小麦-玉米轮作耕作方式对玉米灌浆成熟期叶片衰老生理特性的影响

为了进一步探索适宜山东省半湿润易干旱地区夏玉米高产、稳产的耕作措施,本试验研究小麦、玉米轮作下免耕、深松、深耕两季的耕作方式(7个)对夏玉米穗位叶片衰老特性、灌浆期干物质积累、转运及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明(定位试验第3年):小麦深松+玉米免耕直播+秸秆还田(W3 M2)可显著提高夏玉米叶片生育后期SOD活性、叶片可溶性蛋白含量,而MDA含量增加缓慢,显著延缓穗位叶衰老;在吐丝至成熟期间干物质生产量上,W4M4(小麦深耕+玉米隔年深耕+秸秆还田)和W1M1(小麦旋耕+玉米隔年旋耕+秸秆还田)最高,W3M2和W3M3(小麦深松+玉米隔年深松+秸秆还田)次之,均显著高于CK和W1M2(小麦旋耕+玉米免耕直播+秸秆还田);W3M2干物质向籽粒运转比例即收获指数最高,W4M4最低;各耕作方式下W3M2和W1M1籽粒产量最高,分别比对照增加23.90％和9.87％.因此在本试验条件下小麦深松+玉米免耕直播+秸秆还田(W3M2)耕作方式下更有效延长叶片功能期,提高后期叶片生理活性,促进干物质向籽粒运转,增产效果显著.本研究可为华北麦-玉两熟农区合理安排周年耕作措施提供理论依据.     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置

【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。     

红壤旱地四种春夏作物水势比较研究

大豆、花生、红薯、玉米是低丘红壤区主要的夏季旱地作物,研究表明:四种不同作物在相同或相似的环境条件下,作物水势时空分布的趋势一致;大豆(初花期)、玉米(大喇叭口期)、花生(开花结荚期)、红薯(块根膨大期)永久萎蔫时叶水势依次为:-2.3MPa、-2.10MPa、-1.75MPa、-1.30MPa,土壤水势分别为-1.159MPa、-0.818MPa、-1.534MPa、-1.644MPa。正常情况下,作物叶片水势大小及作物耐旱性顺序为:红薯>花生>大豆、玉米。小麦茬口玉米(抽穗期)和大豆(初花期)因叶片水势连续一周分别低于-2.2MPa和-2.3MPa被旱死。     

微喷水肥一体化氮肥后移对夏玉米氮素吸收及籽粒产量品质的影响

为了探明晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区适宜的节水减氮管理模式,采用田间试验,研究分析了5个水氮组合模式对夏玉米氮素积累特征、籽粒产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与大水漫灌、传统撒施肥料(CK)相比,微喷水肥一体化处理的夏玉米籽粒产量提高12.05%～45.4%,其中以微喷灌4次(出苗水+小喇叭口水+大喇叭口水+抽雄水),施纯氮227.5 kg/hm2,氮肥后移、追氮2次处理(WN3)的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量最高,籽粒氮素积累量、总氮素积累量分别较施纯氮227.5 kg/hm2,追氮1次处理(WN2)提高6.8%、14.26%,且与微喷灌、施纯氮300 kg/hm2(WN1)和WN2相比,WN3处理的氮肥利用率分别提高41.81%、23.14%,氮肥农学利用效率分别提高47.45%、49.01%。综上所述,晋南冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟区,采用微喷水肥一体化可替代漫灌实现节水减氮高产栽培,推荐微喷灌溉4次、氮肥后移处理(基肥45.5 kg/hm2+小喇叭口期追肥136.5 kg/hm2+抽雄期追肥45.5 kg/hm2)作为晋南地区夏玉米灌水施氮适宜的运筹方式,该模式相比CK减少灌水量50%、减施氮肥24.16%,提高氮肥利用效率的效果最好,实现了节水减氮的效果。     

耕作方式对华北冬小麦.夏玉米周年产量和水分利用的影响

在冬小麦季设置秸秆不还田翻耕(CT)、秸秆还田翻耕(CTS)、秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种处理,研究耕作方式对华北小麦-玉米两熟区作物周年产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:耕作方式对当季冬小麦产量和水分利用影响显著,对夏玉米产量和水分利用影响不大,但秸秆还田提高了夏玉米产量。RTS、CTS、CT 3个处理小麦季产量差异不显著,而NTS由于有效穗数不足,产量显著低于其他处理;与CT相比,NTS周年产量平均减产5.13%,RTS增产2.69%,CTS增产2.33%。耕作方式对当季小麦土壤水分含量影响大,而对后茬夏玉米土壤水分含量的影响较小。NTS提高了小麦季土壤水分含量,增加了土壤储水量,与CT相比,0~60 cm土壤储水量2010年和2011年分别增加39.07 mm和26.65 mm。从耗水构成来看,土壤水在冬小麦耗水中所占比例最大,其次为灌水和降水;而夏玉米耗水以降水为主,且降水中有一部分转化为土壤水储存起来。NTS提高了冬小麦季土壤储水量,降低了土壤水分的消耗,冬小麦季耗水最少。与CT相比,NTS小麦季平均节水22.40 mm,周年耗水量也以NTS最少;但NTS冬小麦产量降低导致其小麦季和周年水分利用效率均最低。从作物周年产量和水分利用的角度来看,如何提高免耕秸秆覆盖小麦季产量,进而提高周年产量,发挥其节水优势,是该耕作模式在华北地区冬小麦?夏玉米两熟区推广应用亟需解决的关键问题。     

华北平原夏玉米潜在产量时空演变及其对气候变化的响应

华北平原是我国的粮食主产区,为探讨气候变化可能对该地区粮食产量产生的影响,本文以中国科学院青藏高原研究所的中国区域地面气象要素数据集为基础,对作物生长模型WOFOST(WOrld FOod STudy)进行面域化,模拟华北平原1979—2015年夏玉米的生长情况;利用一元线性回归、经验正交分解(EOF)分析了华北平原夏玉米潜在产量的时空变化,利用逐个栅格相关性分析、奇异值分解(SVD)分析了华北平原不同区域夏玉米潜在产量与全生育期、吐丝前和吐丝后平均温度及日均太阳总辐射的相关性。结果表明,研究区夏玉米潜在产量大致呈现从南向北逐渐升高的特点,大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量为7 000~9 000 kg?hm~(-2);研究区西北部夏玉米潜在产量波动较大,波动较小的地区在北京南部、天津以及河北中部一带,标准差在500 kg?hm~(-2)以下;研究区西北部及河北唐山北部以及山东半岛东部夏玉米潜在产量呈上升趋势,这些地区的夏玉米潜在产量上升幅度大部分在200~600 kg?hm~(-2)?(10a)~(-1);研究区的其余大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量呈下降趋势,其中河北中南部、天津、鲁西北以及皖北的部分区域下降较明显,变化幅度在-250 kg?hm~(-2)?(10a)~(-1)左右。河北西部和东北部、北京西北部以及山东中部和东部等地区的夏玉米潜在产量与气温具有较显著的相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,这些地区的夏玉米潜在产量在过去37年呈上升趋势,表明这些地区夏玉米潜在产量的增加可能是由气温上升导致的。北京东部和南部、天津、河北中南部及秦皇岛唐山南部、山东、河南东部、皖北和苏北等地区的夏玉米潜在产量与太阳总辐射具有较好的相关关系,相关系数在0.8左右,其中,吐丝后通过显著性检验的区域较吐丝前大,相关系数也较吐丝前大,该区域大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量呈下降趋势,可能是由该区域太阳总辐射下降导致的,且总辐射的下降主要对夏玉米的生殖生长阶段构成影响。总的来说,研究区夏玉米潜在产量上升的区域与温度的上升有关,温度的变化是这些地区夏玉米潜在产量变化的主导因子;研究区夏玉米潜在产量下降的区域与太阳总辐射的下降有关,太阳总辐射的变化是这些地区夏玉米潜在产量变化的主导因子。因此,气候变化背景下针对华北平原不同地区制定不同的合理应对措施显得尤为重要。     

不同耕作方式下有机肥施用量对华北潮土性质及作物产量的影响

探讨不同耕作方式下有机肥施用量对华北潮土理化特性和作物产量的影响,为该区域土壤培肥及作物增产提供科学依据。以华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,有机肥施用量为副区。耕作方式设深翻和旋耕2个水平(分别以DT和RT表示);有机肥施用量设0、7.5、15和22.5 t/hm~24个水平(分别以M_0、M_(7.5)、M_(15)、M_(22.5)表示)。在作物成熟期采集0～20 cm土壤样品并进行产量测定,采用常规方法进行土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的测定。结果表明,深翻条件下,不同施肥量下土壤SOM、TN、AP、AK和NH_4~+-N含量均无显著差异;DT-M_(15)和DT-M-22.5处理的土壤NO_3~-N含量最高,分别为125.28和137.7 mg/kg,显著高于DT-M_0处理和DT-M_(7.5)处理(P0.05)。旋耕条件下,与RT-M_0相比,RT-M7.5处理下土壤SOM、AK和NH_4~+-N含量,分别显著提高了15.26%、52.70%和119.19%。深翻条件下,DT-M_(15)和DT-M_(22.5)处理的小麦和玉米产量最高,分别比DT-M_0的小麦产量显著高14.1%和19.0%,比DT-M_0的玉米产量显著高19.9%和23.5%。在旋耕条件下,RT-M_(7.5)处理的小麦产量最高,分别比RT-M_0处理和RT-M_(15)的小麦产量显著高22.6%和21.4%;旋耕条件下的玉米产量在不同有机肥施用量之间无显著差异。综上所述,在华北潮土区,深翻-中量有机肥(15 t/hm~2)和旋耕-低量有机肥(7.5 t/hm~2)是提升土壤肥力、提高小麦玉米产量较为理想的耕作与施肥方式,但其作用机理及长期效果还需进一步试验研究。     

粮油轮作中施肥对产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用田间定位方法连续4年研究钾肥、有饥肥对产量和土壤耕层化学性质的影响，结果表明，油菜-夏玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米轮作连续4年施钾仍有显著的增产作用，玉米平均增产447kg／hm^2，油菜240kg／hm^2有机肥对3种作物有显著增产作用，玉米平均增产538kg／hm^2，油菜286kg／hm^2，小麦353kg／hm^2夏玉米施有机肥比油菜、小麦增产显著，塿土施有机肥土壤钾素收支基本平衡。     

华北平原主要种植模式农业地下水足迹研究——以河北省吴桥县为例

本研究采用地下水足迹分析方法,以华北平原传统冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区河北省吴桥县为例,开展冬小麦、夏玉米两熟复种体系农业地下水资源消耗研究,在此基础上分析了不同作物地下水足迹对地下水资源的影响,以期为华北平原地下水超采区种植结构调整提供理论依据。研究结果表明,自1949年以来,吴桥县冬小麦地下水足迹均高于夏玉米,历年冬小麦和夏玉米的地下水足迹均值分别为89.02 km~2和29.84 km~2。从变化趋势来看,吴桥县冬小麦和夏玉米的地下水足迹均呈波动上升的趋势。而作物地下水足迹胁迫指数(GF/Aaq),冬小麦基本处于中等程度胁迫(0.1GF/Aaq1),夏玉米绝大多数年份处于较轻程度胁迫(0.01GF/Aaq0.1),但两种作物胁迫指数近年来不断增加。对该区域其他作物地下水足迹计算结果表明,夏花生和马铃薯的每平方米地下水足迹较低,分别为2.08×10~(-7)km~2和1.94×10-7 km~2,且两者的每平方米地下水足迹胁迫指数在被比较作物中同样最低,分别为3.57×10~(-10)和3.34×10~(-10)。根据作物比较认为传统冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式可以通过在农作制度调整过程中将花生、马铃薯作为替代作物引入到当地的种植结构中,可在一定程度上减少对地下水资源的消耗,从而缓解区域环境中的地下水资源压力。因此,为改善华北平原农业地下水资源的利用状况,可以通过调整作物种植结构,增加低耗水作物与主粮作物复种轮作的面积有效控制地下水资源的开采,实现农业的可持续发展。     

华北地区作物生长期水氮含量变化过程模拟及其参数敏感性分析

根据中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站2006-2007年小麦-玉米生长季实测的作物水氮动态变化数据,进行CERES-Wheat和CERES-Maize模型在华北地区冬小麦和夏玉米作物水氮过程模拟能力的验证及参数敏感性分析。结果表明,模型模拟的冬小麦生长季土壤含水量、土壤硝态氮含量、植株含氮量与实测值的相关系数分别为0.46、0.74和0.68,夏玉米则依次为0.95、0.62和0.72。敏感性分析发现土壤含水量和土壤硝态氮含量对土壤参数变化比较敏感,植株含氮量则受遗传参数影响显著。当田间持水量相对变化+10%时,冬小麦和夏玉米的土壤含水量相对变化率分别为+7.5%和+8.8%,冬小麦和夏玉米土壤硝态氮含量的相对变化率分别为+12.0%和+17.9%。叶热间距PHINT对冬小麦植株含氮量有负效应,PHINT相对变化+10%时冬小麦植株含氮量的相对变化率为-11.5%;夏玉米植株含氮量对出苗-幼苗末期所需温时(P1)较为敏感,P1变化+10%时夏玉米植株含氮量相对变化+9.3%。     

不同耕作模式对小麦—玉米轮作下潮土养分和作物产量的影响

通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

Regression equations to monitor inorganic nitrogen changes in fallow and wheat soils

Soil NH⁺₄-N and NO^?₃-N at five soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 cm) and some environmental variables were measured in a field trial under fallow and wheat for 9 months.Significant linear and quadratic relationships were obtained relating soil NH⁺₄-N, NO^?₃-N, NH⁺₄-N + NO^?₃-N, and NH⁺₄-N + NO^?₃ + total-N uptake by wheat to soil heat accumulation (temperature), moisture, and rainfall. R² values generally decreased with soil depth and the maximum value (37%) was obtained for NO^?₃-N changes in the topsoil (0–10 cm).Although a considerable amount of variation in the inorganic values recorded is not included in the equations, our results suggest that the development of the above relationships particularly of the quadratic type are useful to predict crop requirements for N by measurement of environmental variables in the field.     

Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Soil Available Nitrogen During Crop Growth Stages on Mollisol Slopes of Northeast China

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil available nitrogen (AN) (sum of NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) is the essential basis for soil management and highly correlates to crop yield. Both geostatistical and traditional analyses were used to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of AN in the 0–20‐cm soil depth on typical Mollisol slopes (S1 and S2) in Northeast China. The concentration of NO₃⁻–N dynamics at slope positions was typically opposite to NH₄⁺–N. The peak values of AN typically moved from the summit of the slope to the bottom from spring to autumn and were mainly influenced by the content of NO₃⁻–N (S1, 7·9–18·9 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 1·2–103·6 mg kg⁻¹), both of NO₃⁻–N (S1, 3·9–8·3 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 2·2–28·0 mg kg⁻¹) and NH₄⁺–N (S1, 21·4–30·5 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 2·1–23·3 mg kg⁻¹), and NH₄⁺–N (S1, 10·5–28·9 mg kg⁻¹; S2, 5·0–39·0 mg kg⁻¹) in the seedling stage, vegetative growth stage, and reproductive growth stage, respectively. The spatial autocorrelation of AN was strong and was mainly influenced by structural factors during crop growth stages. This was mainly determined by soil erosion–deposition (SED) and soil temperature–moisture (STM) in the seedling stage; this was also mainly influenced by SED, STM, crop type, and crop growth in the vegetative growth stage and by early STM and early SED in the reproductive growth stage. Generally, the content of AN, NO₃⁻–N, and NH₄⁺–N on the whole slope was mainly determined by the early SED and local fertilizer application, while their spatiotemporal heterogeneity, especially the evenness, was mainly changed by SED, STM, crop growth, and crop types on the slope scale. In order to increase more crop yields, additional N fertilizer application on both the summit and the bottom during the vegetative growth stage and conservation tillage systems or additional soil amendments on the back slopes was necessary. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of Soil Moisture,pH, Organic Carbon,and Nitrogen Under Switchgrass Cropping in a Semiarid Sandy Wasteland

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial biofuel crop with a high production potential and suitable for growth on marginal land. This study investigates the long-term planting effect of switchgrass on the dynamics of soil moisture, pH, organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^–-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) for soils to a depth of 90-cm in a sandy wasteland, Inner Mongolia, China. After crop harvesting in 2015, soil samples were collected from under switchgrass stands established in 2006, 2008, and 2009, native mixture, and a control that was virgin sand. Averaged across six layers, soil moisture and pH was significantly higher under the native mixture than switchgrass or virgin sand. However, SOC and TN were significantly higher under the 2006 switchgrass stand when compared with all other vegetation treatments and the control. The SOC and TN increased from 2.37 and 0.26 g kg^?1, respectively, for 2009 switchgrass stand, and to 3.21 and 0.42 g kg^?1, respectively, for 2006 switchgrass stand. Meanwhile, SOC and TN contents were 2.51 and 0.27 g kg^?1, respectively, under the native mixture. The soil beneath switchgrass and native mixture showed the highest NO₃^–-N and NH₄⁺-N, respectively. The soil moisture increased with depth while SOC, TN, and NO₃^–-N decreased. An obvious trend of increasing moisture, SOC, TN, and mineral N was observed with increasing switchgrass stand age. Thus, growing switchgrass on sandy soils can enhance SOC and TN, improve the availability of mineral N, and generate more appropriate pH conditions for this energy cropping system.     

砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地氮磷时空分布与流失特征

[目的]研究砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地动态过程中表层土壤NH+4—N和有效磷(AP)的时空分布,揭示氮磷随地表径流流失的雨强和坡度变化特征。[方法]选择淮北平原砂姜黑土区两类不同煤矿井工开采方式引发的地表塌陷坡耕地,动态监测表层土壤中NH+4—N和AP含量,并在实验室应用人工模拟降雨,测定2种雨强和3种坡度处理的地表径流中可溶态及颗粒态NH+4—N,AP含量。[结果](1)充填开采地表塌陷坡耕地表层土壤中NH+4—N含量为16.5~72.0mg/kg,AP为26.0~63.5mg/kg,非充填开采分别为9.08~67.2 mg/kg和22.4~82.1 mg/kg,未塌陷区域为83.5~162 mg/kg和38.7~86.5mg/kg;(2)两种开采方式地表塌陷坡地土壤NH+4—N和AP含量与未塌陷区域相比,均显著降低(p0.05),NH+4—N含量自坡顶至坡底逐渐增加。随时间推移,NH+4—N和AP含量未显著降低,AP含量反而有增加迹象;(3)强降雨时NH+4—N和AP的流失量是弱降雨的3~5倍,颗粒态NH+4—N和AP流失量占总流失量的60%以上。坡度越大,NH+4—N和AP的流失量越多,流失量突变的坡度为5°~10°之间。[结论]砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地土壤氮磷流失显著增加,颗粒态NH+4—N和AP为径流流失的主要形式。     

螃蟹对闽江河口互花米草湿地土壤活性养分变化的影响

为阐明螃蟹活动对湿地土壤活性养分含量变化的影响,对闽江河口湿地不同潮滩螃蟹干扰下的土壤DOC、MBC、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、Fe及其价态含量特征进行测定和分析。结果表明:有螃蟹组土壤DOC和MBC含量分别为95.98,11.13mg/kg,对照组含量分别为106.99,7.54mg/kg,螃蟹组土壤DOC含量略低于对照组(P0.05),螃蟹组土壤MBC含量高于对照组(P0.05);两者含量最高值和最低值分别出现在夏季和冬季,且夏季显著高于其他季节(P0.05)。螃蟹组土壤NH_4~+-N和土壤NO_3~--N含量分别为22.45,1.08mg/kg,对照组含量分别为23.65,1.44mg/kg,螃蟹组土壤NH_4~+-N含量低于对照组(P0.05),螃蟹组土壤NO_3~--N含量低于对照组(P0.05);不同季节,土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量存在显著差异(P0.01)。螃蟹组土壤总铁含量略高于对照组(P0.05);螃蟹组土壤Fe2+含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);螃蟹组和对照组土壤Fe3+含量差异不明显(P0.05)。不同季节,土壤总Fe、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)含量存在显著差异(P0.01)。     

Soil mineral nitrogen dynamics under bare fallow and wheat in vertisols of semi-arid Mediterranean Morocco

 The evoluion of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N was monitored during three growing seasons, 1992–1993, 1993–1994, 1994–1995 in the soil profile (0–60 or 0–90 cm) under bare fallow and wheat on a vertisol site of the Sais plateau, Morocco. The aim of this study was to relate the soil mineral N dynamics to crop N uptake and soil N transformation processes. The efficacy of the current N fertilisation rate (100 kg N ha^–1) for wheat production in the region was evaluated. The high level of residual mineral N in the soil profile resulted from a low N plant uptake relative to the soil N supply and N fertilisation, and masked the effect of N fertilisation on dry matter accumulation. NH₄ ⁺-N was present in considerable amounts, suggesting a low nitrification rate under the given pedo-climatic conditions. An artefact due to the sampling procedure was encountered shortly after the application of N fertiliser. Losses through leaching and denitrification occurred after heavy rainfall, but were limited. At least part of the exchangeable NH₄ ⁺-N seemed to be barely taken up by the crop. NO₃ ^–-N was therefore considered to be a better indicator of plant-available N than total mineral N for this type of soil. The low N fertiliser use efficiencies demonstrated clearly that the current fertilisation rate (100 kg N ha^–1) for wheat production in this region is unsustainable. The maximum N uptake ranged from 40 kg N ha^–1 to 180 kg N ha^–1. The estimation of the seasonal production potential is considered to be the main prerequisite for the determination of the best rates and timing of N fertiliser application in this region. Received: 9 December 1997     

日光温室土壤剖面矿质态氮的含量、累积及其分布特性

测定了西安郊区和杨凌地区日光温室栽培番茄生长期间及收获后土壤剖面矿质态氮(铵态氮及硝态氮)的含量,分析了不同形态氮素在土壤剖面的累积及分布情况。结果表明,随着番茄的生长,土壤剖面硝态氮含量逐渐降低,降低的幅度因土壤层次不同而异;土壤剖面铵态氮以3月份含量最高,11月份与5月份相近。番茄收获后土壤剖面残留矿质氮以硝态氮为主,约占土壤剖面矿质氮的比例为80%～90%;残留的铵态氮在土壤剖面的分布相对较为一致。蔬菜生长期间及收获时日光温室土壤剖面硝态氮累积量均表现出在土壤表层相对累积现象,且温室土壤剖面硝态氮的残留量仍高于露地及高产农田。为减少硝态氮淋失带来的环境问题,除合理施用氮肥外,如何减少日光温室蔬菜作物收获后残留硝态氮的淋溶是值得进一步研究的问题。     

Comparison of Factors Affecting Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Ammonium Nitrogen Extraction

Extraction of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) by chemical reagents and their determinations by continuous flow analysis were used to ascertain factors affecting analysis of soil mineral N. In this study, six factors affecting extraction of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N were investigated in 10 soils sampled from five arable fields in autumn and spring in northwestern China, with three replications for each soil sample. The six factors were air drying, sieve size (1, 3, and 5 mm), extracting solution [0.01 mol L^?1 calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 1 mol L^?1 potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.5 mol L^?1 potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄)] and concentration (0.5, 1, and 2 mol L^?1 KCl), solution-to-soil ratio (5:1, 10:1, and 20:1), shaking time (30, 60, and 120 min), storage time (2, 4, and 6 weeks), and storage temperature (?18 ^oC, 4 ^oC, and 25 ^oC) of extracted solution. The recovery of soil NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N was also measured to compare the differences of three extracting reagents (CaCl₂, KCl, and K₂SO₄) for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction. Air drying decreased NO₃ ^?-N but increased NH₄ ⁺-N concentration in soil. Soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and shaken for 60 min yielded greater NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations compared to other treatments. The concentrations of extracted NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by extracting reagents. KCl was found to be most suitable for NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N extraction, as it had better recovery for soil mineral N extraction, which averaged 113.3% for NO₃ ^?-N and 94.9% for NH₄ ⁺-N. K₂SO₄ was not found suitable for NO₃ ^?-N extraction in soil, with an average recovery as high as 137.0%, and the average recovery of CaCl₂ was only 57.3% for NH₄ ⁺-N. For KCl, the concentration of extracting solution played an important role, and 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl could fully extract NO₃ ^?-N. A ratio of 10:1 of solution to soil was adequate for NO₃ ^?-N extraction, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was almost doubled when the solution-to-soil ratio was increased from 5:1 to 20:1. Storage of extracted solution at ?18 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on NO₃ ^?-N concentration, whereas the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration varied greatly with storage temperature. Storing the extracted solution at ?18 ^oC obtained significantly (P < 0.05) similar results with that determined immediately for both NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations. Compared with the immediate extraction, the averaged NO₃ ^?-N concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased after storing 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N varied in the two seasons. In conclusion, using fresh soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and extracted by 0.5 mol L^?1 KCl at a solution-to-soil ratio of 10:1 was suitable for extracting NO₃ ^?-N, whereas the concentration of extracted NH₄ ⁺-N varied with KCl concentration and increased with increasing solution-to-soil ratio. The findings also suggest that shaking for 60 min and immediate determination or storage of soil extract at ?18 ^oC could improve the reliability of NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N results.