无显著影响,但显著增加了土壤CO_2的排放,增幅达到14%～64%(P<0.05)。淋洗结束后,与不施增效剂处理相比,增效剂添加量为6‰和8‰处理能够显著增加土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、全氮(TN)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,而土壤有机碳(SOC)含量基本保持不变。说明肥料增效剂能够减缓肥料氮素水解速率,又能抑制NH_4~+-N转化为NO_3~--N过程,加之土壤和增效剂对NH_4~+-N的强吸附特性,致使氮素迁移总量降低,可有效减轻对地下水造成污染的风险。综合以上结果,从减少土壤C、N淋洗和保持、提升土壤C、N含量角度考虑,增效剂的最佳施用量应大于肥料投入总量的6‰。     

红壤坡地不同土地利用方式下表层土壤活性碳、氮特征

以红壤坡地长期定位试验(1995开始)为研究对象,研究自然林、草地、农作、油茶林和湿地松5种土地利用方式下表层土壤几种重要的活性碳、氮成分,包括无机态氮(NH+4-N、NO-3-N)、可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)和微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)含量及动态变化特征。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对坡地土壤DON含量没有显著影响(年均值在16.3~18.2mg/kg之间),土壤可溶性总氮(TDN)的差异主要来自可溶性无机氮(DIN)。农作利用土壤NH+4-N、NO-3-N含量显著高于其他利用方式,除油茶林外,其他土地利用方式NH+4-N含量都高于NO-3-N含量,其中自然林、草地利用方式下NH+4-N是NO-3-N含量的2.2倍和11.8倍。不同坡地利用土壤MBC含量均值范围为195.7~437.2mg/kg,土壤MBN含量为28.6~70.0mg/kg,大小顺序为:草地区自然林湿地松油茶林农作区。土壤DOC年均值范围为237.3~290.7mg/kg,其中草地土壤年均含量最高(290.7mg/kg),显著高于其它4种利用方式。总体来看,除农作、油茶林土壤DOC≥MBC外,其他土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳、氮成分均以MBC、MBN形态为主,土壤MBC/DOC和MBN/DON比值分别为1.1~1.6和1.7~3.9,其中草地土壤比值最大,农作土壤相差最小。土壤活性碳、氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量关系并不密切,其含量可能受水土流失的影响。     

Nitrogen fertilization degrades soil aggregation by increasing ammonium ions and decreasing biological binding agents on a Vertisol after 12 years

Degraded soil aggregation arising from nitrogen (N) fertilization has been reported in many studies; however, the mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Elucidating the impact of N fertilization on soil aggregation would help to improve soil structure and sustain high crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of long-term N fertilization on soil aggregation and its association with binding and dispersing agents. A 12-year (2008-2019) N fertilization field experiment on a Vertisol was performed, covering a wide range of N application rates (0, 360, 450, 540, 630, and 720 kg ha^-1 year^-1) and including straw management (straw return and straw removal) in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Soil samples of 0-20 cm depth were collected from 12 field treatments with 3 replications in 2019. Soil aggregate stability (mean weight diameter (MWD)) and contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and mineral N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) were determined. Long-term N fertilization under straw removal conditions reduced soil MWD by 12%-18% at N rates from 0 to 720 kg ha^-1 compared to that under straw return (P < 0.05). Soil MWD was positively associated with pH (P < 0.05) and MBC (P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with NH₄⁺ (P < 0.05) and NO₃^- (P < 0.05). Compared with the straw removal treatment, the straw incorporation treatment significantly improved the contents of aggregating agents (SOC, GRSP, and MBC) (P < 0.001), but did not affect that of the dispersing agent (NH₄⁺) (P > 0.05); consequently, it improved soil aggregation. Overall, our results indicate that long-term N fertilization may degrade soil aggregation because of the increases in monovalent ions (H⁺ and NH₄⁺) and the decrease in MBC during soil acidification, especially when the applied N dose exceeded 360 kg ha^-1 year^-1. Our finding can minimize the negative structural impacts on Vertisol.     

模拟氮沉降对湿性常绿阔叶次生林土壤碳氮组分和酶活性的影响

为了研究氮沉降对次生林土壤碳氮组分和酶活性的影响,以华西雨屏区湿性常绿阔叶次生林为对象,从2014年1月起进行野外定位模拟氮沉降试验,分别设置对照(CK,+0 g/(m^2·a))、低氮(LN,+5 g/(m^2·a))和高氮(HN,+15 g/(m^2·a))3个氮添加水平。在氮沉降进行27个月后,按照腐殖质层和淋溶层表层进行取样,测定不同土层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可浸提溶解性有机碳(EDOC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3^-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4^+—N)含量以及蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明:模拟氮沉降显著增加该次生林腐殖质层土壤的TOC和NH_4^+—N含量,显著增加腐殖质层和淋溶层表层土壤的NO_3^-—N含量,腐殖质层土壤C/N显著升高。淋溶层表层土壤TOC、NH_4^+—N、C/N以及2层土壤的EDOC、ROC、TN和NH_4^+—N/NO_3^-—N均无显著影响。2层土壤的多酚氧化酶活性均随着氮添加量的升高而降低,其中淋溶层表层达到显著差异。模拟氮沉降对蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响。腐殖质层中,NH_4^+—N和NO_3^-—N含量与TOC含量存在极显著正相关关系。2层土壤的多酚氧化酶活性均与NO_3^-—N含量呈极显著负相关。结果说明,模拟氮沉降使该次生林中原本较高的腐殖质层土壤TOC含量进一步显著增加,并且促进土壤无机氮的积累,而模拟氮沉降对多酚氧化酶的抑制作用更加有利于土壤有机质的积累。     

不同轮作模式对黄淮平原潮土区土壤养分及作物产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究黄淮平原潮土区不同轮作方式对不同土层土壤速效养分和小麦产量构成因素及产量的影响.采用随机区组设置连续的小麦-玉米(WM-WM-WM)、1周期小麦-玉米+1周期小麦-大豆(WM-WS-WM)、1周期小麦-玉米+1周期小麦-夏花生(WM-WP-WM)、连续的小麦-夏花生(WP-WP-WP)和连续的小麦-大...     

日光温室土壤剖面矿质态氮的含量、累积及其分布特性

测定了西安郊区和杨凌地区日光温室栽培番茄生长期间及收获后土壤剖面矿质态氮(铵态氮及硝态氮)的含量,分析了不同形态氮素在土壤剖面的累积及分布情况。结果表明,随着番茄的生长,土壤剖面硝态氮含量逐渐降低,降低的幅度因土壤层次不同而异;土壤剖面铵态氮以3月份含量最高,11月份与5月份相近。番茄收获后土壤剖面残留矿质氮以硝态氮为主,约占土壤剖面矿质氮的比例为80%～90%;残留的铵态氮在土壤剖面的分布相对较为一致。蔬菜生长期间及收获时日光温室土壤剖面硝态氮累积量均表现出在土壤表层相对累积现象,且温室土壤剖面硝态氮的残留量仍高于露地及高产农田。为减少硝态氮淋失带来的环境问题,除合理施用氮肥外,如何减少日光温室蔬菜作物收获后残留硝态氮的淋溶是值得进一步研究的问题。     

闽江福州下游段水体N含量季节变化及对湿地土壤N含量的影响

选取闽江福州下游段水体及河口短叶茳芏湿地土壤水作为研究对象,采用SAN++连续流动分析仪测试样品中NO-3—N,NO-2—N和NH+4—N含量,以揭示河流水体N含量的季节差异和对土壤水N含量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)闽江福州下游段秋季河流水NH+4—N和NO-3—N含量高于春季,NO-2—N含量低于春季;秋季短叶茳芏湿地土壤水NH+4—N和NO-2—N含量也明显高于春季,土壤水NO-3—N含量低于春季;春、秋季土壤水NH+4—N含量皆高于河流水,而NO-3—N和NO-2—N含量皆明显低于河流水。(2)河流水的浸淹对土壤N含量影响较大,说明河流水是湿地土壤的主要N源。(3)闽江福州下游段河流水3种形态的N含量表现为秋季大于春季,存在较明显的季节差异。(4)与2007—2008年的观测值相比较,闽江河口河流水体N含量呈大幅上升趋势,水体富营养化加剧。     

不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。     

Comparison of Factors Affecting Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Ammonium Nitrogen Extraction

Extraction of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) by chemical reagents and their determinations by continuous flow analysis were used to ascertain factors affecting analysis of soil mineral N. In this study, six factors affecting extraction of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N were investigated in 10 soils sampled from five arable fields in autumn and spring in northwestern China, with three replications for each soil sample. The six factors were air drying, sieve size (1, 3, and 5 mm), extracting solution [0.01 mol L^?1 calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 1 mol L^?1 potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.5 mol L^?1 potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄)] and concentration (0.5, 1, and 2 mol L^?1 KCl), solution-to-soil ratio (5:1, 10:1, and 20:1), shaking time (30, 60, and 120 min), storage time (2, 4, and 6 weeks), and storage temperature (?18 ^oC, 4 ^oC, and 25 ^oC) of extracted solution. The recovery of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N was also measured to compare the differences of three extracting reagents (CaCl₂, KCl, and K₂SO₄) for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction. Air drying decreased NO₃ ^?-N but increased NH₄ ⁺-N concentration in soil. Soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and shaken for 60 min yielded greater NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations compared to other treatments. The concentrations of extracted NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by extracting reagents. KCl was found to be most suitable for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction, as it had better recovery for soil mineral N extraction, which averaged 113.3% for NO₃ ^?-N and 94.9% for NH₄ ⁺-N. K₂SO₄ was not found suitable for NO₃ ^?-N extraction in soil, with an average recovery as high as 137.0%, and the average recovery of CaCl₂ was only 57.3% for NH₄ ⁺-N. For KCl, the concentration of extracting solution played an important role, and 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl could fully extract NO₃ ^?-N. A ratio of 10:1 of solution to soil was adequate for NO₃ ^?-N extraction, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was almost doubled when the solution-to-soil ratio was increased from 5:1 to 20:1. Storage of extracted solution at ?18 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on NO₃ ^?-N concentration, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration varied greatly with storage temperature. Storing the extracted solution at ?18 ^oC obtained significantly (P < 0.05) similar results with that determined immediately for both NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations. Compared with the immediate extraction, the averaged NO₃ ^?-N concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased after storing 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N varied in the two seasons. In conclusion, using fresh soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and extracted by 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl at a solution-to-soil ratio of 10:1 was suitable for extracting NO₃ ^?-N, whereas the concentration of extracted NH₄ ⁺-N varied with KCl concentration and increased with increasing solution-to-soil ratio. The findings also suggest that shaking for 60 min and immediate determination or storage of soil extract at ?18 ^oC could improve the reliability of NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N results.     

Effects of freeze–thaw cycles and the soil water content on carbon and nitrogen changes in different soil types of Heilongjiang Province,China

To reveal the influence of freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) on soil carbon and nitrogen changes, six typical soils in Northeast China were selected as the research objects to conduct a FTC simulation test in an artificial climate chamber. Three soil volumetric water contents (10%, 20%, 30%) and eight FTCs (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20) were set. The results showed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents of different soil types under the FTCs initially exhibited a downward and then an upward trend, while the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content exhibited an upward and then a downward trend. Otherwise, the fourth and sixth FTCs were the key points of change. The SOC, MBC and DOC contents in paddy fields were higher than those in dry fields, showing upward and then downward trends spatially from northeast to southwest. The SOC and MBC contents in each soil type were the highest at the 20% water content, and the DOC content gradually increased with increasing water content. The ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content in different soil types at different water contents under the FTCs showed an upward trend first, then a downward trend and finally an upward trend. The NH₄⁺-N content in paddy fields was higher than that in dry fields. The nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^‒-N) content showed a downward trend first, then an upward trend and finally a downward trend. The NO₃^‒-N content in dry fields was higher than that in paddy fields. The NH₄⁺-N contents in the three soil types on the Sanjiang Plain were significantly higher than those on the Songnen Plain. The NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^‒-N contents showed upward trends with increasing water content, but the differences were not significant. The results have implications for the study of different types of soils and provide references for research on the mechanism of soil carbon and nitrogen transformation in typical farming areas in Northeast China.