铁和ATP酶抑制剂对鸭跖草(Commelina communis)铜吸收的影响

缺铁条件下研究了鸭跖草 (Commelinacommunis)对不同浓度铜及不同形态铜的吸收和P 型ATP酶抑制剂对铜吸收的影响。结果表明 ,鸭跖草铜累积量随着营养液中铁浓度的下降而显著上升 ,缺铁在不同铜浓度下都显著促进鸭跖草对铜的吸收 ,说明鸭跖草铜吸收与铁元素关系密切。在缺铁条件下 ,EDTA Cu、NTA Cu、草酸 Cu、柠檬酸 Cu处理鸭跖草的铜吸收量均低于单Cu处理 ,但缺铁处理植株对不同形态铜的吸收量均高于完全培养液生长的植株。缺铁处理下鸭跖草会产生根际酸化效应。P 型ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠对铜吸收有抑制作用 ,缺铁对铜吸收的促进作用可能与P 型ATP酶活性无关     

Cu胁迫对脐橙幼苗光合特性的影响

以"脐橙52"为材料,采用水培方法,研究了Cu胁迫对脐橙幼苗光合作用的影响.结果表明,0.1μmol·L-1Cu处理的脐橙叶片叶绿素含量比对照显著增加.而5μmol·L-1、20μmol·L-1,40 μmol·L-1Cu处理使绿素含量下降,且Cu浓度越高下降幅度越大;类胡萝卜素含量随Cu浓度增加不断下降.Cu≥5μmol·L-1的胁迫造成光合效率降低,净光合速率、光饱和点下降.0.1 μmol·L-1cu处理使脐橙叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度增加,而5 μmol·L-1和20 μmol·L-1Cu处理使蒸腾速度和气孔导度下降,40 μmol·L-1Cu处理的两个指标变化不大.0.1 μmol·L-1 Cu处理叶绿体光还原活性比对照有所增加,而5μmol·L-1、20 μmol·L-1、40μmol·L-1Cu处理叶绿体光还原活性受到抑制.说明低浓度Cu处理可促进脐橙幼苗的光合作用,而高浓度有明显的抑制作用.     

海州香薷和鸭跖草铜吸收机理

研究了解偶联剂、P-型ATP酶抑制剂、离子通道抑制剂、蛋白合成抑制剂和缺铁缺锌诱导对海州香薷(Elsholtzia.splendens)和鸭跖草(Commelina.communis)铜吸收的影响。结果表明,海州香薷对铜的富集能力高于鸭跖草,但鸭跖草对铜的运输能力大于海州香薷。解偶联剂2,4.二硝基苯酚(DNP)和P-型ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠(Na3VO4)对海州香薷和鸭跖草铜吸收均有一定的抑制作用,说明两种植物对铜可能存在主动吸收。钙离子通道抑制剂LaCl3对海州香薷铜吸收有抑制作用,而对鸭跖草铜吸收没有抑制作用;蛋白合成抑制剂放线菌酮(CHD)对海州香薷铜吸收没有抑制作用,而显著抑制了鸭跖草对铜的吸收。说明海州香薷铜吸收与钙离子通道密切相关。缺铁诱导大大提高了海州香薷与鸭跖草对铜的吸收。低浓度铜处理下,缺锌诱导对两种植物铜吸收影响不大;但高浓度铜处理下,缺锌诱导促进了铜吸收。     

镧对铜尾矿区黑麦草铜耐性与积累特性的影响

通过对铜陵铜尾矿库地区土壤添加不同浓度的La,研究了外源La处理对高浓度Cu胁迫下,黑麦草对Cu的耐性和积累特性的影响。结果表明:低浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发起到了促进作用,而高浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发有抑制作用。当La浓度达到100 mg kg-1时,La对黑麦草的发芽率、发芽指数、生物量和耐性指数较对照组均达到显著抑制水平(P<0.05)。黑麦草的茎叶重、根重、茎叶长、根长和耐性指数随着La浓度的增加而减少,平均抑制率分别为:11.90%、12.62%、7.21%、13.78%和13.33%。La对黑麦草的根生长的抑制作用大于茎叶。La对根重的平均抑制率比茎叶重高出2.77%;对根长的平均抑制率比茎叶长高出6.75%。黑麦草体内Cu含量随着添加La浓度的增加而增加,其中根系中Cu的含量平均上升了6.99%,地上部分Cu的含量平均上升了8.49%。显示出外源La处理增加了黑麦草对铜尾矿库区Cu的吸收和迁移。     

镉胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统及矿质元素吸收的影响

通过水培实验研究了在10-6、10-5、10-4mol·L-1浓度下,Cd2＋胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统、丙二醛（MDA）含量、Cd积累及矿质元素吸收的影响,同时讨论了Cd2＋毒害的作用机理。结果表明,中、低浓度（10-6、10-5mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫下,玉米幼苗MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度（10-4mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫后,MDA含量显著升高（P〈0.05）。Cd2＋胁迫初期,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均升高;随着胁迫时间的延长,除叶片中SOD和CAT活性略有上升外,其他抗氧化酶活性逐渐下降,高浓度组抗氧化酶活性下降最明显。植物吸收的Cd主要积累在根部,Cd2＋胁迫能干扰玉米对Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg等养分的吸收。     

不同品种杞柳对高锌胁迫的忍耐与积累研究

采用营养液培养实验方法,研究了高浓度Zn对3个杞柳品种"微山湖","大红头"、"一枝笔"生长,耐性及Zn吸收积累的影响.结果表明,Zn对杞柳生长的影响与品种、植物部位以及介质中Zn浓度有关,低Zn(100 μmol·L-1)、高Zn(1 000 μmol·L-1)均不同程度降低了3个杞柳品种的生长参数,低Zn显著减少了"微山湖"、"大红头"的根长及"大红头"根生物量,高Zn显著降低了3个品种株高、根长、生物量等生长参数;3个品种对Zn吸收与积累存在一定差异,地上部Zn含量随介质中Zn浓度升高而降低,根系中Zn含量随Zn浓度升高而增加,Zn在根中含量高于地上部,低Zn时3个品种地上部Zn含量为1477.58～1 583.19 μg·g-1,平均1 530.29 μg·g-1;位移系数(TF)随Zn浓度升高而降低,低Zn时"微山湖"、"一枝笔"位移系数高于"大红头"而接近1;迁移总量随Zn处理浓度增加而降低,3个品种迁移总量为2 332.58～3 871.41 μg,平均3 266.27μg,迁移总量比大于1;耐性指数(TI)随营养液中Zn浓度增加而降低,低Zn时3个品种耐性指数均大于0.5.以上结果表明,高Zn严重干扰了3个杞柳品种的生长,3个品种对低Zn有较强的耐性及积累能力,显示出具有修复≤100 μmol·L-1Zn潜力.     

不同浓度Cr~(6+)处理下芹菜的铬累积量及生理特性

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度(0、5、15、40、60mg·kg-1)K2CrO4胁迫下芹菜生物量、各器官中铬累积量和叶片Vc、硝酸盐含量变化及铬胁迫对芹菜游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在低浓度铬(5mg·kg-1)处理下芹菜生物量无显著变化,而中、高浓度铬(40、60mg·kg-1)处理下芹菜地上部和根部干重极显著降低(P0.01),根冠比升高,耐性指数(TI)下降。(2)不同浓度Cr6+处理下芹菜地上部和根部铬含量均极显著增加(P0.01),根部对铬有较强的滞留作用;不同浓度处理下各器官对铬的积累量均为:根叶茎。(3)随着Cr6+处理浓度增加,芹菜叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、Pro、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量呈增加趋势;叶绿素、Vc含量及根系活力呈现下降趋势;可溶性蛋白含量在低浓度下升高,在高浓度下逐渐降低。低浓度(5mg·kg-1)Cr6+处理对芹菜未产生明显影响,中、高浓度(40、60mg·kg-1)Cr6+处理对芹菜生长发育造成一定伤害。     

镉铜胁迫下紫苏的生长响应和富集特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了紫苏（Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt.）在Cd、Cu胁迫下生长响应及其对Cd、Cu的耐性、吸收和累积特征。结果表明,在Cd处理浓度≤60 mg.kg^-1和Cu处理浓度为≤600 mg.kg^-1时,紫苏株高和根长均随处理浓度提高而增加,此后则随处理浓度增加胁迫作用渐趋明显。植株地上部和根部Cd的最高含量分别是331.51和991.14 mg.kg^-1,Cu的最高含量分别为228.65和2 030.63 mg.kg^-1。植株地上部Cd和Cu的最大富集量分别为66.70和36.52μg.plant^-1。植株Cd、Cu富集系数分别为2.59-15.42和0.14-1.24,迁移系数分别为0.35-1.44和0.07-0.56。因此,该植物可用于Cd、Cu污染土壤的修复。     

伊乐藻对CuCd污染底泥修复的应用研究

在自然条件下,采用人工模拟水缸培养方法,研究了湖泊底泥不同Cu、Cd处理对沉水植物伊乐藻生长、叶绿素含量以及Cu、Cd吸收和积累的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Cu刺激伊乐藻的生长（生物量、叶绿素）,高浓度抑制伊乐藻的生长;随着Cd处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素含量均一直降低,在底泥Cd含量为168．69mg·kg^-1 DW（含背景值）时,植株出现死亡。随着Cu处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻体内的Cu含量一直增加,在底泥cu含量为414mg·kg^-1DW（含背景值）时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．21和0．17）;伊乐藻体内的Cd含量随Cd处理浓度的增加先增后减,底泥Cd含量为88．69mg·kg^-1 DW时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．07和0．09）。以上结果说明,伊乐藻对Cu、Cd具有很强的耐受性,可以作为原位修复Cu和Cd污染底泥的植物种类应用。     

叶面喷施褪黑素调控水稻幼苗耐盐性的浓度效应研究

为了探讨褪黑素(MT)对植物耐盐性的调控,以水稻"盐稻12号"为试验材料,研究了外源MT对75 mmol L-1 Na Cl胁迫下水稻幼苗株高、干重(DW)、根冠比(R/S)、氮磷钾(NPK)及钠(Na)含量的影响,并计算不同处理下各器官的K/Na和K、Na的选择性比率(SK,N a)。结果表明:盐胁迫下,外源喷施25~400μmol L-1 MT能够有效提高水稻植株的株高、DW,降低R/S;且随着MT浓度的升高,该效应越发显著,在MT施用浓度为200μmol L-1时,植株株高和DW均达到最大值。MT浓度为200和400μmol L-1时,植株生长指标差异均不显著。盐胁迫下,喷施MT明显提高植株的NPK含量,降低Na含量,显著增加氮转运系数(N-TF)、磷转运系数(P-TF)和钾转运系数(KTF),显著提高植株根吸收SK,Na(ASK,N a),而叶片运输SK,Na(TSK,Na)随着MT浓度增加逐渐降低。综上所述,盐胁迫下,喷施25~400μmol L-1 MT可明显提高水稻幼苗的NPK吸收,降低植株Na的积累,显著提高了水稻幼苗对K的选择性吸收,维持体内的离子稳态,增加植株地上部和根部生物量积累,从而显著提高水稻的耐盐性,其中,提高水稻耐盐的最适MT浓度为200μmol L-1。     

Biochar particle size and Rhizobia strains effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen in lentils

Abstract

Biochar has attained significant attention as a beneficial soil amendment amongst growers and researchers. However, the impact of particle size of biochar is yet to be investigated. Here in the present study, we studied three particle sizes (<2?mm, 2–5?mm, and >5?mm) of biochar and two rhizobia strains (Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)) for their effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen (N) in lentils. The two years experiment followed a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated three times. The data revealed that grain N, straw N, N uptake, N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2?mm). However, the N physiological efficiency, number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size. Furthermore, the smallest particle size showed more number of pod plant^?1. Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N but not the grain N. Both strains showed increased NRE and NAE, however, the RL demonstrated 7% more grain N than the RG. Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant^?1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length, respectively. The RL strain improved the number of branches plant^?1 at the lowest (<2?mm) and medium size (2–5?mm) particles size but both RL and RG strains demonstrated increased plant height under the maximum particle size. These results indicated that a mere increase in surface area with decreasing biochar particle size may not serve for enhancing biofertilizer strains performance since reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N applied. However, reducing particle size effect on N cycling into soil plant system was favorable.     

Nutrient accumulation and nutritional efficiencies of cashew genotypes

Efficient cashew plants in relation to nutrition may represent gains in growth and production, especially in low fertility soils. This study aimed to determine the accumulation, the uptake, transport, and utilization efficiencies in different cashew genotypes. Twelve genotypes were evaluated, 10 of the dwarf type, a common type, and a hybrid. The seedlings were grown in plastic pots filled out with organic substrate. Sixty days after sowing, the plants were collected for the determination of dry matter and macro and micronutrients concentrations. Nutrient accumulation in cashew follows the descending order: N?>?K > P?>?Mg?>?Ca?>?S > Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?B > Zn. Overall, for all nutrients, plants from BRS 274 had the high accumulation and utilization efficiency; the CCP 06 and CCP 76 in uptake; and the CCP 76 and BRS 189 in transport.     

Effect of nitrogen application on growth and yield of pumpkin

Evaluation of any crop response to different nitrogen amounts is important for determining the amount that can be considered as optimum from economical and environmental point of view. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different nitrogen rates and (2) determine the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pumpkin in two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). In both growing seasons, nitrogen fertilizer (at three rates including 50, 150, and 250 kg ha^?1) was band-dressed on the planted side of each furrow, coinciding with 4–6 leaves stage and flowering. Crop performance over 2 years was evaluated by measuring shoot dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), intercepted PAR (PAR_i), radiation use efficiency (RUE), shoot nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), NUE, and fruit and seed yield. The results showed that in both growing seasons, the highest growth and yield of pumpkin were obtained by applying 250 kg N ha^?1 (using urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen). Increased nitrogen rate from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1 resulted in 87.3%, 27.0%, 62.1%, 87.5%, and 84.5% increase in shoot dry weight, RUE, WUE, fruit yield, and seed yield of pumpkin, respectively, across both growing seasons. However, higher application nitrogen rate decreased the NUE of pumpkin, i.e., the NUE decreased by 62.5% when the nitrogen rate increased from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1. The effect of nitrogen applied in 2014 growing season on growth and yield of pumpkin was higher than that in 2013 growing season, which might be due to more suitable weather condition. In conclusion, the nitrogen rate of 250 kg ha^?1 produced the highest amount of fruit and seed yield in pumpkin.     

玉米自交系苗期磷营养特性评价

利用一元线性回归模型对9种基因型玉米自交系在6叶龄苗期的磷(P)营养特性进行了评价。以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量(mg/plant)分别与培养介质对其供磷量(P.mg)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷效率的指标;以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量分别与相应的全株或地上部磷含量(P.mg/plant)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷利用效率的指标;以幼苗全株磷含量与培养介质对其供磷量建立线性模型的回归系数作为幼苗磷吸收效率的指标。结果表明,9种玉米基因型的磷效率,磷利用效率和磷吸收效率的平均值分别为53.95(全株)和42.61(地上部)、131.84(全株)和124.45(地上部)、0.41。自交系04419的磷效率比平均值约高出45%(全株)和59%(地上部),属于磷效率高效型;而自交系04065和04088的磷效率分别比平均值约低43%、38%(全株)和55%、51%(地上部),属于磷效率低效型;其余自交系的磷效率介于两者之间,为磷效率中间型。玉米自交系苗期的磷效率与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关,与磷利用效率关系不明显;磷吸收效率可作为苗期磷效率预筛选的生理指标。     

Assessment of nitrogen uptake and utilization in drought tolerant and Striga resistant tropical maize varieties

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria. Despite its high production potential, drought, Striga hermonthica parasitsim, and poor soil fertility particularly nitrogen deficiency limit maize production in the savannas. Breeders at IITA have developed drought- and Striga-tolerant cultivars for testing, dissemination, and deployment in the region. Information on the response of these cultivars to N fertilization is, however, not available. This study evaluated grain yield, total N uptake (TNU), N uptake (NUPE), N utilization (NUTE), and N use efficiency (NUE) of selected maize cultivars along with a widely grown improved maize cultivar at two locations in the Guinea savannas of northern Nigeria. Maize grain yield increased with N application. The average grain yield of the maize cultivars was 76% higher at 30, 156% higher at 60, and 203% higher at 120 kg N ha^?1 than at 0 kg N ha^?1. This suggests that N is a limiting nutrient in the Nigerian savannas. Five drought-tolerant cultivars produced consistently higher yields when N was added at all levels. These cultivars had either high NUPE or NUTE confirming earlier reports that high N uptake or NUTE improves maize grain yield. The study also confirms earlier reports that maize cultivars that are selected for tolerance to drought are also efficient in uptake and use of N fertilizer. This means that these cultivars can be grown with application of less N fertilizer thereby reducing investment on fertilizers and reduction in environmental pollution.     

氮肥对水稻氮素吸收及利用效率的影响

选用超级稻品种沈农265和传统品种辽粳294为试材,比较氮肥对两品种氮素吸收及利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥施用量高时,沈农265氮素农学效率、生理效率等指标高于辽粳294,氮肥用量低时则相反,说明高氮肥条件有利于沈农265潜力的发挥;同样肥力水平下,沈农265每100 kg子粒所需氮量少,说明其氮素向子粒转化、运输能力强于辽粳294。     

Wheat Yield Differences between Two Cropping Systems in Permanent Raised-Beds as Affected by Components of Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Permanent raised-bed is an alternative planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rain-fed areas. However, this system in monoculture conditions produces lower yields compared with wheat in rotation. Our objective was to estimate these yield differences as affected by nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Wheat in monoculture and in rotation with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated for eight years (2002–2009) with four N rates (0, 40, 80 or 120 kg ha^?1). Yield response to N in monoculture was consistently lower than for wheat in rotation. Yield reduction in monoculture at low and high N rate was 81 and 99% attributed to NUE out of which 70 and 82% was due to the uptake efficiency (UPE) and 30 and 19% to the utilization efficiency (UTE), respectively. Total N uptake proved to be the parameter that needs to be improved to enhance wheat yield in monoculture.

Abbreviations: NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; UPE: uptake efficiency; UTE: utilization efficiency; Ns: nitrogen supply; NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index     

Genetic variation in nitrogen‐use efficiency of tef

Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is the ancient and most important cereal food crop of Ethiopia. A set of 20 tef genotypes was investigated in field experiments at three environments in Ethiopia to estimate genetic variation in nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency and in characters related to N accumulation as well as their relationships to grain yield. In each environment, genotypes representing both widely grown landraces and recently released cultivars were grown under three N‐fertilizer rates (0, 4, and 8 g m^–2 N). In grain yield, modern cultivars were superior to landraces, whereas in other characters, differences were less clear. The variation in grain yield was significantly related to the variation in total grain N and total plant N. Grain yield weakly correlated with N‐utilization efficiency and N harvest index. Broad sense heritability was higher for grain yield, total grain N, total plant N, and N harvest index than for N‐use, N‐uptake, and N‐utilization efficiencies. The contribution of uptake efficiency to the variation in N‐use efficiency decreased from 75% to 55% and that of utilization efficiency increased from 22% to 43% at the 4 to 8 g m^–2 N‐supply rate change. This study clearly suggests that tef N‐use efficiency would be increased by selecting genotypes with greater uptake efficiency at low N‐supply levels.     

康庄地区人工植被防风阻沙与土壤改良效益分析

通过对延庆县康庄地区3种人工植被（林带、片林、杏园）不同部位的风速、积沙量、积沙形态特征以及林地土壤养分的观测与分析,比较了不同植被类型防风、阻沙效益及土壤改良效益的差异;研究结果表明：在迎风面1H～10H范围内片林的防风效能最大为25.6%;在林内距迎风面1H～7H范围内杏园防风效能最大为70.0%;在背风面1H～20H范围内防护林带防风效能最大为32.3%。其阻沙量从小到大序列为：林带、片林、杏园;在植被的作用下其积沙形态呈现不同的分布规律。三种植被的土壤改良效果明显,杏园改良效益最佳。     

生物质炭与化肥配施对连作黄瓜产量及肥料利用率的影响

在如皋农科所进行黄瓜大棚试验,设置按常规施肥(计为100%,F)、减肥10%(F-10%)和减肥20%(F-20%)3个施肥水平,每个施肥水平下设置生物质炭添加量为0 t/hm²(CK)、5 t/hm²(C1)、10 t/hm²(C2)、20 t/hm²(C3)、30 t/hm²(C4)和40 t/hm²(C5)6个处理,以CK和CF(不施生物质炭也不施化肥)处理为对照,测定和分析黄瓜产量以及肥料利用率等相关参数。结果表明,在同一施肥水平下,与CK处理相比,添加生物质炭的处理组中黄瓜产量、肥料利用率及相关指标均达到显著增加水平(P<0.05),C5处理的黄瓜产量和氮、磷、钾肥料利用率均达到最大值。C5处理的黄瓜产量和氮、磷、钾肥料利用率在F处理水平下分别为27.60 t/hm²、23.75%、3.62%和24.85%,与CK处理相比,分别提高了59.67%、337.44%、177.94%和120.69%;在F-10%水平下分别比CK处理提高了73.88%、163.82%、234.33%和183.24%;在F-20%水平下分别比CK处理提高了82.10%、148.73%、246.46%和215.66%。在相同生物质炭添加量的处理中,化肥减施没有造成C2、C3、C4和C5处理中的黄瓜产量降低,而肥料利用率均呈上升趋势,在F-20%处理水平下达到最高,其与传统施肥相比,CK、C1、C2、C3、C4和C5的氮肥利用率分别提高了135.42%、145.96%、116.94%、70.47%、63.33%和33.86%,磷肥利用率分别提高了69.26%、57.31%、59.78%、27.90%、67.91%和110.99%,钾肥利用率分别提高了27.90%、99.55%、84.75%、62.97%、60.91%和82.94%。本试验研究表明,生物质炭与化肥配施是减缓连作障碍的有效途径。