不同砾石覆盖保持土壤水分有效性研究

土壤水分状况是制约金沙江干热河谷地区植被恢复和造林的主要因素,改善土壤水分状况是实现该地区生态恢复重建和农业持续发展的必然途径。为给干热河谷的造林以及作物种植提供切实可行的方法,进行了不同砾石覆盖保持土壤水分有效性的试验研究,结果表明:在起始条件相同的情况下,同一小区不同深度的土壤含水量是不同的,含水量随着土层深度的增加而增大;不同砾石覆盖厚度条件下,土壤含水量与砾石覆盖厚度成正相关关系;在相同覆盖厚度情况下,砾石粒径越小,覆盖抑制土壤蒸发效果越好,土层含水量也就越高。     

局部覆盖条件下土壤水分移动性能与蒸发力的关系

采用旱棚人工控水,蒸发桶整体称重法,对4种地面覆盖材料、50％覆盖度条件下,土壤水分蒸发与移动性能进行了研究。结果表明,在持续干旱时段,覆盖不仅改善了覆盖区土壤水分状况,而且强化了覆盖区与相邻非覆盖区下层土壤液态水的运移与再分布,提高了相邻非覆盖区下层土壤水分状况,有利于减轻持续干旱对造林成活和幼林生长的威胁。通过非线性参数拟合,首次求得了表征塑料地膜、渗水地膜、干草和塑料泡膜4种地面覆盖材料对土壤蒸发的阻抗特征参数,为建立不同覆盖材料在局部覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发量模型奠定了基础。同时也求得了依据常规水面蒸发和土壤湿度等资料计算黄绵土裸地蒸发量和局部覆盖条件下土壤蒸发量的经验模型。     

灌溉后不同处理方式对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响

土壤蒸发是土壤损失水分的重要途径,在北方旱区土壤蒸发失水量可达同期降水量的50%或更多,小麦全生育期棵间土壤蒸发占农田蒸散量的66%。因此,研究土壤水分蒸发过程和减少土壤表面水分蒸发途径对于寻找高效合理的水资源利用方式具有重要意义。利用称重式蒸渗仪初步研究了灌溉后不同处理措施对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和高留茬对土壤水分蒸发的抑制作用主要表现在灌溉后土壤含水量较高的阶段内;天气晴朗条件下日蒸发强度在10:30左右即达最大值,秸秆覆盖和高留茬处理使其出现时间滞后;土壤含水量较高时松土对土壤水分蒸发无抑制作用,而在土壤含水量降低到一定程度时松土能明显抑制土壤水分蒸发。     

石灰岩弃渣与农田土复配土壤水分蒸发及覆盖物保水性能

探究矿山废弃地弃渣与农田土复配后土壤的水分蒸发特性,以及覆盖物添加对水分蒸发的影响,对矿山恢复中土壤水分管理和改善具有实际意义。以石灰岩矿山废弃地现场的弃渣和附近农田土为复配材料,设置0∶10(T1),3∶7(T2),5∶5(T3),7∶3(T4),10∶0(T5)体积比例,在野外条件下采用土柱法模拟土壤水分蒸发过程,探究复配比例对土壤水分蒸发的影响以及不同覆盖物的保水性能。结果表明:(1)试验前和试验后表层复配土壤含水量均表现为T1>T2>T3>T4>T5,蒸发中期的逐日蒸发量和蒸发结束的累计蒸发量均随弃渣体积比例增加呈极显著降低趋势,不同复配土壤在蒸发前期和蒸发后期的逐日蒸发量没有显著性差异。(2)气象因子中,温度、风速对土壤水分蒸发的影响大于太阳辐射,相对湿度的影响不显著。土壤物理性质中,除毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度与土壤水分蒸发达极显著相关外,其他因子均达显著水平。(3)裸土地添加覆盖物均能降低水分蒸发,根据蒸发量和蒸发速度分析得出,砾石覆盖(直径2~4 cm、厚度5 cm)效果最佳。(4)石灰岩矿山废弃地土壤重构最佳保水搭配方案为弃渣∶农田土以3∶7体积比例复配并覆盖砾石。研究结果可为当地治理采石废弃地提供理论支持。     

不同覆盖模式下砂壤土水盐运移特征研究

地表蒸发引起土壤水分的散失是造成盐分表聚的重要原因之一,土壤表层进行覆盖可改变地表结构,从而影响土壤水分蒸发和盐分迁移过程。为了揭示不同覆盖模式的蓄水控盐效果,通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同覆盖模式下土壤水分入渗过程和水盐迁移特征。试验设置无覆盖(CK)、覆砂(S)、覆砂+覆膜(SM)、覆秸秆+覆膜(JM)和覆秸秆+覆砂(JS)5种模式。结果表明:土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理会降低土壤湿润锋推进速率和水分入渗速率,具有一定的阻渗作用;湿润锋推进距离与时间符合幂函数F=a·t~b,累积入渗量与时间符合Kostiakov入渗公式,湿润锋推进距离与累积入渗量符合线性关系I=K·Z_f+c。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理可有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,土壤保水效果为SMJSSJMCK;随土层深度的增加,土壤含水率减小的趋势逐渐减缓。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理也可减弱土壤盐分表聚,缩小盐分在土壤中迁移的范围;覆盖处理的土壤盐分主要在0—20cm范围内迁移,CK在0—35cm范围内。综合考虑不同覆盖模式对土壤水分入渗、抑制水分蒸发和减弱盐分表聚效果,认为砂石覆盖模式是较适合西北旱区的覆盖模式。     

砾石覆盖对土壤水热过程及旱作小麦玉米产量的影响

为了揭示砾石覆盖对农田土壤水热变化及作物产量形成的影响,2013—2015年采用小区试验法研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下土壤水分变化、温度效应以及作物生长和产量之间的相互作用关系。田间试验设置无覆盖(CK)、25%砾石覆盖(GM1)、50%砾石覆盖(GM2)、75%砾石覆盖(GM3)和100%砾石覆盖(GM4)5个处理。结果表明:砾石覆盖度与土壤水分呈显著正相关,100%砾石覆盖处理土壤贮水量最高;干旱胁迫条件下砾石覆盖度越高土壤的保水性越好,降雨条件下砾石覆盖度越高土壤截留雨水的能力越大。砾石覆盖具有明显的增温效应,4个砾石覆盖处理的土壤平均温度大于CK处理,GM4处理土壤平均温度最大;砾石覆盖处理可以认为是一种有效的温度调节方式,具体表现在低温(-5~0℃)条件下GM4处理较CK处理土壤温度增加5℃,高温(40~45℃)条件下GM4处理较CK处理土壤温度降低3.7℃;在寒冷气候和水分亏缺的情况下4个砾石覆盖处理增温能力均大于对照。此外,夏玉米叶面积指数随着砾石覆盖度增加而增大。100%砾石覆盖处理的2季冬小麦和夏玉米平均产量较对照处理分别增加了58.55%和22.50%。可见,砾石覆盖技术可以有效保持土壤水分、增加土壤温度、促进作物生长和提高产量,是干旱半干旱地区应对水分胁迫和气候变化、     

百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林凋落物对土壤蒸发的影响

[目的]探究百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林下凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响,为其林下水源涵养功能的发挥提供科学依据。[方法]根据土壤蒸发理论,采用自制微型蒸渗装置进行模拟试验,参照百里杜鹃林下凋落物现存状况,研究不同质量相同比例及相同质量不同比例的凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发抑制的影响。[结果]不同分解程度凋落覆盖比例相同质量不同时,土壤水分蒸发量随凋落物的质量增大而减小;土壤水分蒸发量随着土壤含水率的下降呈递减关系,当含水率每下降0.5%时,60,30和15 g凋落物覆盖的土壤水分蒸发量分别依次减少了0.11,0.49和1.23 g。凋落物覆盖质量相同时,不同分解程度的凋落物对土壤水分蒸发抑制作用不同,表现为:未分解半分解已分解。[结论]凋落物覆盖量越多,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越大;凋落物分解程度越低,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越好。     

不同砂石覆盖度和粒径对土壤水分蒸发的影响

为探讨不同砂石覆盖度和砂石粒径对土壤蒸发的影响,进行室内蒸发模拟试验。通过5个覆盖度(0,25%,50%,75%和100%)和2个砂石粒径(0.5cm和1cm)处理,历经10d的土柱蒸发试验,研究土壤蒸发量随蒸发时间的变化及蒸发剖面含水量的分布规律。结果表明:砂石覆盖能有效抑制土壤累积蒸发量的增长,覆盖度越大,粒径越小,其抑制效果越明显,蒸发越趋于平稳。不同砂石覆盖度下的累积蒸发量与时间变化符合Gardner理论关系,累积蒸发量与时间和覆盖度间存在两因素函数关系,从而得出蒸发速率与时间和覆盖度的两因素函数关系。砂石覆盖能降低土壤蒸发速率,保持土壤水分,覆盖度越大,土壤蒸发后的剖面含水量越大。相比于塿土,相同粒径条件下砂石覆盖对砂土蒸发的抑制作用更有效。     

秸秆覆盖量对农田土壤水分和温度动态的影响

2009年4-11月,在山西寿阳旱地农业试验区对覆盖量为1500、3000、4500、6000kg/hm24个不同秸秆覆盖量处理和不覆盖处理的春玉米试验小区进行田间定位观测,采用自动记录土壤剖面水分测定仪和自计温度测定仪实时观测了不同秸秆覆盖处理的玉米全生育期的土壤水分和温度动态,结合生育期土壤蒸发的动态观测,研究了农田秸秆覆盖量对土壤水热动态的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖在作物生长前期和旱季对土壤表层的土壤蒸发和温度调控效果明显,秸秆覆盖量越大效果越明显。按照对土壤水分和温度的综合作用,试验区域秸秆覆盖对土壤水分和温度调控效果最佳秸秆覆盖量为4500kg/hm2;秸秆覆盖量越高对土壤蒸发的抑制效果越好,但覆盖量对降雨入渗和土壤温度的影响受降雨强度、土壤湿度、土壤类型等具体条件的不同而产生不同的效果,其规律有待进一步研究。     

秸秆覆盖麦田水分动态及水分利用效率研究

试验研究表明,秸秆覆盖可改变作物耗水规律。即前期能抑制土壤蒸发,减少土壤水分无效消耗;后期则增强植株蒸腾,促进干物质积累,使农田耗水由物理过程向生物学过程转化,有利于提高产量和作物水分利用效率。不同覆盖期和不同土壤水分条件下覆盖效果不同,土壤含水量５５％～７０％的麦田覆盖效果最佳,覆盖时间以冬小麦进入越冬期停止生长时覆盖为宜。     

砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响

为研究不同粒径砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,进行模拟试验.试验以砂石粒径大小为因子,设3个粒径水平:0.5,2.5,4.5 cm,以裸土为对照.结果表明:地面砂石覆盖能够有效抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水率较高的阶段,抑制作用更加明显;砂石覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用与砂石粒径密切相关,在相同的覆盖厚度(5 cm)和同一含水率条件下,砂石覆盖的粒径越大,对蒸发的抑制能力越低;砂石覆盖能明显改变土壤蒸发过程,覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发与裸土相比不仅降低而且更加平稳;在41d的连续蒸发过程中,覆盖条件下的累计土壤蒸发量与时间呈近似线性关系,而裸土为对数关系.     

Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel

To reduce water loss from soil surface evaporation is important in agricultural and environmental practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Gravel mulch has long been practiced to reduce soil surface evaporation. In this study, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of gravel mulches of different sizes on evaporation process from soil surface. Four mulch treatment levels were used: diameter 0.5 cm (A), diameter 2.5 cm (B), diameter 4.5 cm (C), and bare soil (CK), with three replicates. It was found that the gravel mulches dramatically reduced the evaporation from bare soil surface, particularly when soil water contents were at high levels. Under the same soil water content, the evaporation reduction rates under gravel mulches were negatively correlated with gravel sizes. The evaporation processes under gravel mulches were much more stable as compared with that from bare soil surface. The ratio of the soil surface evaporation to the atmospheric evaporation (E_ss/E_sa) and soil water contents with no mulch decreased rapidly with time. Soil water contents decreased slowly with time under mulches while the E_ss/E_sa values maintained at the more or less stable levels. During the successive evaporation process of 41 days, the cumulative soil surface evaporation under mulches was linearly correlated with time but that from bare soil surface was logarithmically correlated with time.     

砂田砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙特征及其土壤水文过程的影响研究进展

砂田是利用砾石覆盖地表的典型节水范例,砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙的半径、数量、连通性和密度都有重要影响。大孔隙的研究方法可分为直接观测法和间接描述法,并讨论其适用性和局限性。因为大孔隙及优先流的成因复杂,应将大量的野外实验和室内实验相结合,同时改进观测方法。土壤大孔隙研究的最终目的是调控它,为减少地下水污染、控制养分和水分的流失提供一条新途径。砾石覆盖土壤能增加大孔隙并促进降水入渗,加快壤中流的发生,减少径流和抑制蒸发,改变了土壤水文循环过程,土壤水文生态功能也随之改变。并指出了砾石覆盖下土壤优先流研究中存在的问题和今后应该加强的研究领域。     

砾石覆盖厚度对斥水土壤入渗特性的影响及模型优选

基于室内一维垂直入渗土柱试验,研究砾石覆盖厚度(0,3,6,9,12 cm)对斥水土壤积水入渗及水分再分布的影响,并利用不同入渗模型进行拟合。结果表明:砾石覆盖显著增加斥水土壤湿润锋运移距离(p<0.05);同一时段内,各处理累积入渗量皆高于对照组(p<0.05),斥水性红壤累积入渗量与砾石覆盖厚度呈正相关关系;斥水性红壤初渗率与稳渗率随砾石覆盖厚度变化均可用指数函数来描述,决定系数分别为0.91和0.87,砾石覆盖使得斥水性潮土初渗率与稳渗率增大,其中稳渗率与砾石覆盖厚度呈二次函数关系,决定系数为0.78,覆盖6 cm时稳渗率达到最大;砾石覆盖明显提高斥水土壤剖面平均含水率,斥水性红壤和潮土最大分别增长180.8%和57.6%;隔绝蒸发条件下,再分布过程斥水土壤湿润体含水率表现为停渗时刻>再分布1天>再分布3天>再分布7天;Horton模型对砾石覆盖斥水土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最好,是分析和预测砾石覆盖斥水土壤水分入渗特征的适宜模型。     

Effects of gravel on grassland soil carbon and nitrogen in the arid regions of the Tibetan Plateau

Many previous studies have focused on soil gravel concentrations and their effect on crop yields in agricultural systems. The extent of carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils under steppe systems in relation to surface gravel mulch remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of gravel mulches on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in the arid and windy regions of the Tibetan Plateau. Surface gravel mulches provide a more favorable environment for soil carbon and nitrogen stocks than do non-mulched sites. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks were highest (46.9 Mg ha^− 1 SOC and 2.8 Mg ha^− 1 TN) in the medium gravel mulch sites with ~ 40-50% gravel, and lowest (29.5 Mg ha^− 1 SOC and 1.4 Mg ha^− 1 TN) in no gravel mulch sites. Analysis of aggregate size fractions indicated that the vast majority of SOC was present in microaggregate fractions throughout the top 30 cm of soil. Considering the low level of soil disturbance in the study area, the carbon contained in the macroaggregate fraction might become stabilized in the soil. Gravel mulches above the soil surface have an important bearing on soil carbon sequestration as they control wind erosion, decrease soil surface evaporation and change soil physical behavior in the arid and semiarid regions.     

Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi‐arid region

In recent years, the use of new mulches for soil water conservation in arid regions has been introduced as an alternative to conventional (plastic) mulches. However, systematic studies concerning the effects of different organic [pistachio shell mulch (PSM), wheat straw mulch, de‐oiled olive pomace mulch (DOM) or wood chips mulch], chemical [superabsorbent polymer (HM) or organic‐based emulsion polymer (PEM)] and mineral [gravel mulch (GM)] covers on soil and water conservation are scarce. Therefore, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was aimed at evaluating the effects of mulches of different composition on soil surface evaporation, whereas in experiment 2 we investigated the effects of this decrease in soil evaporation due to different mulch materials on some olive tree physiological responses to soil drying. We analysed stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf density and maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of 2‐yr‐old plants of ‘Konservalia’ olive, grown in pots in open field. The results showed that different mulch materials had different efficiency on soil water conservation and DOM and pistachio shell mulch PSM – as new mulch materials – seems more favourable for conserving soil water. Water stress caused reductions in all parameters measured and increment in leaf density compared with unstressed treatment. Olive plants grown using different soil mulch presented higher values of stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm ratio compared to control plants. Although all the mulch treatments improved the water content of soil, DOM and PSM were found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil water content for olive use.     

The influence of surface volcaniclastic layers from Haleakala (Maui, Hawaii) on soil water conservation

This study focuses on the soils and surficial volcaniclastic layers of Haleakala's crater (Maui, Hawaii). The main objective is to assess the effects of covers with fragments of various sizes (ash, cinder, lapilli) on soil water conservation. Soil and gravel samples were collected in Haleakala National Park from a site at 2505 m where the Hawaiian silversword, a giant rosette-plant, grows densely on pyroclastic materials. An evaporation experiment lasting 22 days showed a gradual drop in seven pairs of soil samples initially at field capacity. One set of samples was left bare, the other was covered by gravel mulches (GM); these resulted in lengthening of T_100% (total desiccation time) by a factor of 2.3–5.2. Bare soils dried after 70–140 h, but drying time under gravel was 246–509 h. Mean grain size (M_z) and sorting (φ_σ) had the greatest influence on evaporation rates. Coarse lapilli (M_z: 13.8 mm) were less effective than fine ash (M_z: 2.9–3.8 mm) in preventing water losses, while medium-grained cinder (M_z: 4–5.2 mm) produced the greatest water savings. Lapilli (mean φ_σ: 0.48) and ash (φ_σ: 0.6) were moderately- to well-sorted; cinders, with a broader grain-size range (φ_σ: 1.13), were poorly sorted. This allowed infilling of large interstices between coarse fragments by smaller grains, effectively reducing pore size and therefore evaporation rates. A second experiment determined water storage and rates of water loss by mulches. Wetting occurred swiftly, within 3–4 min. All gravel types were dry within 26 h. This drying process is important for water conservation, as it effectively prevents further water loss from the mulch surface. Larger fragments stored less water. This is related to their ‘surface area/weight' ratio, which increases for smaller particles. Thus, fine ash or cinder grains, with a high total area, intercept more water than larger lapilli. A 5-cm thick layer of ash intercepted an average of 6.8 mm of rain, slightly more than the same depth of cinder (6.3 mm), but lapilli retained only 4.7 mm. Therefore, light rainfall events are more likely to contribute water to soil under lapilli than below finer pyroclastic material. Volcaniclastic covers serve an important ecological role in Haleakala by prolonging periods of water availability to plants, thus allowing Hawaiian silverswords to grow for longer time spans.     

梯田玉米土壤水分动态研究

依据田间试验资料，对梯田玉米土壤水分动态特征进行了研究。并以谷子和休闲地作为对比，对不同植被覆盖条件下的梯田土壤水分差异进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）雨季降水对玉米地土壤水分的补给起着重要的作用，其土壤贮水量动态与年内的降雨周期相吻合；（2）不同植被覆盖条件对梯田土壤水分状况影响较大，玉米、谷子全生育期的农田蒸散量分别为502．9mm和473．9mm，同期对照休闲地的蒸散量仅为414．1mm；（3）玉米全生育期ET／E0（农田蒸散量／同期水面蒸发量）的比值为0．77，并且在拔节期和抽雄期都大于1，而谷子全生育期该值为0．69。     

地面覆盖对盐渍土水热盐运动及作物生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了山东省莱州半干旱海水入侵地区不同覆盖措施对土壤水盐热运动及作物生长的影响,试验结果表明,①塑膜覆盖对盐渍土有很好的保温增温效果和一定的保水抑盐作用;②秸秆覆盖能拦蓄雨水、减少地面径流和地表蒸发,对盐渍土有非常明显的保持土壤水分、抑制地表返盐、促进降雨淋盐的作用,且其作用随覆盖厚度的增加而增强,③秸秆覆盖的隔热性及其对土壤热容量的提高,缓和了土壤温度的日变化;④5cm厚秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量变化幅度较小,说明秸秆覆盖提高了土壤对盐分的缓冲性;⑤随着油葵的生长,增加了地面的植被覆盖度,削弱了覆盖措施对土壤水盐热运动的影响;⑥5cm秸秆覆盖下的油葵生长状况及其产量均优于其他处理。由此可见,秸秆覆盖是改良利用盐渍土非常有效的一项措施。