玄武岩发育的几种红壤的矿物特征

本文主要研究不同生物气候条件下由玄武岩母质发育的红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤的理化性质及矿物组成。粘粒中氧化铁的含量都很高,为16.98±0.83%。砖红壤与赤红壤粘粒中高岭石与非晶物质的含量相近,它们之间的差异是赤红壤中没有三水铝石,而含有7—11%蒙皂石。红壤粘粒中高岭石和非晶物质的含量都低于砖红壤和赤红壤,而水云母和蒙皂石的含量较高,也没有三水铝石。粘粒含量、阳离子交换量、硅铝率、硅铁铝率、铁的游离度和风化淋溶系数等都反映了土壤风化程度上的差异,它与水热条件特别是年均温和积温有关,进一步说明生物气候因素引起的土壤性质及矿物组成变化比其它因素强烈。砖红壤与砖红壤性水稻土的差异是在氧化铁形态上;红壤与红壤性水稻土相比,后者粘粒中蒙皂石含量略高,水云母含量略低。     

衡山土壤的粘粒矿物

衡山的土壤,随着海拔高度的增加,依次分布着成土过程由强到弱的红壤、山地黄壤和山地草甸土.这个规律在粘粒矿物的组成上得到较好的反映.从山脚到山顶高岭石渐减,而三水铝石渐增.埃洛石则普遍存在,但以B,C层为多.风化程度较低的次要矿物如水云母、水黑云母、14(Å)过渡矿物和绿泥石等也是衡山的上部较多.从粘粒矿物组成的特点判断,衡山上部不存在山地黄棕壤,而只有山地黄壤和山地草甸土.衡山上部土壤的三水铝石含量很高,以致粘粒的硅铝率甚小.三水铝石可能是斜长石的直接风化产物.由这种方式产生的富铝化现象,在发生学上有别于热带土壤的富铝化作用.     

海南岛土壤粘粒矿物特征与土壤系统分类

研究了海南岛不同母质土壤的粘粒矿物特征:都含有较多的高岭石,其中玄武岩发育土壤粘粒中高岭石最多,但其结晶最差。片岩和紫色砂岩发育土壤含相当多的水云母,粘粒部分水云母含量高达40％～45％,石灰岩发育土壤水云母含量亦较高,达20％～37％,此类水云母属二八面体型的水化白云母。玄武岩和花岗岩发育的“湿润”土壤粘粒中针铁矿与赤铁矿的含量之比为（3～4）:1,而花岗岩发育的“常湿”土壤粘粒中只有针铁矿,不见赤铁矿存在,证明土壤中氧化铁矿物的类型是土壤湿润状况的反应,在中国土壤系统分类中可以用来区分“湿润”和“常湿”土壤的一个指标。     

福建红壤和砖红壤性红壤的发生和分类的探讨

本文研究了发育于福建中亚热带和南亚热带13个土壤剖面的理化性质、微形态性质和粘粒矿物性质,讨论了这些土壤的富铝化程度、红壤和砖红壤性红壤土类划分指标的选择及分类问题,结果表明,供试土壤均处于中度脱硅富铝化阶段,但在程度上有差别。以B层粘粒高岭石的平均含量为主要指标,平均硅铝率为辅助指标,将供试土壤分为两个土类:第一类是砖红壤性红壤,其B层粘粒高岭石平均含量大于70%,或介于60—70%之间,但硅铝率小于2.10;第二类为红壤,其B层粘粒高岭石平均含量小于60%,或介于60—70%之间,但硅铝率大于2.10,这里红壤和砖红壤性红壤的概念不完全等同于地带性土壤的概念。     

中国土壤胶体研究——Ⅸ.广东两对黄壤和红壤的粘粒矿物比较

在两个红壤剖面中,粘粒部分的矿物组成变化不大,约含有50—55%的高岭石和20%左右的非晶物质和三水铝石,还含少量水云母、夹层矿物和14Å矿物。黄壤的粘粒矿物组成与红壤有明显的不同,其中含较多的14Å矿物和水云母,而高岭石较红壤要少些。在海拔较高、风化较浅的黄壤粘粒中高岭石含量竟低于15%,而海拔较低、风化较深的黄壤中高岭石含量可高达40%左右。X射线和化学分析表明,黄壤中的14Å矿物是属于蛭石晶层间夹有非交换性羟基铝等聚合物阳离子的14Å过渡矿物。花岗岩半风化体中含有较多的埃洛石,而高岭石极少,并有一定量的三水铝石。有的半风化体中还含少量蒙皂石和方解石。     

我国主要土壤的云母含量与供钾潜力的关系

本文主要介绍用化学方法测定我国主要地带性土壤的云母含量、不同粒级全钾量和钾风化系数,并计算出其钾供给潜力。试验表明:砖红壤、红壤和黄棕壤的云母含量低,而且多数集中在细粒级部分;紫色土和黄土母质发育的土壤含云母较高,但前者含细粒云母多,后者以粗粒云母为主;湖积物和海积物的云母含量取决于其物质来源。<2微米的粒级,全钾量大部分来自云母,>10微米的粒级,一半左右是来自云母。14个土壤的供钾潜力与钾风化系数有一致性倾向,风化系数低,供钾潜力差,反之,供钾潜力较高。     

湖南棕红壤的研讨

本文研究了湖南省洞庭湖东西两侧丘岗地区的棕红壤,提出了棕红壤的主要形成特点、特性、类型的一些指标,归纳如下: 1.具有比较弱的脱硅富铝现象,粘粒硅铁铝率为2.7—3.0;淋浴弱(碱金属和碱土金属含量比红壤高0.18—2倍,风化淋溶系数多在0.3以上);粘粒矿物以水云母、高岭石为主;游离铁含量大于2%,游离度50—60%。2.颜色为红黄-暗红棕色;粉/粘比和砂/粘比一般都小于1,粘化值大于1;pH 4.8—5.8;CEC 8—14毫克当量/100克土;ECEC 16.5—23.3毫克当量/100克粘粒;盐基饱和度40-60%。3.参照上述指标,结合母质与地域特点,将其划分若干土属,并提出其利用改良上的相应差异。     

赣东地区土壤颗粒组成的特点

本文根据赣东地区第2次土壤普查资料,论述了该区水稻土、潮土、红壤、黄壤、山地草甸土和紫色土6种主要土壤类型和由不同母质发育形成的红壤的土壤颗粒组成特点及其粘粒含量的变化等。     

不同母质发育的红壤电荷特性研究

研究了3种不同母质发育的红壤中电荷的差异,比较了不同母质对电荷的影响。结果表明:3种母质发育的红壤中,紫色土发育的红壤中全部负电荷含量明显高于花岗岩发育的红壤和第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤;第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤中正电荷的含量明显高于花岗岩发育的红壤和紫色土发育的红壤;第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤、花岗岩发育的红壤和紫色土发育的红壤中正电荷与pH呈显著性负相关;第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤正电荷与有机质呈显著负相关,花岗岩发育的红壤和紫色土发育的红壤中正电荷与有机质含量呈显著正相关;第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤和紫色土发育的红壤正电荷与黏粒含量呈一元二次线性关系,花岗岩发育的红壤正电荷与黏粒含量呈极显著负相关;紫色土发育的红壤吸附的NH4+-N含量最高,第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤吸附的NO3--N含量最高。通过对3种母质发育的土壤电荷特性的研究,可为不同母质的红壤进行合理施肥与管理提供科学依据。     

不同农业利用方式下湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物学组成与表面电…

用Ｘ－射线衍射分析技术和化学不同农业利用方式对湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育土壤的粘粒矿物学组成和表面电荷的特性的影响，结果表明：湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物组成以高岭石为主，其次是１．４ｎｍ过渡矿物，经过人为耕种尤其在水田条件下，蛭石和水云母的含量增加，铁的活化度增大，土壤表面电荷数量和电荷零点的值也发生相应的改变。     

中国福建省土壤的主要粘土矿物

The clay minerals of more than 200 soil samples collected from various sites of Fujian Province were studied by the X-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy to study their distribution and evolution.Montmorillonite was found in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit,and some lateritic red soil,red soil and yellow soil with a low weathering degree.Chlorite existed mainly in coastal solonchak and paddy soil developed from marine deposit.1.4nm intergradient mineral appeared frequently in yellow soil,red soil and lateritic red soil.The content of 1.4nm intergradient mineral increased with the decrease of weathering degree from lateritic red soil to red soil to yellow soil.Hydrous micas were more in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit.and puple soil from purple shale than in other soils.Kaolinte was the most important clay mineral in the soils iun this province.The higher the soil weathering degree,the more the kaolinite existed.From yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil,kaolinite increased gradually,Kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral accompanied by few other minerals in typical lateritic red soil. Tubular halloysite was a widespread clay mineral in soils of Fujian Province with varying quantities.The soil derived from the paent rocks rich in feldspar contained more tubular halloysite.Spheroidal halloysite was found in a red soil and a paddy soil developed from olivine basalt gibbsite in the soils in this district was largely“primary gibbsite” which formed in the early weathering stage.Gibbsite decreased with the increase of weathering degree from yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil.Goethite also decreased in the same sequence while hematite increased.     

皖南山地主要土壤的特征和分类问题

本文研究了皖南山地主要土壤的特征和分类。结果表明,本区土壤风化和淋溶作用强,富铝化特征明显,且随海拔高度的增加,土壤特征有差异。海拔600-700m以下的土壤,B层颜色以红棕色和亮红棕色(5YR5/6-5/8)为主,粉砂/粘粒值小于1.00,风化淋溶系数小于0.35,盐基饱和度小于35%,粘粒SiO₂/Al₂O₃多小于2.4。粘粒矿物以高岭石为主。氧化铁的活化度和络合度低,表层HA/FA小于0.35。该类土壤定为黄红壤(红壤土类中的一个亚类)。海拔600-700m以上的土壤,B层颜色以黄色(2.5Y8/6)和亮黄棕色(10YR6/6-6/8)为主,粉砂/粘粒值大于1.00,风化淋溶系数大于0.35,盐基饱和度小于35%,粘粒SiO₂/Al₂O₃一般大于2.3。粘粒矿物以蛭石和高岭石为主,并有较多的三水铝石出现。氧化铁的活化度和络合度高,表层HA/FA值0.35-0.75。该类土壤定为黄壤。从粘粒矿物组成和SiO₂/Al₂O₃,判断,皖南山地上部不存在山地黄棕壤和山地棕壤。土壤垂直带谱主要由黄红壤和黄壤构成。     

Contribution of organic matter and clay minerals to the cation exchange capacity of soils

Abstract

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) at pH 7 was measured for samples of 347 A horizons and 696 B horizons of New Zealand soils. The mean CEC was 22.1 cmolc/kg for the A horizons and 15.2 cmolc/kg for the B horizons. Multiple regressions were carried out for CEC against organic carbon (C), clay content, and the content of seven groups of clay minerals. The results, significant at p <0.001, were consistent with most of the CEC arising from soil organic matter. For the samples of A horizon, the calculated CEC was 221 cmolc/kg per unit C and for the B horizons was 330 cmolc/kg C. There was also a contribution from sites on clay minerals. Multiple regression indicated that smectite had a higher CEC (70 cmolc/kg) than other minerals but it was not as high as that of type smectites; kaolin minerals had the lowest CEC. There was a significant effect of interaction between organic matter and some clay minerals on the CEC. Samples from B horizons containing allophane had lower CEC than those not containing allophane which is consistent with allophane reacting with carboxyl groups on organic matter. For the samples from the A horizons, however the CEC was higher when allophane was present.     

Clay minerals in a soil chronosequence derived from basalt on Hainan Island, China and its implication for pedogenesis

A soil chronosequence consisting of six profiles formed on quartz tholeiite basalt ranging in age from 10,000 years to 1. 8 Million years (My) was studied here. Soil clays were identified using XRD diffractogram decomposition methods for samples obtained from the A and C horizons of profiles. The results showed that kaolinite minerals dominated in all the clay fractions. Gibbsite was prominent in the C horizons in the soils from older rocks. Clays in the A horizon of relatively young soils showed an initial stage of illite formation, followed by smectite mixed layer minerals (illite-smectites and then vermiculite-illite) and finally by vermiculite. The initial presence of illite is interesting as there is no magmatic micaceous or phyllosilicate phase in these basalts and the formation of illite we attribute to a secondary process, probably created by alkali transport by plant materials. The change in 2:1 clay mineralogy reflects the overall change in Si/Al ratios in the soils over longer periods of weathering. In all cases gibbsite is more abundant in the C horizons than the A horizons. The difference in gibbsite content between the A and C horizons we attribute to plant transport of siliceous phytolite material to the surface. Continued high rainfall over long periods of time removed the alkali faster than the plants could bring it to the surface, which led to continuous lowering of 2:1 minerals from younger to older in the soil chronosequence. Nevertheless a 2:1, silica-rich mineral persists in the clay assemblages although in very minor amounts.     

ALPINE PODZOL SOILS ON THE BEN LAWERS MASSIF PERTHSHIRE

Characteristics of the soils include well-defined horizons, very low pH values and base saturation percentages, and a slight but general increase in the silt-plusclay content down the profile. X-ray diffraction shows that the soil clays are rich in mica and chlorite with subsidiary amounts of kaolinite, goethite, and lepidocrocite. The general distribution of the clay minerals in the profiles studied suggests that the weathering of chlorite leads to the formation of kaolinite in the A horizons and to the accumulation of crystalline iron-oxide minerals in the B horizons. The presence of kaolinite, taken in conjunction with recent clay mineral studies of Scandinavian and Canadian podzols, indicates that the Ben Lawers soils may pre-date the last glacial period.     

Soil formation in the coast aeolianites and sands of Natal

The morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of eight prominent classes of soil developed in the coast aeolianites and sands of Natal are presented. These data and information on soil geography lead to the conclusion that: (i) losses of silica and bases and relative accumulation of iron (the ferrallitic process) have given rise to red and yellow kaolinitic materials; (ii) clay eluviation has given rise to coarse textured topsoils and to B2t horizons; and (iii) the hydromorphic process has caused grey colours in many sandy topsoils, plinthite development at some E/B horizon interfaces and gleying of some B2 horizons. In the soils on the older aeolianites, there is no evidence of either podzolization or the coarser textured topsoil being a younger geological deposit. The development of yellow soils in younger aeolianites may indicate a cooler climate than existed when red materials developed from the older aeolianites.     

红壤的供氮能力及化肥氮的去向

采用盆栽试验 ,研究了由第四纪红色黏土和红砂岩发育的不同侵蚀程度红壤以及施用有机或无机肥 1 0年以上培肥的红壤在不加外源氮肥条件下的自然供氮能力 ,以及施用1 5N肥源后肥料氮在土壤 -作物系统中的去向。结果表明 :红砂岩发育红壤 (红砂土 )的矿化量和供氮量显著高于第四纪红黏土 (红黏土 ) ,同一母质中轻度侵蚀红壤的矿化量和供氮量又显著高于重度侵蚀红壤。培肥后红壤的矿化量和供氮量显著提高 ,其中有机培肥红壤高于无机培肥红壤。侵蚀红壤的氮肥利用率低 ,土壤残留氮率较高 ,氮肥损失率不大 ,其中红砂土的氮肥残留率明显低于红黏土 ,而氮肥损失率却显著高于红黏土。培肥后红壤的氮肥利用率明显增加 ,其中有机培肥红壤的氮肥利用率和残留率显著高于无机培肥的红壤 ,而氮肥损失率却明显低于无机培肥红壤。     

CLAY MINERALS IN SOILS DERIVED FROM LOWER OLD RED SANDSTONE TILL: EFFECTS OF INHERITANCE AND PEDOGENESIS

The clay mineralogy of thirty-two profiles located mainly in the Vale of Strathmore and developed on glacial till derived from Lower Red Sandstone sediments and lavas has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The soils were selected so that the parent material was related predominantly to one of the rock types common in the Lower Old Red Sandstone succession—namely, marl, sandstone, lava, or conglomerate. Comparison of the < 1.4μm fractions separated from fresh rock samples with those separated from the C horizons of the soils clearly established the dominant influence of parent rock on the soil-clay mineralogy. The clay minerals inherited by the soil often include unusual trioctahedral expansible minerals such as saponite, interstratified vermiculite-chlorite, and smectite-vermiculite, as well as more common types like mica, montmorillonite, and chlorite. Kaolinite is also found but it is not certain that it is only of inherited origin. Weathering of the clays during soil formation brings about complete degradation of the expansible trioctahedral minerals, a process usually well advanced in the B or even at the top of the C horizon, and vermiculitization of mica. The latter process occurs mainly in the A horizon, with concomitant precipitation of interlayer aquohydroxy-aluminium ions thereby forming a vermiculite-chlorite intergrade. Chlorite and kaolinite appear to be little affected by weathering. The weathering transformations are most pronounced in freely drained acid soils (pH < s) and are at a minimum in poorly drained soils and where the pH remains above 6. The susceptibility to weathering of the trioctahedral expansible minerals results in relatively high values for exchangeable magnesium at the base of the profile.     

ABSTRACT of the Articles Printed in Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure,Japan

A contrasting occurrence of clay minerals was found within a soil profile which was derived from volcanic materials in the suburbs of Fukuoka-city, Northern Kyushu. The soil profile is located on an isolated terrace, and the morphological characteristics of the soil correspond exactly to Andosols, so-called Kuroboku soils or Humic Allophane soils.

The clay fraction of upper horizons of the soil consists largely of alumina-rich gel-like materials, gibbsite, and layer silicates such as chlorite and chloritevermiculite intergrades, while that of lower horizons is composed of allophane and gibbsite or halloysite. There was no positive indication of allophane in the upper horizons. Corresponding with the clay mineralogical composition, quartz is abundant in the fine sand fraction of the upper horizons, while the mineral is very scarce or none in the lower horizons, suggesting a close relation between the petrological nature of parent volcanic materials and the mineralogical composition of weathering products. The dominant clay mineral in the volcanic 1.10il might be dependent on the petrological nature of parent materials, and allophane is mostly formed from andesitic materials, and alumina-rich gel-like materials and layer silicates have come from quartz andesitic materials. Allophane would transform to gibbsite or halloysite according to weathering conditions, and aluminarich gel-like materials change to gibbsite under a well-drained condition.

The soil materials have been so greatly weathered that some horizons contain gibbsite of even more than 40 per cent or halloysite over 70 per cent. The morphology and mineralogy are quite similar to so-cailed “non-volcanic Kuroboku soils.”