基于地学信息图谱的江汉平原土地利用时空变化分析

为分析江汉平原土地利用时空变化特征,探索土地利用变化原因、过程并预测未来变化趋势,基于江汉平原1990年、2000年和2010年土地利用空间数据,运用地学信息图谱方法,构建两个时序的土地利用变化图谱、涨落势图谱和变化模式图谱,分析了江汉平原1990—2010年土地利用的时空变化规律和发展过程。结果表明:(1) 1990—2010年耕地和水域是主要土地利用类型,耕地持续减少,水域和建设用地持续增加;(2)变化图谱以耕地与水域、建设用地间的互相转换为主。耕地与水域间的互相转化集中于低湖平原区;耕地转化为建设用地贯穿整个研究时段,主要是经济相对发达的城区周边区域;而建设用地转化为耕地发生在后期,集中在石首市和松滋市等地;(3)落势图谱中萎缩耕地面积最大,占68.63%;增势图谱中新增水域面积最大,占46.39%。各县市存在明显差异;(4)变化模式图谱中全期稳定型占据主要地位,其次是后期变化型。研究表明江汉平原土地利用变化呈现土地利用类型"典型化"、土地动态变化"差异化"和土地变化模式"稳定化"的特征。     

基于地形因子的鄱阳湖地区土地利用格局变化分析

为研究土地利用空间格局变化地形特征,采用1990年、2000年、2010年、2013年4期鄱阳湖地区Landsat TM解译数据及DEM数据,借助地形位、分布指数、地学信息图谱方法,深入探讨了1990—2013年鄱阳湖地区不同地形下土地利用格局的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1990—2013年,鄱阳湖地区土地利用类型以耕地、林地、水域为主,三种类型面积占比均在90%以上,建设用地快速增长,由1990年的1 387.42km~2增加到2013年的2 413.98km~2,增加了1 026.56km~2,耕地、未利用土地、林地面积分别减少513.39km~2,399.04km2,123.75km~2;(2)1990—2013年,土地利用格局变化具有地形效应,低地形范围优势分布耕地、建设用地、水域,高地形范围林地优势分布,未利用土地、草地零散分布对地形变化适宜性较强;(3)1990—2013年,研究区土地利图谱以稳定型和中期型为主,面积分别为48 457.44km~2,2 014.56km~2,稳定型图谱的优势区域位于高、低地形范围,耕地、林地、建设用地变化稳定;低、中高地形范围是中期变换型的优势分布区,主要表现为未利用土地—未利用土地—水域—水域、耕地—耕地—建设用地—建设用地。     

1985～2015年淮北市土地利用变化特征及其预测研究

以1985、1995、2005、2015年4期遥感影像为基础,应用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析了淮北市1985～2015年土地利用景观格局变化,并采用ANN-CA模型预测2025年淮北市土地利用数据。结果表明:1)淮北市土地利用类型以耕地为主,耕地面积占60%以上,建设用地次之;近30年,建设用地和林地面积呈增加趋势,耕地、水域和草地呈减小趋势;2005～2015年土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著,各类土地利用面积变化速率加快。2)1985～2015年土地利用类型的转移主要为耕地向建设用地转变、水域向耕地和建设用地转变。3)1985～2015年淮北市土地利用破碎化程度不断升高,景观格局趋向复杂化,景观异质性增强。4)2015～2025年,林地面积将保持不变,耕地、草地、水域面积减少,建设用地面积不断增加。     

渭北旱塬县域土地利用时空演变规律研究* ——以合阳县为例

为探讨渭北旱塬区土地利用时空变化规律,本研究以陕西渭北合阳县为研究区,在GIS与RS等技术支持下,以1990年、2000年Landsat TM影像以及2010年SPOT影像为数据源,运用地学信息图谱及土地利用转移矩阵的方法,对1990—2000年、2000—2010年2个不同时段土地利用数量变化及类型的空间转换特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)20 a间合阳县耕地面积减少了31.25 km2,耕地主要转化为草地、林地、建设用地、水域。园地面积增加了21.26 km2,增幅达146.6%,主要由耕地、草地及林地转化而来。(2)研究区土地利用变化图谱以稳定型图谱和后变型图谱为主。稳定型图谱占全区总面积的86.66%,后变型图谱占全区总面积的7.32%。说明研究区土地利用类型图谱变化总体比较平稳,部分变化也主要发生在2000—2010年间。(3)研究区20 a间土地利用格局呈现一定的层次性。耕地、建设用地和水域主要分布在地形变化不大或地势较低的区域;草地及林地主要集中分布于中高地形梯度内;林地和未利用地在高地形梯度内呈现优势分布。地形与人类活动是该区土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)的主要因素,政策导向与市场经济需求对LUCC也有较大的影响。该研究结果为区域土地利用空间格局的优化配置提供科学依据,为生态建设规划提供决策支持。     

广西海岸带土地利用时空格局及其驱动因子

明确广西海岸带土地动态变化趋势及其驱动因子,为优化该区土地利用结构和制定合理管控政策提供参考是全面、系统、合理地利用海岸带资源,进行生态文明建设的重要依据。基于多时相遥感数据,辅以随机森林分类、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和地理探测器等方法,系统分析了2010—2018年快速发展时期广西海岸带土地利用类型时空格演变规律与景观格局,并综合探讨了其演变的驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2010—2018年广西海岸带土地利用交错增减,变化显著。建设用地、林草地、人工湿地和自然湿地面积增加,建设用地年均增加101.89 km²,集聚特征突出,主要转入源为耕地; 耕地、其他用地和水体面积缩减,耕地年均缩减162.66 km²,分散特征明显,主要转出为林草地。(2)分时段土地利用动态度差异较大。2010—2014年其他用地和2010—2018年建设用地单一动态度最大,分别为-10.48%,8.80%; 2010—2018年水体单一动态度最小(-0.11%); 综合动态度逐段上升,2010—2018年达1.52%,属快速变化型; 林草地、耕地和建设用地间交替转化活跃。(3)土地利用景观格局呈斑块破碎化、多样化和均匀化演变趋势,景观的异质性和复杂性增强。(4)人文因子是土地利用变化的主导因子,平均贡献率为17.82%; 自然因子影响较小,平均贡献率仅9.72%。人文因子和自然因子协同作用加速了广西海岸带土地利用及景观格局变化。     

基于CA-Markov的哈尔滨市土地利用变化及预测

为探讨哈尔滨城市化进程中土地利用时空演变规律以及驱动机制。该文以1989年、2001年和2007年LandsatTM影像为数据源,借助于地学信息谱图理论,运用RS和GIS技术分析研究区域18a土地利用格局变化,以2007年土地利用格局为基础,利用CA-Markov模型和并引入终极状态概率,预测2025年土地利用情况和平衡状态下土地利用空间分布格局。研究结果表明:区域土地利用格局以耕地为主,其面积比例均超过60%,其次是林地和居民工矿用地;稳定型图谱空间分布广泛,占研究区域总面积比例最大,"耕地→耕地→耕地"是其面积最大的变化图谱,"林地→林地→林地"次之,持续变化型所占比例最小,"未利用地→林地→耕地"是其面积最大的变化图谱;CA-Markov模型预测结果表明从2025年到土地利用终极状态期间,耕地面积持续减少,居民工矿用地持续增加,耕地→居民工矿用地是其主要转化轨迹,其他地类变化量相对较小,基本上处于动态平衡状态中,该文为土地利用合理规划、生态恢复和区域经济发展提供依据。     

桐柏大别山区土地利用时空变化图谱分析

运用地学信息图谱理论方法,基于地理信息系统时空分析模型,以桐柏大别山区20 a土地利用3期(1987、1997、2007)空间数据为基础,通过建立桐柏大别山区土地利用变化图谱和涨落势图谱,分析该区域土地利用变化的时空特征,预测未来土地利用变化的趋势。结果表明:1)1987—2007年,研究区土地利用发生了很大变化,耕地面积持续性减少,林地和建设用地面积持续性增加,草地和未利用地面积先增加后减少,水域面积先减少后增加;2)空间格局上,耕地与林地相互转化遍布整个研究区域,耕地和林地转为建设用地主要分布在各县市周边地区,水域转为耕地和林地主要位于水域与其他用地交接地带;3)涨落势图谱中,林地涨势最明显,增加了5 904.06 km2,占新增图谱单元61.31%,主要来源于耕地和水域转出,耕地落势最明显,减少了6 394.71 km2,占萎缩图谱单元66.41%,主要转为林地和建设用地;4)未来10年,桐柏大别山区土地利用类型仍将以耕地、林地为主。     

近40a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖变化及景观格局分析

为研究近40 a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局时空变化状况,该文以凯拉库姆库区1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI软件得到各时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵,建立土地利用面积变化量、单一土地利用类型动态度以及区域土地利用综合动态度模型;同时,在景观格局分析中采用景观格局数量分析方法,在类型水平和景观水平分别选取不同的指数,系统分析凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化的时空特征。研究结果显示:近40 a凯拉库姆库区的土地利用/覆盖发生了剧烈变化,建设用地面积呈现出持续增加的态势,低覆盖度草地和未利用地的面积随时间序列呈"V"型变化,而水体、耕地、中覆盖度草地的面积随时间序列呈倒"V"型变化;建设用地和耕地大面积急剧扩张,并伴随着低覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积的减少,大量的中覆盖度草地、未利用地转化为耕地,同时部分耕地又转化为建设用地,使得建设用地和耕地面积显著增加,研究区区域土地利用综合动态度呈"V"字型变化,并有逐渐加快的趋势,活跃土地利用/覆盖类型由早期和中期的水体转化为近期低覆盖度草地,稳定土地利用/覆盖类型由早期的耕地和中覆盖度草地,过度到中期未利用地,进而转化为近期的耕地;景观格局分析表明,中覆盖度草地和耕地对整个景观发挥主导作用,与水体相邻的景观要素多,建设用地斑块数目多且相对分散,但有集中分布的趋势,在人类活动的影响下,整体斑块尺度趋于均匀,景观趋于丰富和复杂化,斑块聚集程度减少,破碎度增加。该研究结果为凯拉库姆库区水土地资源可持续开发和利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

1976—2015年辽河口土地利用格局变化及驱动机制研究

利用1976、2000及2015年3期遥感影像解译数据,从土地利用格局、土地利用类型变化速率及土地利用类型转移矩阵等方面,分析了辽河口地区1976—2015年土地利用格局、变化趋势及转移特征,结果表明:辽河口地区总面积6327 km 2,区域生态以农田-湿地-城镇复合景观为主,耕地所占面积比例最大,其次为沼泽湿地,再次为建设用地,水域、滩涂、河滩地、林地、草地、盐碱地、裸土、裸岩等零星分布;1976—2015年辽河口地区土地利用变化主要体现为沼泽地、林地及滩涂面积不断减少,建设用地及虾蟹养殖地面积不断增加。分析表明,辽河口地区土地利用格局变化的驱动力主要来自人为活动,区域气候变化对区域土地利用格局变化影响很小,主要对区域沼泽湿地景观产生一定影响。     

秦巴山区土地利用时空格局及地形梯度效应

自然景观的垂直地带性为区域土地利用的垂直景观格局奠定了基础,同时也决定了垂直景观带上土地利用的强度及其变化情况。该文采用地形位指数、分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用信息图谱法等,分析了1989-2010年秦巴山区土地利用格局的地形梯度效应和图谱信息,揭示地形控制下土地利用时空格局和土地转移的变化规律。结果表明:1)秦巴山区土地利用以林地和耕地为主,呈西林东耕分布;1989-2010年间林地减少显著,建设用地增加明显,其中耕地是建设用地主要转入来源,林、草地是耕地主要转入来源。2)秦巴山区各生态亚区用地类型差异明显,各生态亚区土地利用转移方向也存在差异性。3)秦巴山区土地利用强度指数呈东高西低,中高周低的态势;土地利用强度变化率稳定少动,增加趋势不明显;土地利用动态度呈中高周低的态势,整体变化不大。4)水域、建设用地和耕地主要集中在地形起伏度小和坡度小的低地形位,且耕地主要转移为其他两种用地类型,建设用地有向中低地形位分布的趋势。林地和草地集中在地形起伏大、坡度陡的中高地形位,且存在着相互转移演替现象,中低地形位往往是耕地、林地、草地间的相互转换,未来势必加强坡耕地和低山丘陵区林草地的管治工作。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.