蓖麻种子吸水和萌发过程对盐分胁迫条件的响应

为确定盐分对蓖麻的影响,设置0 mM和100 mM 2个盐分浓度NaCl,研究了4个蓖麻品种种子的吸水和萌发特性.在吸水开始的18h内,种子吸水快速增加,18 h后增加缓慢,48 h后在0 mM NaCl水平下种子吸水呈快速增加趋势,而在100 mM NaCl水平下吸水很少.汾蓖10号和淄蓖7号的吸水量和吸水速率显著高于淄蓖5号和淄蓖8号.与0 mM NaCl相比,同一品种在100 mM NaCl下的吸水量和吸水速率明显较低.100mM NaCl处理对种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,表现为延迟种子萌发,降低发芽率,抑制芽长和芽粗.综合发芽率、芽长和芽粗相对盐害率,淄蓖5号耐盐能力最强,其次是汾蓖10号,淄蓖7号和淄蓖8号耐盐能力相对较差.本试验通过研究不同蓖麻品种的吸水和萌发特性,为采用外源措施提高种子吸水能力,促进种子萌发和出苗奠定基础.     

植被混凝土盐分胁迫对多花木蓝种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的单盐NaCl和植被混凝土混合盐溶液分别处理多花木蓝种子,以研究不同盐分处理对护坡植物多花木蓝种子萌发的影响。结果表明:多花木蓝种子在蒸馏水中萌发率最高,随着盐浓度的增加,种子萌发率降低,种子中的丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,但植被混凝土混合盐对多花木蓝种子萌发的抑制作用低于单盐NaCl。     

NaCl胁迫对小麦种子发芽率的影响及耐盐性分析

为了研究NaCl胁迫对小麦发芽率的影响,探明小麦芽期的耐盐能力。以宁夏已审定的78个小麦品种和新品系为供试材料,以纯净水处理为对照,设置1、2、3、4、5、6、7 g/kg的NaCl溶液处理,测定其发芽率。结果表明,小麦种子发芽率随着盐浓度的增加而降低。当NaCl浓度≤2 g/kg时,发芽率均保持在80%以上;NaCl浓度为3 g/kg时,发芽率在70%左右;NaCl浓度为4 g/kg时,发芽率降至40%左右;NaCl浓度为5 g/kg时,发芽率降至20%以下;NaCl浓度为7 g/kg时,发芽率接近于零。说明NaCl浓度3 g/kg是小麦芽期耐盐临界值。结合聚类分析,初步筛选出芽期耐中度盐分的小麦品种6份,分别为春小麦品种HJ437、宁春8号、宁春48号、宁春49号,灌区冬小麦品种冬宁春4号、冬育10号。     

辣椒根系分泌物对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

张掖市辣椒连作障碍逐年加重,根系分泌物自毒作用是引起辣椒连作障碍的一个重要因素。为克服辣椒连作障碍,以陇椒2号为试材,研究了辣椒根系分泌物对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的辣椒根系分泌物浸提液对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长均有一定的抑制作用,根系分泌物浸提液浓度为100 g/kg时对辣椒的生长抑制作用较弱,使辣椒种子的发芽率降低25.66个百分点,使辣椒幼苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率分别下降了0.97、0.25 μmol/(m·s);根系分泌物浸提液浓度为300 g/kg时对辣椒生长的抑制作用最强,使辣椒种子发芽率降低53.33个百分点,使辣椒幼苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率分别降低了3.19、1.35 μmol/(m·s)。可见,根系分泌物对辣椒的抑制作用与其浓度成正比关系。     

复合氨基酸肥料增效剂对NaCl胁迫下小白菜种子萌发和苗期生长的影响

【目的】作物种子萌发期和苗期是对盐胁迫最为敏感的时期,盐分过高会严重影响作物种子萌发和幼苗生长。本研究以谷氨酸尾液为主要材料开发了复合氨基酸肥料增效剂(简称增效剂),并研究其在盐(NaCl)胁迫条件下对种子萌发、苗期生长和生理指标的影响,旨在为谷氨酸尾液在盐碱土地区的推广应用提供科学依据和理论指导。【方法】以小白菜种子和幼苗为供试材料,分别进行种子萌发试验和水培试验。1)种子萌发试验:采用标准发芽试验法,种子分别经0、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 g/L增效剂浸种后,分别移至含0、25、50、75mmol/L NaCl溶液中萌发,测定发芽势、发芽率、胚根长和胚芽长。2)苗期水培试验:选取整齐一致的幼苗,缓苗后同时加入与萌发试验浓度一致的增效剂和NaCl溶液,在盐害明显后取样测定鲜重、SPAD值、根长、株高以及叶片过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)产生速率、脯氨酸(Pro)含量等盐胁迫评价指标。【结果】在0~75 mmol/L NaCl范围内,NaCl浓度越高对小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用越强,一定浓度的增效剂可不同程度地缓解NaCl对种子萌发和幼苗的胁迫。1)在无盐胁迫下,低浓度增效剂对种子萌发具有轻微的抑制作用,而高浓度增效剂则会显著抑制种子萌发;在同一浓度NaCl胁迫下,随增效剂浓度的增加,小白菜种子发芽势、发芽率、胚根长和胚芽长均表现出先上升后下降的变化规律,增效剂浓度为0.2 g/L时效果最佳,而在0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时则会抑制小白菜种子萌发。2)在无盐胁迫下,随增效剂浓度增加对小白菜生长表现出先促进后抑制的效果,以0.1 g/L用量效果最好;在同一浓度NaCl胁迫下,增效剂浓度为0.05 g/L时,提高了苗期小白菜鲜重、SPAD值,并促进了根伸长和茎伸展,同时提高叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性和Pro含量,并降低MDA含量和产生速率;之后随增效剂浓度的增加小白菜幼苗鲜重、SPAD值、根长和株高均表现出持续下降的趋势,而SOD、POD、CAT活性,Pro含量表现出先持平后下降的变化规律,产生速率和MDA含量则表现出先上升后平稳的趋势,增效剂浓度达到0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时小白菜幼苗生长受到明显抑制。【结论】在无盐胁迫条件下,低浓度(≤0.2 g/L)复合氨基酸肥料增效剂可轻微抑制小白菜种子萌发,但在25~75 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,则可明显促进种子萌发、提高种子发芽质量;而在相同盐胁迫条件下,低浓度复合氨基酸肥料增效剂可明显促进小白菜幼苗生长,提高叶片抗氧化酶活性、维持渗透调节物质Pro含量、增强光合作用等,以0.05 g/L效果最佳。     

山梨醇螯合钙对NaCl胁迫下油菜种子萌发的影响

本文通过控制钙源种类(螯合态钙和游离态钙)、两种形态钙配比(不同螯合率)及螯合态钙浓度等3组试验探究山梨醇螯合钙对NaCl胁迫下油菜种子萌发的影响.结果表明:当培养液中NaCl浓度为150或170 mmol/L时严重影响油菜种子的萌发和胚根生长,添加两种形态钙后均能显著提高NaCl胁迫下种子活力和发芽率,促进胚根的生长...     

盐胁迫对柳树新无性系苗木生长和土壤酶活性的影响

通过盐分胁迫下柳树2个无性系的盆栽试验,发现盐分对苗木的成活和生长都有一定的抑制作用。随着盐分浓度的提高,苗高、地上与地下部分生物量都呈下降趋势;盐分的存在同样影响到叶片叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量的变化。通过回归分析发现,盐分浓度与叶片叶绿素含量之间存在着线性负相关关系,与脯氨酸含量之间存在着抛物线形相关关系。土壤中盐分的增加不仅影响到植物的生长发育,而且对土壤自身的物理、化学性状也产生不良效应。,同时还测定了盆栽土壤中土壤葡糖苷酶和土壤天冬酰胺酶活性的变化。结果表明这两种酶的活性都随土壤中盐分浓度的提高而下降,说明盐分对土壤的理化性状和肥力状况都产生了抑制作用。参试的2个柳树无性系中,W1的耐盐能力强于W2。     

镉对紫花苜蓿种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响研究

试验研究Cd胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响结果表明,Cd2 浓度为0~10mg/kg时对种子发芽率的影响不显著,但对发芽势的影响较明显;当浓度达30mg/kg后对发芽的抑制作用表现非常明显,发芽势和发芽率均急剧下降。不同浓度Cd2 对芽和幼根的生长均有明显抑制作用,且对根抑制作用大于芽,同时对活力指数的影响也表现显著;随Cd2 浓度的增加,其抑制作用不断增强,活力指数也随之下降;当浓度达到50mg/kg后幼苗生长几乎完全被抑制。     

盐胁迫对番茄种子萌发中多胺形态变化和抗氧化的影响

以番茄“合作903”为材料,研究25~200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫对其种子发芽、种子活力指数（SVI）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、保护酶活性、溶质积累和不同形态多胺含量的影响。结果表明：25、50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理7 d,不影响番茄种子发芽率,但显著降低SVI;随着盐处理浓度上升,发芽率和SVI均显著下降。分别以种子发芽率和SVI为因变量,NaCl处理浓度为自变量,种子萌发和萌发后幼苗建成的耐盐阈值分别为106.1 mmol·L^-1 NaCl（0.62%）和43.38 mmol·L^-1 NaCl（0.25%）。随着NaCl处理浓度上升,萌发种子MDA含量显著上升,保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白（SP）和可溶性糖（SS）均上升,游离态腐胺（fPut）、游离态亚精胺（fSpd）和游离态精胺（fSpm）、(fSpd+fSpm)/fPut均显著上升,束缚态腐胺（bPut）、束缚态亚精胺（bSpd）、束缚态精胺（bSpm）均显著增加,而(bSpd+bSpm)/bPut变化不明显。与对照相比,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下,番茄萌发种子结合态亚精胺（cSpd）、结合态精胺（cSpm）含量及(cSpd+cSpm)/cPut均极显著上升,随着NaCl处理浓度上升,cPut、cSpd、cSpm含量及(cSpd+cSpm)/cPut均逐渐下降。综上所述,盐胁迫延缓、抑制番茄种子萌发,对于萌发后幼苗的建成抑制作用更强。番茄种子萌发阶段对盐分具有一定的抗性,主要由于番茄萌发种子中多胺代谢在盐胁迫下呈现(fSpd+fSpm)/fPut比值的急剧上升、cSpd和cSpm含量的显著上升和束缚态各多胺的显著积累,同时SS和SP的积累随盐胁迫加剧显著积累,从而提高了萌发种子的抗氧化和渗透调节能力;但是在高盐（150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下,cSpd和cSpm的上升调控作用明显减弱,而束缚态各多胺、fSpd和fSpm的上升以及SS和SP积累调控作用仍在增强。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对NaCl胁迫下胡杨种子萌发的影响

为探讨不同辐射剂量对胡杨种子萌发的影响,筛选有助于提高胡杨种子耐盐性的辐射剂量,以新疆甘家湖采集的胡杨种子为材料,进行~(60)Co-γ射线辐射处理,辐射剂量分别为0(CK)、50、100、150、200Gy,研究辐射处理对不同NaCl浓度胁迫(0、25、50、150、250、300 mmol·L~(-1))下胡杨种子各发芽指标值和累计发芽率的影响。结果表明,在150 Gy辐射处理下,不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的平均发芽率、平均发芽势及平均相对发芽率高于其他处理,且相对盐害率降低;不同~(60)Co-γ辐射处理下的胡杨种子相对发芽率与NaCl浓度间存在极显著负相关关系;~(60)Co-γ射线辐射对NaCl胁迫下种子萌发的耐盐临界浓度为119～181 mmol·L~(-1);150 Gy为有助于提高胡杨种子耐盐性能的最适辐射剂量。本研究结果为胡杨种子的辐射育种技术的应用提供了一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

Implications of Calcium Nutrition on the Response of Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) to Soil Salinity

Effects of Ca (Ca²⁺) level on the response of germination and seedling growth of Salvadora persica Linn. (Salvadoraceae) to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity in soil were investigated. Salinity significantly retarded the seed germination and seedling growth, but the injurious effects of NaCl on seed germination were ameliorated and seedling growth was restored with Ca supply at the critical level to salinized soil. Calcium supply above the critical level further retarded the seed germination and seedling growth because of the increased soil salinity. Salt stress reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and Ca content in plant tissues, but these nutrients were restored by addition of Ca at the critical level to saline soil. The opposite was true for sodium (Na⁺). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of Ca for plant growth under saline conditions.     

Effects of Sodium Chloride and Mineral Nutrients on Initial Stages of Development of Sunflower Life

Abstract

The effects of three levels of salinity [0, 50, and 100 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl)] and the addition of potassium, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and boron (K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Mn, and B) on seed germination and survival of Helianthus annuus L. plants grown in an inert medium were studied. Increasing levels of salinity significantly decreased germination percentage. The presence of NaCl affected seedling survival rather than germination. Nitrogen addition damaged seedling growth, especially in high saline conditions. Addition of some nutrients may alleviate the effects induced by NaCl. Calcium additions to the culture medium significantly improved germination percentage and seedling survival, which markedly decreased after addition of K and B under saline conditions. Iron addition, especially in the ferrous form, counteracted the effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling survival. Phosphorus addition showed detrimental effects on germination and especially in seedling survival; however, it benefited the surviving seedling's growth.     

赤霉素对盐害下碱茅的萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以碱茅为试材,在100 mmol/L的NaCl盐胁迫下,通过种子培养、室内盆栽试验,研究盐胁迫下不同浓度赤霉素（8,15,20,25,50 mg/L）对碱茅种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）100 mmol/L的NaCl严重抑制碱茅的种子萌发和幼苗生长,碱茅种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数、根茎长显著降低,根系活力、过氧化物酶活力受到严重抑制;（2）在外源赤霉素溶液为8～20 mg/L的范围内,随着浓度的升高,碱茅种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数、根茎长逐渐升高,根系活力、过氧化物酶活力、耐盐指数明显提高;（3）高浓度（ > 20 mg/L）的外源赤霉素浸种处理,对种子的促进作用逐渐下降,当赤霉素浓度为50 mg/L时,碱茅的发芽率和根茎比低于对照,产生了抑制效应。结论:不同浓度赤霉素对提高碱茅种子耐盐性有不同程度的促进作用,以赤霉素浓度为20 mg/L时作用效果最佳。     

Vermicompost Leachate as a Promising Agent for Priming and Rejuvenation of Salt-Treated Germinating Seeds in Brassica Napus

Salinity is a major constraint hampering germination and early seedling growth, especially in aged seed lots. Any rejuvenation treatment improving salt resistance at these crucial developmental stages will be of special interest. Two sets of experiments were performed in Brassica napus to precise the impact of vermicompost leachate (VCL) on seed germination in the presence of NaCl and to analyze its putative interest as seed priming agent before NaCl exposure. Two seed lots were used: one old seed lot (cv. Libomir) and a recent one (cv. Harry). VCL increased the germination percentage of aged seeds in the absence of NaCl and increased seedling length in both cultivars. VCL had only a minor impact when directly added to the NaCl-containing germinating solution. In contrast, priming with VCL strongly improved subsequent germination in the presence of NaCl in relation to a more efficient management of oxidative stress in both cultivars. The improvement of salinity resistance provided by VCL priming was not due to modification in ion or proline content. It is concluded that VCL may act as a rejuvenation agent invigoring old seed lots and as an efficient priming agent for improvement of salinity resistance at the germination stage. Valuable properties of VCL are discussed in relation to the simultaneous presence of several protecting compounds.     

Soil salt and NaCl have different effects on seed germination of the halophyte Suaeda salsa

Seed germination is a key life‐history stage of halophytes. Most studies on seed germination of halophytes have focused on the effects of a single salt, while little information is available on the effects of mixed salt in the natural habitat. Due to the contribution of multiple ions in saline soil, we hypothesized that the effect of mixed salt on seed germination will differ from that of a single salt and the mechanism of how germination is affected will differ as well. The effects of mixed salt and NaCl on germination, water imbibition, and ionic concentrations of seeds of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were compared at various salinity levels. Germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) decreased with increasing salinity level, regardless of salt type. There was no difference in GP or GR between mixed salt and NaCl when the salinity level was below 20 dS m^?1. Above 20 dS m^?1, GP and GR in NaCl were lower than those in mixed salt. At the same salinity level, Na⁺ concentration in seeds was higher in NaCl than that in mixed salt, but the reverse was true for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations. Imbibition rate for seeds in NaCl was lower than that in mixed salt at the same salinity level. Addition of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ alleviated the inhibition of NaCl on seed germination. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effects of soil salts and NaCl on seed germination are different, and using NaCl instead of soil salt might not be realistic to show the effect of saline stress on seed germination of halophytes in the natural habitat.     

Osmotic and toxic ion effects on seedling emergence and nutrition of citrus rootstocks

The effects of isosmotic solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and mannitol with or without supplemental calcium (Ca) were compared to separate osmotic effects from toxic ion effects of salts on seed imbibition, seedling emergence, and the early stage of seedling growth of three citrus rootstocks. The rate of seed imbibition was relatively low for sour orange (SO) in PEG treatments which caused a delay in seedling emergence. These results of PEG supported earlier findings which suggested the existence of a critical level of hydration that seeds must reach before germination can proceed. Final percent emergence (FPE) was reduced the most by NaCl and mannitol compared with PEG. Furthermore, Ca addition to mannitol and NaCl solutions improved FPE in Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and trifoliate orange (TO). These results demonstrated that the effects of mannitol and NaCl on FPE went beyond the osmotic effects. Seedling growth was reduced the most by mannitol not only due to its uptake and transport to the leaves and stems where it caused dehydration and visible leaf injury but also to reduction in shoot Ca and potassium (K) concentrations. This study showed that the effects of salts on seed imbibition and time to emergence of the first seedling was primarily osmotic, while their effects on FPE and seedling growth was mainly toxic.     

氮素对NaCl胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长与生理的影响

为了研究NaCl胁迫下氮肥对甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长和生理特性的影响,探索提高甜高粱耐盐能力的措施,室内设置不同盐分浓度、不同氮源及浓度条件下甜高粱萌芽试验。结果表明:NaCl胁迫和不同氮源对甜高粱发芽和芽苗生长的影响各有不同。NaCl浓度对甜高粱种子萌发有显著影响,在甜高粱芽苗生长阶段,通过提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质而增强耐盐伤害能力是有限的。100 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,根系POD活性最低,而叶片MDA积累量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最高,受盐害程度最大。没有盐胁迫情况下增加不同氮源及氮量对甜高粱根叶生理特性的影响差异显著,当氮浓度在20 mmol.L 1时,细胞受伤害程度最低,生长最好。不同形态氮源对甜高粱发芽和幼苗生长的影响差异明显,NH4Cl的促进效果优于KNO3。在100mmol.L 1的NaCl胁迫下,施加铵态氮或硝态氮源均可以增强甜高粱芽苗期的POD活性,减少MDA积累,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。研究表明采取适当的氮肥调控措施可以提高甜高粱的耐盐能力。     

腐殖酸对NaCl胁迫下梭梭种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的] 探究腐殖酸对NaCl胁迫下梭梭种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为干旱矿区生态修复提供技术支持。[方法] 设置5个NaCl盐胁迫浓度,5个腐殖酸添加浓度,观测梭梭种子萌发以及幼苗生长指标,分析腐殖酸对梭梭种子萌发及其幼苗生长的耐盐性。[结果] 施用适量腐殖酸能显著提高种子萌发率,缓解梭梭种子萌发过程中的盐胁迫,促进初生根生长,降低盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害。在1.0 mol/L NaCl条件下,腐殖酸为700 mg/kg时缓解效果最好,与对照相比梭梭发芽率、发芽势、根长、幼根鲜质量和幼根干质量分别提高10%,11.12%,1.77 cm,4.84 mg和4.03 mg。[结论] 腐殖酸可作为干旱矿区生态修复中种子萌发和幼苗生长的一种盐渍土调节剂,具有较好的应用潜力。     

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO₃ , CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.     

Influence of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on wheat germination in salinity stress conditions

In order to study the effects of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on germination indices of wheat seeds under salinity stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in 2009. Experimental factors consisted of: (1) the application of different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants; (2) priming of achieved seeds by biofertilizers (Nitragin, Biophosphorus and distilled water); and (3) different levels of salinity produced by NaCl (0, ?0.4, ?0.8 and ?1.2 MPa). Germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, germination index, radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule dry weight and radicle number per seedling were measured. Nitrogen application increased seed nitrogen content in parent plants. All germination indices decreased with increasing in salinity levels. Biofertilizer priming, especially Nitragin, had a positive effect on germination percentage, radicle number and radicle and plumule length in most salinity levels. The highest values for germination factors were related to achieved seeds from parent plants that were treated with 110 kg ha^?1 N. Overall, application of middle levels of N fertilizer (55 and 110 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants combined with seed priming with Nitragin biofertilizer improved the germination indices of wheat under salinity stress.