晋西人工防护林乡土树种抗旱性研究

应用压力室技术对晋西北７个乡土造林树种的水分参数进行了研究,分析了各树种的抗旱性及其季节变化规律。结果表明：（１）各树种抗旱性具有一定的季节变化格局,根据本地区气候变化特征,其基本规律是：生长季初期最弱,炎热干旱的季节有所增强,降水峰期再次减弱,而到生长季末期则是一年中抗旱性最强的时期。（２）应用抗旱性综合指标判定７个树种抗旱性强弱,其顺序依次为：山杏,海红,榆树,刺槐、沙刺,红柳,沙枣。（３）各     

渭北主要造林树种根系抗旱性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同土壤干旱条件下渭北主要造林树种苗木根系活力的变化。结果表明:在一定的土壤干旱范围内,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境。当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能,最终导致地上部分的枯死。各树种中,山杏根系的抗旱性最强,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱胁迫程度的影响之外,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至40%的田间持水量时,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大。     

酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造

[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。     

3种阔叶树种对持续干旱的生理响应及抗旱性评价

采用盆栽的试验方法,测定持续干旱条件下2年生五角枫、臭椿、黄连木幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、细胞膜透性、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素、脯氨酸、光合生理参数,研究其对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并用隶属函数法进行抗旱性评价。结果表明:随干旱程度的加剧,3树种的MDA、细胞膜透性、脯氨酸都呈上升趋势,叶片相对含水量、净光合速率呈降低趋势;五角枫与臭椿叶片的SOD活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,黄连木叶片的SOD活性呈先升后降再升的变化趋势;五角枫与臭椿叶片叶绿素含量先升高后降低,黄连木叶片的叶绿素含量试验前后的变化不大;臭椿与黄连木叶片的水分利用效率呈先降后升再降的变化趋势,五角枫叶片的水分利用效率呈先升后降的变化趋势。经隶属函数法分析得出3树种的抗旱性大小表现为臭椿>黄连木>五角枫。通过灰色关联分析得出脯氨酸、SOD、叶片相对含水量与3树种的抗旱性关系最密切。     

水杨酸对灌木幼苗抗旱性的影响

在水分胁迫条件下,以紫丁香、小叶锦鸡儿和乌苏里绣线菊2年生苗木为材料,叶面喷施不同浓度水杨酸。试验发现,水杨酸(SA)能有效降低水分胁迫条件下各树种叶片MDA含量,延缓可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量的下降。对各处理进行了抗旱性综合鉴定,证明了水杨酸预处理在灌木树种抵御干旱方面作用明显。7.0×10-5mol/L的SA既能显著提高丁香、小叶锦鸡儿和乌苏里绣线菊的水分利用效率,又能显著提高它们的抗旱能力。     

冬季干旱胁迫下黄土高原三种常绿树种叶片渗透调节物质变化研究

用盆栽试验研究冬季在水分胁迫条件下三种常绿树木渗透调节物质的变化特征。研究结果表明：在冬季适宜土壤水分（田间持水量的70％）和严重干旱（田间持水量的30％）2种土壤水分条件下，侧柏、女贞和小蜡渗透调节物质变化呈现出一定的变化规律。在相同生长期内渗透调节物质含量水分胁迫（30％）高于正常供水（70％）。侧柏与女贞和小蜡相比，叶片水势低，可溶性糖和K^＋含量较高，脯氨酸含量差异不显著。渗透调节物质含量在12月和1月最高。运用水势、可溶性糖含量和K^＋含量评价三个树种对干旱和低温适应强弱的顺序依次为侧柏，女贞和小蜡。黄土高原造林过程中可根据生态环境条件和实际用途进行树种选择。     

水分胁迫下菌根菌接种对蔗叶活性氧代谢的影响

在室内水泥池以预接种主能苗移栽的方法，研究菌菌漏斗孢球囊霉（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ）和紫色马勃（Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａ Ｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ）对甘蔗抗旱性的影响。结果表明，菌根菌接种后降低了蔗叶水分胁迫下的活性氧（Ｏ２＾－）产生速率，提高了超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性和谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）的含量，活性氧清除能力增强，减少了活氧的积累及由此引发的膜脂过氧化，延缓了质膜透性的增加和膜结合     

渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征及抗旱性研究

采用土钻法和盆栽试验研究了渭北地区主要造林树种的垂直根系分布特征及其抗旱性。结果表明立地条件对刺槐根系分布特征有明显的影响 ,林地土壤水分状况的差异是造成这种影响的关键所在 ;土壤种类、结构等对刺槐根系的分布特征也有很大的影响 ;不同树种在根系垂直分布特征方面存在着很大的差异 ,其中刺槐的根系分布最深 ;在一定的土壤干旱范围内 ,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境 ,当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后 ,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能 ,最终导致地上部分的枯死 ;在供试的 4个树种中 ,山杏根系的抗旱性最强 ,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱协迫程度的影响之外 ,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至 4 0 %的田间持水量时 ,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁 ,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大     

温室保温覆盖材料传热系数的测定

传热系数Ｋ值是表示保温材料保温性能的重要参数，本文探讨了测定温室保温覆盖材料传热系数的原理和方法，并设计了绝热模型箱，利用稳态传热理论成功地测定了Ｋ值。在无风和不受净辐射影响下，测定的０．０７ｍｍ的ＰＶＣ和ＰＥ薄膜的Ｋ值分别是６．４４Ｗ／ｍ＾２·Ｃ和７．０４Ｗ／ｍ＾２·Ｃ，此值与有关报导一致。     

鲁中南山地6个造林树种根系形态的比较

干旱瘠薄山地造林树种选择是制约这一特殊生境植被修复的关键问题。为明确不同树种对干旱瘠薄生境的生态适应策略,为困难地造林树种选择提供依据,采用挖掘法获取树木整体根系,用根系扫描仪测定细根形态参数,对比分析鲁中南干旱瘠薄山地黑松、侧柏、黄连木、麻栎、黄栌、扶芳藤6个造林树种根系构型及细根形态特征,阐明干旱瘠薄生境中不同树种根系形态的差异性及其对特殊生境的适应性。结果表明:1)相同立地条件下6树种根系构型差异较大,黑松、侧柏、扶芳藤根系表现为浅根性,依靠水平空间的拓展获得水分和养分是它们对干旱瘠薄生境的适应策略;而黄栌、黄连木、麻栎根系则为深根性。2)各树种细根形态存在较大差异,扶芳藤各级细根数量最多,且长度、表面积和体积显著高于其他树种(P<0.05),表明其具有极强的生根能力及水分和养分利用能力。3)麻栎和扶芳藤低级细根(1~2级)的比根长在所有树种中最大,表明它们的细根具有良好的吸收功能。根据各树种的根系形态特征,在干旱瘠薄山地造林实践中,可利用其根系生长策略的不同考虑树种混交,营建针阔混交、乔灌混交等多种林型,充分发挥森林固水保土等生态效益。     

干旱胁迫对花生生育中后期根系生长特征的影响

花生是较耐旱的经济和油料作物, 长期少雨或季节性干旱是限制花生产量提高的重要环境因子, 也是花生收获前黄曲霉素感染的重要因素。根系是植物吸水的主要器官, 不同土壤水分状况下植物的根系构型可能会表现出显著差异, 进而影响植物根系吸收养分和水分的能力。研究不同土壤水分状况下花生根系形态的发育特征与抗旱性的关系对进一步理解花生的水分吸收、运输、利用和散失机制以及培育抗旱性花生具有非常重要的作用。为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征, 探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制, 在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验, 研究抗旱型花生品种"花育22号"和干旱敏感型花生品种"花育23号"生育中后期根系生长特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。设置正常供水和中度干旱胁迫(分别控制土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%~85%和45%~50%)2个水分处理, 分别在花针期、结荚期和饱果期进行取样,根长、根表面积和体积扫描后通过WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0a程序进行分析; 收获时测定产量和抗旱系数(干旱胁迫处理与正常供水处理下产量之比)。结果表明, "花育22号"具有较高的产量和抗旱系数, "花育23号"对干旱胁迫的适应性小于"花育22号"。抗旱型品种"花育22号"具有较大的根系生物量、总根长和根系表面积, 且深层土壤内根系表面积和体积大于"花育23号"。与正常供水处理相比, 干旱胁迫显著降低2个品种花针期的根系总根长、根系总表面积和总体积, 对结荚期和饱果期根系性状无显著影响; 干旱胁迫增加2个品种生育中后期40 cm以下土层内的根长密度分布比例、根系表面积和体积, 但"花育23号"各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。干旱胁迫处理下20~40 cm和40 cm以下土层内根系表面积和体积分别与总根长、总表面积和总体积呈显著或极显著正相关, 而正常供水处理下0~20 cm土层内根系表面积和体积与整体根系性状表现极显著正相关。总体而言, 具有较大根系和深层土壤内较多的根系分布是抗旱型花生的主要根系分布特征; 土壤水分亏缺条件下, 花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性调节植株对水分的利用。     

转碱蓬SsNHX1基因烟草的耐盐抗旱性研究

烟草是重要的模式植物和经济作物,盐害和干旱两种环境因子对其生长发育、产量和品质都危害很大。为了提高烟草的耐盐抗旱性,本研究利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法在烟草中过量表达了碱蓬液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运基因SsNHX1,对转基因烟草的耐盐及抗旱性进行表型鉴定和各项生化指标的检测,以期得到耐盐抗旱表性良好的SsNHX1转基因烟草。表型分析发现,SsNHX1基因过表达株系L1和L5的抗盐能力比野生型显著提高,表现为盐胁迫条件下仍能保持旺盛的生长且根系的伸长未受抑制。SsNHX1过表达株系在叶片和根系中积累了更多的Na~+和K~+,同时Na~+含量增长速率较快,而K~+含量降低速率较缓,并可维持较高的叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,及较低的丙二醛含量和相对电导率。干旱胁迫发现,过表达株系受干旱胁迫程度更小,并在复水后迅速恢复正常生长。同时,过表达株系的丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著低于野生型,且维持了较高的叶片相对含水量及叶绿素含量。这些结果说明SsNHX1基因在烟草中过量表达后,降低了盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对烟草根系及细胞膜的损伤,并通过调节离子含量、降低细胞的渗透势,维持了叶片较高的相对含水量和叶绿素含量,最终提高了烟草的抗盐和抗旱性。     

压实对矿区废弃土壤含水量及植物生长的影响

[目的]探究不同压实处理对矿区废弃土壤含水量及植物生长的影响,为有效利用采石场废弃物和城市固体废弃物、改善矿区立地条件、进行植被修复提供依据。[方法]将砾石和城市固体废弃物按体积8∶2混合后进行不同程度压实处理,进行小区试验。[结果]压实显著提高基质含水量,减小各层含水量差异。随着压实程度增加,植物主要耗水层上移。不同植物受到压实的影响不同,刺槐和苜蓿在重度压实条件下生长明显受阻,侧柏生长量增加。植物在中等强度的压实条件下,能够通过调节自身,适应环境。[结论]一定程度的压实能获得理想的植物保存率和生长量,压实技术可以运用在废弃采石场植被修复工作中。     

Addition of hydrogels to soil for prolonging the survival of Pinus halepensis seedlings subjected to drought

The effect of an amendment of a sandy soil with superabsorbent hydrogels (Stockosorb K 400, a highly cross-linked polyacrylamide with about 40% of the amide group hydrolysed to carboxylic groups) on the survival of Pinus halepensis seedlings during water stress was studied, with the following concentrations added to the soils: 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.20%, and 0.40%. The water retention of the soil increased exponentially with increasing additions of hydrogel to the soil. The highest concentration used changed the water retention capacity and its change in water potential with regard to its water content from a typical sand to a loam or even silty clay. During desiccation under controlled conditions, the seedlings treated with 0.4% hydrogel survived twice as long in the soils amended with 0.4% hydrogel as in the control soils. During the drought, the seedlings exhibited a pronounced growth both of the shoot and the roots, which was about three-fold higher than the one of the plants in the control soils. The data indicate that an amendment of soils with this type of hydrogels at 0.4% (w/w) will greatly enhance the drought tolerance of the seedlings growing on this substrate. A comparison between the reaction of the plants in the hydrogel amended soils and the pF-curve measured with the plate test revealed that less water was actually available for the plants, as could be expected from the pF-curves.     

Seasonal patterns of root-surface phosphatase activities in a Mediterranean shrubland. Responses to experimental warming and drought

Mediterranean ecosystems are water limited and the current general circulation Models (GCM) and ecophysiological models forecast a warming and a further increase of drought in the next decades. A stronger water stress can decrease the capacity for nutrient absorption by plants. We conducted a field experiment to simulate forecasted drought and warming in a Mediterranean calcareous shrubland to assess the performance of root-surface phosphatase activities of the dominant shrub Globularia alypum. These enzyme activities were higher in autumn and spring, when the climate conditions were optimal for plant activity, than in summer or winter, when there was either lack of water or cold temperatures. A decrease in soil moisture in drought plots decreased root-surface phosphatase activity (29% in summer and 25% in autumn). The decrease in root-surface phosphatase activity in drought plots coincided with a decrease in P leaf concentrations and P accumulation in aboveground biomass and loss of photosynthetic capacity of some dominant shrub species of this ecosystem, and with a tendency to increase total soil-P. These results suggest that the expected drier conditions in this Mediterranean shrubland in the next decades will slow down the P uptake by plants, thereby, diminishing the P contents in biomass and increasing total P contents in soil in non-available forms and that this can be, in part, attributable to a result of the decrease in root-surface phosphatase activity.     

Yield Potential and Ecophysiological Traits of the Altamurano Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), a Landrace of Southern Italy

Altamurano is a linseed landrace of southern Italy. Its area of origin is characterised by typical Mediterranean climate. Traditionally, Altamurano is spring sown, and mainly used as a feed integrator for animals. This landrace was evaluated during 2 years within varietal (16 modern varieties) and sowing date (15 sowings, from October to April, with ‘Antares’ as a control) trials. Growth analysis was carried out on two sowings. Seed yield was slightly lower than modern varieties, with advantages in late sowings. Reproductive efficiency, mean seed weight, harvest index and oil percentage were often higher than in modern cultivars. Altamurano was also characterised by early flowering, low vegetative growth, long leaf area duration, high light use efficiency during early grain filling phase, and relatively long grain filling period. All these features are connected with its adaptation to spring sowings in Mediterranean areas, characterised by early spring drought. Despite the decrease of its cultivation area from about 400 to less than 100 ha in the last 10 years, Altamurano is still present in the more traditional farms of the area as a heritage of past growing systems and historical adaptation to the environment.     

两种基质条件下美丽胡枝子对模拟中度干旱胁迫的响应

筛选利用适用树种是困难立地植被恢复中的关键技术之一.本研究选用两种基质栽培美丽胡枝子,通过人工调控土壤水分模拟中度干旱胁迫,研究美丽胡枝子对干旱胁迫的响应和美丽胡枝子的耐旱性及基质类型对植物耐旱性的影响.结果表明,与正常水分处理相比,干旱胁迫处理导致美丽胡枝子叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量下降,叶片脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量升高,植株的生长高度、地上和地下部分生物量下降;两种基质条件下美丽胡枝子对干旱胁迫的响应趋势相似,但与贫瘠基质比较,营养基质条件下的美丽胡枝子表现出更强的抗旱性.研究表明,美丽胡枝子种植于干旱困难立地条件,尤其是在营养基质辅助条件下,表现出较好的抗旱性,美丽胡枝子与营养基质配合,可作为干旱困难立地植被恢复的候选措施之一.     

Amphibian production in forested landscapes in relation to wetland hydroperiod: A case study of vernal pools and beaver ponds

Many amphibian species are plastic in their selection of breeding sites and use both short- and longer-hydroperiod wetlands. Understanding which wetland types are most important to amphibian production is critical for focusing conservation efforts. We compared reproduction of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and production of wood frog juveniles between seasonal (vernal pools) and semi-permanent (beaver-created ponds) wetlands in the central Adirondack region of the northeastern United States. In 65 seasonal wetlands and 37 semi-permanent wetlands over 3 years, densities of wood frog egg masses were similar, but seasonal wetlands contained 4× as many spotted salamander egg masses as did semi-permanent wetlands. For wood frogs, survival to metamorphosis and juvenile production were an order of magnitude higher in semi-permanent wetlands. Models of wood frog production linked to the climatic record predicted that, depending on annual variation in rainfall and survival to metamorphosis, semi-permanent wetlands may produce annually 1.2–23× the number of wood frogs that seasonal wetlands produce within the study area. Models incorporating variation in demographic traits throughout the range of wood frogs suggest that higher survival to metamorphosis in beaver ponds and higher clutch densities in vernal pools strongly influence metamorph production on a regional basis. Semi-permanent wetlands make major contributions to amphibian production in our region and may also be an important source of colonists to seasonal wetlands following periods of drought. Protection of wetlands along the landscape-level continuum of hydroperiod therefore may be critical for maintaining and restoring amphibian populations.     

Evaluation of perennial wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer</Emphasis> species for drought resistance

About 90% of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the world is grown under rainfed conditions where drought is one of the major constraints limiting its productivity. Unlike the cultivated chickpea, wild Cicer species possesses sources of resistance to multiple stresses; we therefore evaluated perennial wild Cicer species for resistance to drought. C. anatolicum, C. microphyllum, C. montbretii, C. oxydon and C. songaricum were compared with special checks; C. echinospermum, C. pinnatifidum and C. reticulatum and five cultivated chickpeas. After the cultivated chickpeas were killed, accessions were evaluated using a 1–5 scale, where 1 = highly drought resistant (no visible drought effect and full recovery after three successive wiltings) and 5 = highly drought susceptible (leaves and branches dried out, no recovery at all). All accessions of perennial wild Cicer species were significantly superior to those annual wild species and the cultivated chickpeas including the best drought tolerant chickpea, ICC 4958 under drought conditions. Perennial wild Cicer species did not only recover after wilting and drying out above ground level, they also tolerated high temperatures up to 41.8°C. But, they do not cross with the cultivated chickpeas. C. anatolicum should be taken account in long term breeding programs because it has closer affinities to the first crossability group than the others.     

膜下滴灌棉花的土壤干旱诊断指标与灌水决策

通过利用烘干法和中子仪法对膜下滴灌棉花和常规沟灌棉花的土壤干旱情况进行诊断试验,该文对所选的两种干旱诊断指标—作物适宜土壤含水率和作物缺水指标CWSI的特点进行了研究。试验和分析表明,两种灌水方式下的棉花生长对土壤水分环境的要求是一致的。另外,两种指标所反映出的规律也基本相同。但是,因膜下滴灌棉花的耐旱性弱,受旱风险大,在生产中进行灌水决策时,其干旱诊断指标应比常规灌时灌水量稍大