夏闲期复播绿肥对旱地麦田土壤团聚体碳氮含量的影响

为探究不同绿肥品种翻压条件下晋南旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性以及有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在不同粒径团聚体的分布特征,深入了解不同种类绿肥的增碳保氮机制。已连续3年(2018—2021年)不同绿肥品种(对照休闲、大豆、绿豆、油葵、玉米)翻压还田后冬小麦收获期0-10,10-20,20-30 cm土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法进行土壤粒径分级,并分析粗大团聚体(>2 mm)、细大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)和粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)中SOC和TN含量,测算团聚体的构成与稳定性(R_0.25,>0.25 mm团聚体含量;MWD,平均重量直径;GMD,几何平均直径),并测定各粒径团聚体SOC和TN及其对土壤总有机碳和总氮的贡献率。结果表明:不同绿肥处理下旱地麦田土壤团聚体质量占比均以细大团聚体0.25~2 mm为主(占22.77%~39.71%)。复播绿肥显著增加0-30 cm土层>2 mm粒径团聚体质量占比,以大豆绿肥增加最明显,0.25~2,0.053~0.25 mm粒径团聚体质量占比降低,对<0.053 mm粉黏粒的影响不明显;大豆绿肥对各土层R_0.25、MWD和GMD值提高作用明显。大豆和玉米对0-30 cm各土层土壤总有机碳含量具有显著提高作用,分别提高27.83%和25.71%。大豆绿肥进一步提高土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量。复播绿肥降低土壤全氮含量,大豆绿肥处理的降低程度最小,且对<0.053 mm粉黏粒全氮含量具有增加作用。0.25~2,>2 mm大团聚体对0-10 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮的贡献率最高;复播绿肥提升土壤碳氮比(平均21.39),较对照休闲(平均13.71)提高7.68,其中玉米提升效果最佳,大豆次之。综合土壤增碳固氮效果,连续3年翻压大豆绿肥可有效提高旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性,提升土壤肥力。     

华北地区土地利用类型对土壤呼吸、有机碳组分和水稳性团聚体的影响

土壤呼吸和土壤团聚体对土壤肥力、质量和土壤的可持续利用等具有重要作用。通过湿筛法得到华北地区不同土地利用类型土壤大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25～2 mm)、微团聚体(53μm～0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(53μm)的质量分数和土壤呼吸速率。结果表明:不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸随着月份的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在7月份最大,呈倒V字型变化规律,7月以后,土壤呼吸急剧降低,其中在1月份土壤呼吸速率最小。不同土地利用类型对土壤呼吸具有明显的影响,土壤呼吸速率大小基本表现为次生林人工林灌木农田果园,其中,次生林和人工林显著高于其他土地利用类型(p0.05),灌木和农田差异不显著(p0.05),果园显著低于其他土地利用类型(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和轻组分有机碳(SLOC)影响较为明显,其大小基本表现为次生林人工林灌木农田果园。次生林和人工林以0.25 mm的大团聚体为主,占粒径总组成的20%以上;灌木以中间团聚体和粉+黏团聚体为主;而农田和果园则以粉+黏团聚体为主,约占粒径总组成的40%。林地的开垦会导致大团聚体的破碎化,灌木及农田0.25 mm的大团聚体含量较林地低,土壤结构趋于恶化;而农田闲置为果园后,则会促使粉+黏团聚体向粒径大的微团聚体及中间团聚体转化,使土壤结构趋于改善。灌木及农田土壤颗粒的MWD(平均质量直径)和GMD(几何平均直径)值均显著低于林地和灌木(p0.05),农田撂荒后,MWD和GMD值均显著升高(p0.05),表明林地开垦后导致土壤团聚体的稳定性降低,而农田弃耕会增强团聚体的稳定性。土壤中0.25 mm团聚体含量、MWD、GMD和土壤呼吸均与土壤TOC,SLOC和POC皆呈现显著正相关性(p0.05),其中0.25 mm团聚体含量、MWD、GMD和土壤呼吸与LFOC和POC之间的相关关系达到极显著水平(p0.01),且相关系数较大,说明与土壤TOC相比,LFOC和POC对土壤水稳性团聚体和稳定性的贡献更大,并且LFOC和POC对土壤呼吸的贡献更大。     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田套作模式土壤团聚体的影响,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+覆盖(TS)和垄作+覆盖(RS)4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作体系玉米大豆共生时期土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定分析.结果表明:在玉米条带,随着团聚体粒级的减小各处理间水稳性团聚体质量分数差异降低,且差异主要出现在＞0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中.但是在小麦—大豆条带,不同处理的水稳性团聚体含量没有明显差异.不同土层的土壤水稳性团聚体含量趋势一致,大小排序为A1(＞2 mm粒级的团聚体)＞A2(2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体)＞M2(＜0.053mm粒级的团聚体)＞M1(0.25～0.053 mm粒级的团聚体).0-5 cm土层＞2 mm粒级的团聚体含量在36.31％～54.84％之间,低于5-10 cm土层的含量(55.22％～70.73％),耕作处理对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响主要表现在0-5 cm土层中,5-10 cm土层各处理间没有差异.不同粒级团聚体内有机碳含量大小排序为A2＞A1＞M1＞M2,有机碳主要富集在2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体内,其中的水稳性团聚体有机碳含量变化尤其敏感.保护性耕作措施能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,虽然2～0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量最高,但是它的质量分数较低,土壤总有机碳增加主要是由于＞2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量提高.在西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作模式下,保护性耕作有利于改善土壤团聚体结构,增加大团聚体含量,促进土壤有机碳的固定.     

长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以连续种植花生26年的旱地红壤为研究对象,选取了有机无机配施试验区的NPK(对照),NPK+花生秸秆(还田)、NPK+稻秆(稻秆)、NPK+鲜萝卜菜(绿肥)及NPK+猪厩肥(厩肥)等5个肥料处理土壤,采用吸管法逐级提取了大小粒级微团聚体土壤样品,分析了各粒级微团聚体的有机碳含量变化及其对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,探讨了微团聚体的粒级组成与土壤有机碳含量及分形维数的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥未能显著改变旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体比例的分布格局,即0.25~0.05 mm2~0.25 mm0.05~0.01 mm(0.005 mm)0.01~0.005 mm,其中优势粒径0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体所占比例为44.3%~50.0%。配施有机肥可以显著增加旱地红壤2~0.25 mm,0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,提高特征微团聚体比例,增大分形维数,且随着0.05 mm粒级微团聚体数量的增多,分形维数均显著增大。各粒级团聚体有机碳的平均含量大小依次为:(0.005 mm)0.25~0.05 mm(2~0.25 mm)0.05~0.01 mm0.01~0.005 mm,其中0.25~0.05mm与0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳受施肥的影响差异显著。土壤有机碳总量与2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,其中0.25~0.05 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率为55.4%,显著高于其它粒级微团聚体。     

海涂围垦区不同耐盐树种根际土壤团聚体形成及养分分布特征

以温州宋埠围垦区的滨海潮滩盐土为研究对象,种植泌盐乔木——柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、拒盐灌木——厚叶石斑木(Rhaphiolepis umbellata)和拒盐乔木——白榆(Ulmus pumila),分析植树2 a后各树种根际土壤团聚体形成及养分分布特征。与裸地相比,柽柳、厚叶石斑木和白榆根际土壤pH分别下降0.14、0.43、0.39,电导率分别下降80%、70%、72%。裸地土壤粒径均小于0.053 mm,各树种根际土壤形成的微团聚体(0.25～0.053 mm)占土壤总质量的5.0%～5.9%,大团聚体(2～0.25 mm)占比小于1%。相比粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm),微团聚体中有机碳和游离铁含量分别呈现上升和下降趋势,表明微团聚体形成可能是一个脱铁富碳过程。与裸地相比,各树种根际土壤全氮和碱解氮显著增加,而速效钾含量显著下降。各树种根际土壤全氮和碱解氮含量以白榆最高(分别为1.20 g·kg–1和42.6 mg·kg–1),且微团聚体中全氮和碱解氮显著高于粉+黏团聚体。综上所述,植树2a后,各树种根际土壤盐碱度显著下降,且形成团聚体,表明柽柳、厚叶石斑木和白榆适宜作为浙南围垦区的改良树种。其中,白榆根际形成的团聚体数量多,富集碳、氮养分效果好,为首选树种。     

生物炭对豫西丘陵区农田土壤团聚体稳定性及碳、氮分布的影响

为研究生物炭对豫西丘陵地区农田土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及其碳、氮在团聚体中分布的影响,进一步探明生物炭对丘陵区农田土壤结构和养分的长期作用效果。采用田间长期定位试验,生物炭用量为0(C0),20(C20),40(C40)t/hm~2 3个处理,研究生物炭施用5年后对土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,探究土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特性。结果表明:施加20,40 t/hm~2生物炭可提高0—20,20—40 cm土层的机械性0.5 mm以上粒级和水稳性0.053 mm以上粒级团聚体含量。在0—20 cm土层中,C20和C40处理下0.25 mm的机械性团聚体(DR_(0.25))分别较对照增加3.78%和6.83%,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WR_(0.25))分别较对照增加31.0%和49.45%,土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))分别较对照降低4.30%和6.85%,土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别较对照降低9.71%和14.77%,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别较对照增加28.44%和45.34%,几何平均直径(GMD)分别较对照增加32.04%和54.92%。各粒级的有机碳和全氮含量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,有机碳和全氮含量都以0.25～0.053 mm粒级最高,且0—20 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量高于20—40 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量;随着生物炭施用量的增加,2,2～0.25,0.25～0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之增加,而0.053 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之降低。总体来说,生物炭能够改善豫西丘陵地区农田土壤的团聚体结构,增加土壤大团聚体的含量,增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤团聚体中碳、氮含量,有利于豫西地区农田土壤肥力的保持和持续健康发展。     

咸水灌溉对麦—玉两熟制农田土壤水稳性团聚体的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对麦—玉两熟轮作农田土壤团聚体的影响效应,在长期定位咸水灌溉试验(始于2006年)的基础上,研究了不同矿化度咸水连续灌溉第13~14年农田土壤盐分(EC e)及水稳性团聚体分布和稳定性指标的变化规律。试验设置5个灌溉水矿化度处理,分别为1,2,4,6,8 g/L。结果表明,0—40 cm土层土壤EC e随灌溉水矿化度增加而增大,4,6,8 g/L灌水处理与1 g/L处理间差异达显著水平。咸水灌溉改变土壤水稳性团聚体的粒级分布,灌溉水矿化度≤4 g/L时,0—40 cm土壤水稳性团聚体以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为优势粒级,随灌溉水矿化度增加,大团聚体质量分数降低,微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)和粉+黏团聚体(<0.053 mm)质量分数增大,当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时,粉+黏团聚体占比最大。咸水灌溉降低土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性,随灌溉水矿化度的增加,土壤团聚体平均重量直径和几何平均直径减小,分形维数增大,但2 g/L与1 g/L灌水处理间无显著差异。在该研究灌溉制度下,≥4 g/L咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分,破坏土壤团粒结构,应谨慎使用。     

不同肥力红壤水稻土根际团聚体组成和碳氮分布动态

研究水稻种植期间表层土壤团聚体数量及其有机碳、全氮含量的变化,对揭示人为耕作的影响、认知土壤肥力的演变规律具有重要意义。选择两种不同肥力的红壤性水稻土进行田间根袋试验,分别于水稻插秧前、分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期采样,分析了水稻生长过程中根际和非根际土壤团聚体组成、稳定性以及有机碳、全氮分布的动态变化。结果表明,低肥力土壤团聚体以0.25 mm大团聚体为主(56.2%~64.0%),0.25~1 mm粒级团聚体含量最高;除1~2 mm粒级外,水稻生育期内根际土壤各粒级团聚体含量均有显著变化;取样时期、根际作用与取样时期的交互效应对0.25~1 mm和0.053~0.25 mm粒级含量有显著影响。高肥力土壤中以0.25 mm微团聚体为主(59.8%~72.0%),0.053~0.25 mm粒级团聚体比例最高,取样时期显著影响0.25 mm大团聚体含量,根际作用与取样时期的交互效应对2 mm粒级含量有极显著影响。与非根际相比,根际土壤大团聚体的破坏率较低,平均重量直径(MWD)较高,种植水稻有助于提高根际土壤的稳定性。两种肥力土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均表现为1~2 mm粒级最高,0.053~0.25 mm粒级最低,大团聚体中显著高于微团聚体。根际土壤中,水稻成熟期各粒级团聚体有机碳含量与插秧前无显著差异,而分蘖期和孕穗期有明显波动;水稻的生长降低了大团聚体中的全氮含量,对高肥力土壤的影响更为显著。总体而言,低肥力土壤中,根际作用主要影响团聚体组成和稳定性,取样时期影响团聚体碳氮含量;高肥力土壤中,团聚体组成和碳氮分布受根际作用和取样时期的共同影响。     

化肥与有机物料配施对黄褐土团聚体分布及有机碳含量的影响

通过对黄褐土小麦/玉米轮作定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及团聚体中有机碳含量、各级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率的影响。结果表明:黄褐土的水稳性团聚体组成主要以0.25 mm粒径为主,施有机物料增加了0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,同时提高团聚体的稳定性。团聚体有机碳主要存在于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中,并随着水稳性团聚体粒径的增大而明显增加。化肥配施秸秆对黄褐土水稳性团聚体影响较大,显著增加0.053 mm各粒径水稳性团聚体含量,降低0.053 mm水稳性团聚体含量,同时显著提高团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和稳定率(R0.25),并且化肥配施秸秆对土壤中0.25 mm各粒径团聚体对有机碳的贡献率增加更为明显。而化肥配施鸡粪对土壤中0.25 mm各粒径团聚体中有机碳增加效果最好。     

常规与有机农田土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量研究

长期施用化肥或连作农田管理模式导致土壤质量退化及碳氮损失加剧。以常规农作大豆和转换后的有机农作大豆田土壤为研究对象,利用土壤物理分组技术,分析了土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量变化。结果表明,常规农作大豆田转换为有机农作大豆田后,<0.053mm粉粒加黏粒比重显著降低,0.053~0.25mm较小团聚体显著增加,土壤稳定性增大,土壤及团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量都显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤包被于较小的大团聚体(0.25~2mm)中的<0.053mm细颗粒有机质百分比显著降低,0.053~2mm粗颗粒有机质显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤及团聚体中碳氮储量都显著高于常规农作大豆田,土壤碳汇和氮汇效应增大。有机农作大豆田土壤稳定性增加,团聚体中碳氮含量显著增加,土壤碳汇效应增强,有机农作方式可能比常规农作方式更有利于土壤碳氮资源持续利用。     

Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Attributes and Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Under Long-Term Rice-Wheat Cropping

The quantification of phosphorus(P) in bulk soil and P distribution in different size fractions of water-stable aggregates(WSAs)are important for assessing potential P loss through runoff. We evaluated available and total P distribution within WSAs of a sitty clay to clay soil in a long-term fertility experiment of a rice-wheat cropping system in India. Surface soil samples were collected from seven plots amended with NPK fertilizers in combination with or without organic amendments, farmyard manure(FYM), green manure(GM), and paddy straw(PS). The plot with no NPK fertilizers or organic amendments was set as a control. The soil samples were separated by wet sieving into four soil aggregate size fractions: large macroaggregates( 2.0 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2.0 mm), fine microaggregates(0.05–0.25 mm), and a silt + clay-sized fraction( 0.05 mm). Structural indices were higher in the soil receiving organic amendments than in the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone. Organically amended soil had a higher proportion of stable macroaggregates than the control and the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, which were rich in microaggregates. Total and available P contents within WSAs were inversely related to the aggregate size, irrespective of treatment. The distribution of available and total P in the soil aggregate size fraction was as follows: silt + clay-size fraction small macroaggregates fine microaggregates large macroaggregates. Within a size class, aggregate-associated available and total P contents in the organically amended soil were in the following order: FYM PS ≥ GM. The available P content of the microaggregates( 0.25 mm) was 8-to 10-times higher than that of the macroaggregates( 0.25 mm), and the total P content of the microaggregates was 4-to 5-times higher than that of the macroaggregates. Cultivation without organic amendments resulted in more microaggregates that could be checked by the application of organic amendments such as FYM and GM, which increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates by consolidating microaggregates into macroaggregates.     

不同土地利用方式对岷江流域土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

采用湿筛法测量了岷江流域不同土地利用方式下不同土层（0—10,10—20,20—30 cm）土壤大团聚体（> 2 mm）、中间团聚体（0.25~2 mm）、微团聚体（53 μm~0.25 mm）以及粉+黏团聚体（<53 μm）的质量分数及各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量,并探讨了各粒径土壤团聚体的有机碳储量。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳具有重要影响;土壤养分均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为撂荒地 > 次生林 > 人工林 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,土壤全磷差异并不显著（p>0.05）;林地的开垦行为会导致大团聚体的破碎化,灌草丛及坡耕地>0.25 mm的大团聚体含量较林地低,土壤结构趋于恶化;而坡耕地闲置为撂荒地后,则会促使粉+黏团聚体向粒径大的微团聚体及中间团聚体转化,使土壤结构趋于改善,在0—30 cm土层内,灌草丛及坡耕地土壤颗粒的MWD（平均质量直径）和GMD（几何平均直径）值均显著低于林地和撂荒地（p<0.05）,坡耕地撂荒后,MWD和GMD值均显著升高（p<0.05）,表明林地开垦为坡耕地导致土壤团聚体的稳定性降低,而坡耕地弃耕撂荒会增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤抵抗外力破坏的能力。不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低。在0—30 cm土层深度内,不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳储量表现为:大团聚体有机碳储量为林地 > 撂荒地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,中间团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,微团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地;粉+黏团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地。各粒径土壤团聚体内有机碳储量均为林地和撂荒地高于果园和坡耕地,表明将林地开垦为坡耕地后,将导致各团聚体组分内有机碳的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有助于土壤有机碳的恢复和截存;林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳主要蓄积在中间团聚体内,而坡耕地则主要蓄积在粉+黏团聚体内,表明在土地利用变化过程中,粒径较大的团聚体有机碳不稳定,更容易发生变化。     

长施马粪对暗棕壤团聚体腐殖质数量和质量的影响

运用元素和红外光谱分析研究了暗棕壤长期施用马粪(每3年施肥1次)、施低量化肥和马粪配施高量化肥对水稳性大团聚体(2 mm和2~0.25 mm)、微团聚体(0.25~0.053 mm)和粉/黏粒粒级(0.053 mm)中腐殖物质-胡敏酸(HA)的分布及其结构特征的影响,探讨施肥对农田土壤肥力的贡献及其团聚体的固碳机制。施用马粪和马粪配施高量化肥分别提高(49.06%)和降低(31.04%)了2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例,3种施肥措施均提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)数量,但对土壤HA数量影响不显著。不同施肥措施对不同粒级团聚体中HA的分子结构特征影响不同,3种施肥措施均降低了2~0.25 mm大团聚体HA的缩合度,芳香性增加;微团聚体HA缩合度降低,脂族性增强;施用马粪提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和脂族性,马粪配施高量化肥提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和芳香性,施用低量化肥,粉/黏粒HA缩合度下降,芳香性提高。因此,长施马粪提高了土壤SOC数量,促进2~0.25 mm大团聚体的形成,大团聚体中HA的稳定性提高,利于土壤固碳,而0.25~0.053 mm微团聚体和0.053 mm粉/黏粒HA的活性增强,利于土壤肥力供给,这些团聚体是评估长施马粪对腐殖质质量产生影响的重要粒级。     

贺兰山不同海拔植被下土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性研究

以贺兰山不同海拔植被下0—20,20—40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,分析不同粒径团聚体含量及团聚体稳定性随海拔升高的变化特征,探讨其与土壤理化性质之间的相关关系。结果表明:0—20 cm土层,0.25~0.053 mm团聚体为主要团聚体类型,随海拔增加,水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量增加,<0.053 mm团聚体含量减少,表明土壤团聚体随海拔增加呈现由小粒径向大团聚体转变的趋势。20—40 cm土层,水稳性大团聚体含量在中海拔(2139 m)达到最高,占比为65.73%。平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)在0—20,20—40 cm土层均呈现随海拔升高先增加后减小的趋势,并在2139 m处达到峰值。不同海拔梯度土壤团聚体MWD和GMD与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)粉粒以及砂粒含量呈正相关,与黏粒含量、pH呈负相关。贺兰山不同海拔植被下土壤团聚体稳定性总体表现为中海拔>高海拔>低海拔,较高含量的大团聚体和土壤养分是团聚体稳定的关键要素。     

Soil aggregate stability and aggregate-associated organic carbon under different land use or land cover types

Soil aggregate stability (SAS) is an indicator for soil condition and is greatly influenced by land use or land cover (LULC) type and other soil and environmental attributes. This study investigated the soil aggregate-size distribution, SAS, aggregate-associated organic carbon (AAOC) and the relative importance of factors affecting SAS and AAOC. Based on conditioned Latin hypercube sampling, soil aggregate samples were collected from the “A” horizon and wet sieved into large macroaggregates (>2.0 mm), small macroaggregates (0.25–2.0 mm), microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) and mineral fraction (<0.053 mm). The large macroaggregates accounted for 86% to 93% of the total aggregates under all LULC types except under dry land (64%) and paddy land (35%). The SAS under different LULC decreased in the order fir > shrubland > natural grassland > orchard > blue pine > broadleaf > mixed conifer > dry land > paddy land. The AAOC of the large macroaggregates constituted for 76%–90% of the total AAOC under all LULC types except under dry land (65%) and paddy land (38%). While SAS was largely influenced by the AAOC of small macroaggregates, microaggregates and large macroaggregates and LULC type, the AAOC of different aggregate fractions was mostly affected by LULC type, altitude and slope. SAS did not exhibit any significant relationship with the AAOC of different aggregate fractions under the natural LULC types but showed a strong relationship under the agricultural land indicating that AAOC is more critical for SAS under the agricultural land than under the natural LULC.     

Long‐term effect of compost and inorganic fertilizer on activities of carbon‐cycle enzymes in aggregates of an intensively cultivated sandy loam

The activities of carbon‐cycle enzymes were measured in soil and aggregates to understand compost and inorganic fertilizer amendment effects on soil organic carbon accumulation in an intensively cultivated upland field. Soil samples were collected from a long‐term field experiment with seven treatments: compost, half‐compost N plus half‐fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK and no fertilizer control. The 18‐yr continuous application of compost increased organic C content in soil and three aggregate sizes by 72–124 and 78–234%, respectively, compared with the control. Fertilization also significantly increased organic C contents in soil, macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction, but not in microaggregates. Compost application significantly reduced the specific activities of polyphenol oxidase (activity per unit organic C) in soil and three aggregate sizes compared with control, whereas fertilization had a much weaker effect. Compost amendment also significantly lowered the specific activities of invertase in macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction, and this effect was more pronounced than the addition of fertilizer NPK. In contrast, inorganic fertilizer and compost application significantly increased the specific activities of cellobiohydrolase in soil, macroaggregates and microaggregates (but not in the silt + clay fraction), and xylosidase in microaggregates. The application of fertilizer NPK had a more pronounced effect than compost. We considered that the increase in organic C in compost‐amended soil was therefore probably associated with the accumulation of lignocellulose and sucrose in macroaggregates, lignocellulose and hemicellulose in microaggregates and lignin (its derivative) and nonstructural carbohydrates in the silt + clay fraction. However, the application of fertilizer NPK enhanced organic C probably due to an increase in the content of lignin (its derivative) and sucrose in macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction. Therefore, the application of compost with high lignocellulose should be effective to increase soil organic C in the North China Plain.     

Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators

Soil aggregation in relation to other soil properties was studied along a climatological transect in the Southeast of Spain. Three sites were selected along this transect ranging from semiarid to subhumid climatological conditions. The aggregate size distribution, the macro and microaggregate stability of the superficial soil horizon and their relations with other soil properties were analysed. Large aggregates (>10, 10–5, 5–2 mm) were present in highest proportions in the most arid of the studied areas. These large aggregates were associated with high values of water-stable microaggregates; however, they did not improve soil structure and are related to high bulk densities and low water retention. Aggregates 1–0.105 mm were positively correlated to medium, fine, very fine sand and silt fractions and to organic matter. Aggregates <0.105 mm were positively correlated to organic matter and clay content. Small aggregate sizes (1–0.105 and <0.105 mm) had a positive influence on soil water retention and they seem a good indicator of soil degradation.Water stability of microaggregates showed a positive correlation with clay content while the stability of the macroaggregates depended on the organic matter content when the organic matter content was greater than 5 or 6%. Below that threshold the carbonate content was strongly correlated with aggregate stability. A general conceptual scheme of associations between aggregate size distribution, water-stable microaggregation and textural characteristics for the area was developed.The land use history affecting soil overlaps the pattern of climatological situations and has to be taken into account. Aggregate size distribution and stability can be used as indicator of soil degradation, but not as a unique parameter.     

秸秆还田对黄土旱塬麦田土壤团聚体有机碳组分的影响

探究不同秸秆还田量对黄土旱塬麦田土壤团聚体稳定性及碳库变化特征的影响,可为旱作农田土壤培肥提供理论依据。在晋南旱地冬小麦种植区,设置S0（不还田）、S1/2（1/2倍还田）、S1（1倍还田）、S2（2倍还田）4个处理,通过连续3 a试验研究了不同秸秆还田量下土壤团聚体组成及稳定性变化情况,土壤及各粒级团聚体中总有机碳（Total Organic Carbon,TOC）、轻组有机碳（Light Fraction Organic Carbon,LFOC）、重组有机碳（Heavy Fraction Organic Carbon,HFOC）与胡敏素碳（Humin Carbon,HM-C）、胡敏酸碳（Humic Acid Carbon,HA-C）和富里酸碳（Fulvic Acid Carbon,FA-C）含量的变化特征,以及各粒级团聚体中有机碳组分与团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果表明：黄土旱塬麦田土壤,随着秸秆还田量的增加,>0.25 mm大团聚体含量逐渐增加,<0.25 mm微团聚体及粉黏粒含量逐减少;S2处理下,平均重量直径、几何平均直径、>0.25mm团聚体质量百分数较S0处理分别增加了14.7%（P<0.05）、22.2%（P<0.05）、13.9%（P<0.05）,提高了团聚体的稳定性。秸秆还田提高了全土TOC含量,以S2处理下土壤TOC含量最高,较S0处理增加了28.1%（P<0.05）。另外,秸秆还田提升了>0.25～2 mm团聚体中HM-C、HA-C和FA-C含量,其中S2处理较S0处理分别提高了19.0%（P<0.05）、25.5%（P<0.05）、14.9%（P<0.05）,并且胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳的比值（HA-C/FA-C）也随着秸秆还田量的增加而提高。<0.053 mm粉黏粒的FA-C含量变化是引起水稳性团聚体稳定性变化的主要原因,能解释其变化的64.1%。总体表明,秸秆还田促进了黄土旱塬麦区土壤水稳性微团聚体向水稳性大团聚体的转化,提高了团聚体稳定性。秸秆还田增加了土壤及各团聚体中有机碳及其组分含量,并进一步提高土壤腐殖化程度,且秸秆还田量越高,提升幅度越大。2倍秸秆还田量（平均7 477 kg/(hm2·a)）对当地土壤有机碳含量提升、土壤结构改善的效果最好。研究结果对旱地土壤肥力和碳汇能力提升具有重要意义。     

施肥措施对复垦土壤团聚体碳氮含量和作物产量的影响

研究复垦后不同施肥措施下有机碳（OC）和全氮（TN）在水稳性团聚体及粉黏粒组分中的分布特征，以期深入理解不同施肥措施下土壤有机碳的固持机制。以生土和连续6年不同施肥措施的复垦土壤为研究对象，采集0～20 cm耕层土壤样品，利用湿筛法进行土壤粒径分组，分析大粒径大团聚体（> 2 mm）、小粒径大团聚体（0.25～2 mm）、微团聚体（0.053～0.25 mm）和粉黏粒组分（< 0.053 mm）中OC和TN含量，判断各粒径团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳储量的驱动因素，探究团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳含量与作物产量之间的关系。试验设不施肥（CK）、施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和有机无机肥配施（MNPK）4个处理。结果表明：1）整个试验周期（2008-2013年），同CK相比， NPK、M以及MNPK处理均显著提高了玉米籽粒产量，且以MNPK处理的效果最显著，分别提高了79.49%、116.07%和113.85%。